Syftet med studien är att ta reda på de bidragande faktorerna för etableringen av afghanska ensamkommande barn i det svenska samhället och därmed bidra till kunskapsutveckling om målgruppens behov hos yrkespersoner som kommer i kontakt med dessa barn. En kvalitativ metod har applicerats på studien. Studiens frågeställningar har besvarats med semistrukturerade intervjuer av åtta etablerade respondenter som har kommit som ensamkommande barn till Sverige. Utifrån tidigare forskning som handlar om ensamkommande barn och de tre teorierna systemteori, KASAM och Bourdieus fyra kapitalformer, har studiens material analyserats. Studien visar att myndigheternas insatser och stöd har varit uppskattade och betydelsefulla hos ensamkommande barn i deras etableringsprocess. Det framkommer att en kombination av flera yrkespersoners stöd och insatser, exempelvis av socialsekreterare, lärare, boendepersonal, vuxna volontärer, vänner, god man och kontaktperson, har spelat stor roll i ungdomarnas etablering. Studien visar därtill att några centrala faktorer såsom uppehållstillstånd, skapande av sociala nätverk, språkkunskap och yrkespersoners genuina intresse och engagemang att stötta dessa ungdomar, har varit avgörande för dessa ensamkommande barn att komma in i det svenska samhället. Det visas tydligt i studien att ungdomarnas egna ambitioner, drivkrafter, styrka, strategier, vilja och att målmedvetenhet har varit väsentliga i deras etablering. / The purpose of this study is to identify the contributing factors for the establishment of afghan unaccompanied children in Swedish society and thereby contribute to increasing knowledge among professionals who come into contact with this group. A qualitative method has been applied in the study and eight established participants who arrived as unaccompanied children to Sweden have been interviewed through semi-structured interviews. The results have been analysed based on some previous national and international researches on unaccompanied children and also on three theories: system theory, KASAM and Bourdeius' four forms of capital. The study shows that the efforts and support of the authorities have been significant and appreciated by unaccompanied minors in their establishment process. The study also declares that the participation of several professionals, for instance social workers, teachers, housing staff, volunteering adults, friends, gaurdian and contact person have played a major role in the young people’s establishment. Furthermore, the study shows that some central factors such as a residence permit, to have social networks, knowledge of the Swedish language and the extra support from the people involved have been essential for getting into the Swedish society. It is clearly shown in the study that the young peoples’ own ambitions, self motivation, struggles, own strategies, and being purposeful have been essential in their establishment.

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The purpose of this research study was to gather data on a sample of technology teacher candidates in order to determine how many graduates with a technology teaching endorsement actually entered the teaching profession. In addition, data were collected to investigate the attrition rate of the same pool of candidates. For those who left the education profession, the study also examined how long these individuals taught before leaving as well as investigated the reasons these individuals decided to leave the technology teaching profession. For those who have remained in the teaching profession this study also explored their reasons for remaining in education. In addition, data were collected regarding how many technology teaching candidates remained within the state of Utah as well as how many have accepted positions outside of the state of Utah. To accomplish these tasks, a survey instrument was designed to gather employment data from Technology Teacher Education (TTE) graduates of Brigham Young University over the last 14 years. There were 189 technology teacher education graduates from 1994-07. Contact information was located and compiled for 148 of the 189 graduates; therefore, the results of this survey were calculated using the 148 graduates with current contact information. Of the 148 potential participants in this study, 110 (74%) of the TTE graduates responded. From the responses of the 110 TTE graduates the following was determined. There were 85 of those who responded that entered the teaching profession; 84 of those graduates entered within two years of graduation. Of the 85 graduates entering education, 54 stayed in the state of Utah and 31 left the state to teach. There were 67 of 110 responders to the survey (60%) that reported they entered education within two years and have remained in education since graduation. One teacher out of the 85 entered education after attending graduate school. The survey indicated that 17 of the 85 teachers exited education which is equal to 20% of the responding educators leaving education. Of the 17 educators who left the profession six left the first year, and 13 of the 17 left sometime during the first three years. Of the 17 educators that left education, four returned to the profession.

Recent advancements in machine learning and the widespread adoption of electronic healthrecords have enabled breakthroughs for several predictive modelling tasks in health care. One such task that has seen considerable improvements brought by deep neural networks is length of stay (LOS) prediction, in which research has mainly focused on adult patients in the intensive care unit. This thesis uses multivariate time series extracted from the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database to explore the potential of deep learning for classifying the remaining LOS of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at each hour of the stay. To investigate this, this thesis describes experiments conducted with various deep learning models, including long short-term memory cells, gated recurrentunits, fully-convolutional networks and several composite networks. This work demonstrates that modelling the remaining LOS of newborns in the NICU as a multivariate time series classification problem naturally facilitates repeated predictions over time as the stay progresses and enables advanced deep learning models to outperform a multinomial logistic regression baseline trained on hand-crafted features. Moreover, it shows the importance of the newborn’s gestational age and binary masks indicating missing values as variables for predicting the remaining LOS. / Framstegen inom maskininlärning och det utbredda införandet av elektroniska hälsoregister har möjliggjort genombrott för flera prediktiva modelleringsuppgifter inom sjukvården. En sådan uppgift som har sett betydande förbättringar förknippade med djupa neurala nätverk är förutsägelsens av vistelsetid på sjukhus, men forskningen har främst inriktats på vuxna patienter i intensivvården. Den här avhandlingen använder multivariata tidsserier extraherade från den offentligt tillgängliga databasen Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III för att undersöka potentialen för djup inlärning att klassificera återstående vistelsetid för nyfödda i den neonatala intensivvårdsavdelningen (neonatal-IVA) vid varje timme av vistelsen. Denna avhandling beskriver experiment genomförda med olika djupinlärningsmodeller, inklusive longshort-term memory, gated recurrent units, fully-convolutional networks och flera sammansatta nätverk. Detta arbete visar att modellering av återstående vistelsetid för nyfödda i neonatal-IVA som ett multivariat tidsserieklassificeringsproblem på ett naturligt sätt underlättar upprepade förutsägelser över tid och gör det möjligt för avancerade djupa inlärningsmodeller att överträffaen multinomial logistisk regressionsbaslinje tränad på handgjorda funktioner. Dessutom visar det vikten av den nyfödda graviditetsåldern och binära masker som indikerar saknade värden som variabler för att förutsäga den återstående vistelsetiden.

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There are few data on the associations between anaemia, allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT), patient blood management, and outcome after arthroplasty in the UK. National agencies nevertheless instruct NHS Trusts to implement blood conservation measures including preoperative anaemia management. Internationally, blood management programmes show encouraging results. METHODS: We retrospectively audited 717 primary hip or knee arthroplasties in a UK general hospital and conducted regression analyses to identify outcome predictors. We used these data to modify previously published algorithms for UK practice and audited its introduction prospectively. The retrospective audit group served as a control. RESULTS: Preoperative haemoglobin (Hb) concentration predicted ABT (odds ratio 0.25 per 1 g dl(-1), P<0.001). It also predicted the length of stay (LOS, effect size -0.7 days per 1 g dl(-1), P=0.004) independently of ABT, including in non-anaemic patients. Patient blood management implementation was associated with lower ABT rates for hip (23-7%, P<0.001) and knee (7-0%, P=0.001) arthroplasty. LOS for total hip replacement and total knee replacement decreased from 6 (5-8) days to 5 (3-7) and 4 (3-6) days, respectively, after algorithm implementation (P<0.001). The all-cause re-admission rate within 90 days decreased from 13.5% (97/717) before to 8.2% (23/281) after algorithm implementation (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that preoperative Hb predicts markers of arthroplasty outcome in UK practice. A systematic approach to optimize Hb mass before arthroplasty and limit Hb loss perioperatively was associated with improved outcome up to 90 days after discharge.

To assess the validity of case mix adjustment methods used to derive standardised mortality ratios for hospitals, by examining the consistency of relations between risk factors and mortality across hospitals. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of routinely collected hospital data comparing observed deaths with deaths predicted by the Dr Foster Unit case mix method. SETTING: Four acute National Health Service hospitals in the West Midlands (England) with case mix adjusted standardised mortality ratios ranging from 88 to 140. PARTICIPANTS: 96 948 (April 2005 to March 2006), 126 695 (April 2006 to March 2007), and 62 639 (April to October 2007) admissions to the four hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of large interaction effects between case mix variable and hospital in a logistic regression model indicating non-constant risk relations, and plausible mechanisms that could give rise to these effects. RESULTS: Large significant (P<or=0.0001) interaction effects were seen with several case mix adjustment variables. For two of these variables-the Charlson (comorbidity) index and emergency admission-interaction effects could be explained credibly by differences in clinical coding and admission practices across hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The Dr Foster Unit hospital standardised mortality ratio is derived from an internationally adopted/adapted method, which uses at least two variables (the Charlson comorbidity index and emergency admission) that are unsafe for case mix adjustment because their inclusion may actually increase the very bias that case mix adjustment is intended to reduce. Claims that variations in hospital standardised mortality ratios from Dr Foster Unit reflect differences in quality of care are less than credible.

Alltmer tid spenderas i våra närmiljöer samtidigt som den sociala isoleringen ökar i samhället, och det har negativa effekter på hälsan. Närmiljön har därför stor inverkan på vår livsmiljö, där gestaltningen blir avgörande för att främja ett levande stadsrum. Denna studie undersöker det levande stadsrummet genom en fallstudie på Ebbepark i Linköpings kommun och med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer och dokumentanalyser. Resultatet visar att byggherrarna har en hög ambitionsnivå vad gäller gestaltningen där kommunen har ett övergripande ansvar att se till kommunens helhetsbehov. Slutsatsen som dras är att den höga ambitionen inte kunnat realiseras. Det kan förklaras av ekonomiska intressen samt bristande regleringar. Regleringarna kan komma att bli striktare för att säkerställa goda livsmiljöer. / The citizens are spending more time in our local environment meanwhile social isolation increases in our society which has a negative impact on our well-beeing. The local environment therefore has a major impact on the living environment, where the urban form becomes decisive in promoting a living urban space. The study examines the concept of life between buildings in a case study of Ebbepark, in the municipality Linköping, using qualitative interviews and document analysis. The result indicates that the developers have a high ambition in the urban form and where the municipality has a comprehensive responsibility to accommodate the society's needs. The conclusion is that the high ambition could not be executed. The explanation of this can be, financial interests and absences of regulations, which may become stricter to ensure quality living environments.

Text in English / The transition from traditional to non-traditional marital roles was brought about by changes in the political, social and economic spheres. Within this transition, a new family arrangement has emerged in which traditional marital roles of breadwinning husband and care-giving, nurturer-wife are replaced by a breadwinning wife and a care-giving, nurturer-husband, the so-called stay-at-home husband. Various factors contributed and necessitated this change in marital roles, such as, but not limited to, the feminist movement, the economic recession, changes in legislation, retrenchments and so forth. However, making this transition is not easy. These couples, fulfilling non-traditional marital roles, are faced with stigmatisation and negative attitudes that make them want to conceal their marital roles from family, friends, the community and society as a whole. This state of affairs results in a situation where these couples stay in the closet and as consequence the topic is ill-researched and ripe for further investigation. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, this study explored and described the challenges, experiences and coping resources of couples fulfilling non-traditional marital roles in order to propose practice guidelines to support these couples from a social work perspective. A total of ten couples participated in the study. Independently, the working wives and stay-at-home husbands provided separate accounts of realities related to fulfilling the non-traditional marital roles within their respective marital relationships. Themes that emerged from the in-depth description of their experiences reflected the benefits accrued, the challenges experienced, their needs and coping resources. From the information provided suggestions were derived for social workers to assist couples in a similar working wife and stay-at-home husband marriage set-up to deal with situations encountered. In consulting extant literature, research on this phenomenon appeared to be totally neglected both internationally and nationally. Hence this study sought to address this lacuna by specifically investigating the situation in South Africa. It also appeared that existing research tended to focus on either the stay-at-home mother or the dual career family. Research on the experiences of stay-at-home husbands was thus severely lacking as were ways in which such couples in these roles could be supported. Therefore, making use of the ecological and role theory perspectives, attention is given to exposing their experiences, challenges and coping resources with a view to developing practice guidelines for helping social work practitioners to adequately support these couples practising non-traditional marital roles. / Social Work / Ph. D. (Social Work)