Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-131). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Obesity is a growing problem that has life-threatening health consequences. One way to combat obesity is by increasing physical activity levels, which has been a focus of recent applied behavioral research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of goal setting and textual feedback without social support to increase physical activity, specifically weekly running distance. A multiple-baseline across participants design was employed with four participants using a Fitbit Flex accelerometer to collect two physical activity measures, intense steps and distance. Results showed a significant increase in weekly running distance for two out of four participants following the intervention.

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The purpose of this study was to determine children's and parents' activity levels, examine the relationship between mothers' and children's mean step counts, and fathers' and children's mean step counts, and determine if there are differences in physical activity levels among children with mothers who work full time, work part time, or are not employed. Fifty-eight families participated in this 12-day study. Each family member wore a Walk4Life LS 2525 or a Walk4Life LS 2505 pedometer to measure daily step counts. Additionally, all participants completed the pedometer step count logs each night, and parents completed a short demographic form. In looking at all children, males averaged more steps per day than females in all three age categories (5-10 years, male = 12,555 to female = 10,729; 11-13 years, male = 13,749 to female = 10,373; 14-18 years, 11,849 to female = 9,795). Additionally, fathers were more active than mothers (fathers' mean step counts averaged 9,490 and mothers' mean step counts averaged 8,715). Pearson correlations revealed that parents' physical activity levels were significantly correlated with children's activity levels (mothers to their children = .247, p = .003 & fathers to their children = .316, p = .000). Further analysis using Pearson correlations showed significant correlations between mothers and their female children (.291, p = .022) and between fathers and their male children (.342, p = .002). ANOVA (mothers' employment status x mean daily step count) was used to determine differences among the three groups (full time, part time, and not employed). No significant differences in children's mean step counts were found among any of the groups (F (2, 141) = 2.545, p = .082).

As researchers explore the benefits of using pedometers to assess physical activity they are discovering that intensity of physical activity may be estimated from steps per minute (SPM). The purpose of this study was to determine the SPM and kilocalories (kcals) expended associated with moderate physical activity in middle school students (12 - 14 years old). Methods: Ninety-three (49 boys, 44 girls) middle school youth between the ages of 12 and 14, walked on a treadmill at four different speeds (4.0, 4.8, 5.64, and 6.4 km/h) for three minutes at each speed. Each participant wore a pedometer in order to obtain their steps per minute and a heart rate monitor to record their heart rate level during each test speed. Results: Moderate physical activity was reached, on average, by girls and boys at 122 SPM (5.64 km/h) and 115 SPM (4.8 km/h), respectively. At this SPM rate boys and girls expended 232.55 kcals and 176.66 kcals per hour. This study augments previous studies that explored ways to assess activity levels using SPM calculations.

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Introduction: Wearable technologies play an important contemporary role in the measurement of physical activity (PA) and promotion of human health across the lifespan, including for young people (i.e., children, adolescents, and young adults). As new objective wearable technologies continue to develop, standardized approaches to documenting validation parameters (i.e., measures of accuracy, precision, and bias) are needed to ensure confidence and comparability in step-defined PA. Purpose: To produce validity parameters for step counting wearable technologies during treadmill walking in young people 6-20 years of age Methods: 120 participants completed 5-minute treadmill bouts from13.4 to 134.1 m·min-1. Participants wore eight technologies (two at the arm/wrist, four at the waist, one on the thigh, and one on the ankle) while steps were directly observed. Speed, wear location, and age -specific measures of accuracy (mean absolute percent error; MAPE), precision (correlation coefficient, standard deviation; SD, coefficient of variation; CoV), and bias (percent error; PE) were computed and cataloged. Results: Speed and wear location had a significant effect on accuracy and bias measures for wearable technologies (pConclusion: While the analyses indicate the significance of speed and wear location on wearable technology performance, the useful and comprehensive validity reference values cataloged herein will help optimize measurement of PA in youth. Future research should continue to rigorously validate new wearable technologies as they are developed, and also extend these standardized reference values developed in the laboratory to the free-living environment.

A doença cerebrovascular é a maior causa de morte e uma grande causa de incapacidades no Brasil. A taxa de mortalidade no Brasil é uma das mais altas do mundo, principalmente entre os indivíduos com menor condição socioeconômica. A coleta de dados confiáveis e com qualidade sobre as características do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é essencial para sua prevenção. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos brasileiros sobre a prevalência da doença. A Organização Mundial de Saúde propõe uma estratégia de vigilância para o acidente vascular cerebral (The WHO STEPwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance) em 3 etapas. A etapa 1 analisa os eventos hospitalizados, a etapa 2, os eventos fatais na comunidade e a etapa 3, os casos de AVC na comunidade que não foram admitidos em hospitais. Por meio de padronização de instrumentos para coleta de dados nas três etapas, esta estratégia permite a comparação de dados sobre a epidemiologia do AVC ao longo do tempo e entre países. Este estudo transversal tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de acidente vascular cerebral na área de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família no Jardim São Jorge, zona oeste do município de São Paulo, por meio da implantação do terceiro passo do WHO STEPS Stroke. Validou-se questionário sobre sintomas de AVC (fraqueza de membros em um dos lados do corpo, paralisia facial, problemas na articulação da fala, alterações de sensibilidade em um dos lados do corpo e alterações visuais) e história prévia da doença. O padrão-ouro utilizado para validação do instrumento foi avaliação por neurologista e revisão de prontuário. Após validação, foram considerados casos de AVC indivíduos com duas ou mais respostas positivas ao questionário com procura a serviços de saúde ou mais de 3, mesmo sem procura a serviços de saúde. Utilizando-se os critérios de positividade acima expostos, a sensibilidade do questionário comparada ao padrão-ouro foi de 72,2%, a especificidade 94,4%, a razão de verossimilhança positiva 12,9 e a razão de verossimilhança negativa 0,29. O questionário validado foi aplicado pelos agentes comunitários de saúde em suas visitas mensais às residências, a todos os moradores maiores de 35 anos da área de abrangência da unidade. Dos 4.496 moradores, aceitaram participar da pesquisa 3.661 pessoas (81,4%). Destes, 577 (15,8%) apresentaram rastreamento positivo e foram submetidos à entrevista mais detalhada para confirmação de AVC. Foram considerados como casos de acidente vascular cerebral 243 indivíduos (6,6%). A prevalência de AVC ajustada por idade nos indivíduos maiores de 35 anos foi de 6,5% (IC95% 3,5 - 5,7) entre as mulheres e 4,6% (IC95% 3,9 - 5,7) entre os homens. Hipertensão, doença cardíaca e dislipidemia foram as condições auto-referidas associadas ao AVC. 11,9% dos casos de AVC apresentavam incapacidade grave segundo a escala de Rankin modificada. A taxa de prevalência foi elevada em comparação com outras pesquisas, principalmente entre as mulheres. / Stroke is the leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in Brazil. Mortality rates are higher compared to other countries mainly among individuals with lower socio-economic status. The search of reliable and good quality data on characteristics of stroke -is essential for stroke prevention. However, there are few Brazilian studies about the prevalence of stroke. The World Health Organization proposes a surveillance strategy to stroke (The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance). Using standardized questionnaires, it is possible to collect data and compare them over time and among countries. Step 1 aims to collect information on stroke patients admitted to hospitals, Step 2 identifies fatal stroke events in the community and Step 3 estimates community based non fatal stroke events. This crosssectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence of stroke in a poor neighborhood \"Jardim São Jorge\" assisted by the Family Health Program. A validated questionnaire about stroke symptoms (limb weakness, facial weakness, speech articulation problems, sensibility disturbances and impaired vision) and past diagnosis of stroke were applied to all residents older than 35 years in the area. The gold-standard method was a neurological evaluation and a review of patient medical records. After validation, questionnaire were considered positive when a participant answered positive to two or more questions about stroke symptoms and/or the presence of stroke being confirmed by a physician, or at least three positive questions not confirmed by a physician. The questionnaire presented a sensitivity of 72.2%, a specificity of 94.4%, a positive likelihood ratio of 12.9 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.29. Of 4,496 individuals with 35 years or more, 3,661 people were screened (81.4%) by the community health workers in their monthly visits to the residences and 577 (15.8%) presented a positive screening and underwent more detailed interview for confirmation of stroke. 243 individuals (6.6%) were considered as cases of stroke. The prevalence of stroke adjusted by age in individuals over 35 years was 6.5% (CI95% 3.5 - 5.7) among women and 4.6% (CI95% 3.9 - 5.7) among men. Hypertension, heart disease and dyslipidemia were self- reported conditions associated with stroke. 11.9% of stroke cases had serious disability according to the modified Rankin scale. The prevalence rate was higher compared to other surveys especially among women

A doença cerebrovascular é a maior causa de morte e uma grande causa de incapacidades no Brasil. A taxa de mortalidade no Brasil é uma das mais altas do mundo, principalmente entre os indivíduos com menor condição socioeconômica. A coleta de dados confiáveis e com qualidade sobre as características do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é essencial para sua prevenção. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos brasileiros sobre a prevalência da doença. A Organização Mundial de Saúde propõe uma estratégia de vigilância para o acidente vascular cerebral (The WHO STEPwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance) em 3 etapas. A etapa 1 analisa os eventos hospitalizados, a etapa 2, os eventos fatais na comunidade e a etapa 3, os casos de AVC na comunidade que não foram admitidos em hospitais. Por meio de padronização de instrumentos para coleta de dados nas três etapas, esta estratégia permite a comparação de dados sobre a epidemiologia do AVC ao longo do tempo e entre países. Este estudo transversal tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de acidente vascular cerebral na área de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família no Jardim São Jorge, zona oeste do município de São Paulo, por meio da implantação do terceiro passo do WHO STEPS Stroke. Validou-se questionário sobre sintomas de AVC (fraqueza de membros em um dos lados do corpo, paralisia facial, problemas na articulação da fala, alterações de sensibilidade em um dos lados do corpo e alterações visuais) e história prévia da doença. O padrão-ouro utilizado para validação do instrumento foi avaliação por neurologista e revisão de prontuário. Após validação, foram considerados casos de AVC indivíduos com duas ou mais respostas positivas ao questionário com procura a serviços de saúde ou mais de 3, mesmo sem procura a serviços de saúde. Utilizando-se os critérios de positividade acima expostos, a sensibilidade do questionário comparada ao padrão-ouro foi de 72,2%, a especificidade 94,4%, a razão de verossimilhança positiva 12,9 e a razão de verossimilhança negativa 0,29. O questionário validado foi aplicado pelos agentes comunitários de saúde em suas visitas mensais às residências, a todos os moradores maiores de 35 anos da área de abrangência da unidade. Dos 4.496 moradores, aceitaram participar da pesquisa 3.661 pessoas (81,4%). Destes, 577 (15,8%) apresentaram rastreamento positivo e foram submetidos à entrevista mais detalhada para confirmação de AVC. Foram considerados como casos de acidente vascular cerebral 243 indivíduos (6,6%). A prevalência de AVC ajustada por idade nos indivíduos maiores de 35 anos foi de 6,5% (IC95% 3,5 - 5,7) entre as mulheres e 4,6% (IC95% 3,9 - 5,7) entre os homens. Hipertensão, doença cardíaca e dislipidemia foram as condições auto-referidas associadas ao AVC. 11,9% dos casos de AVC apresentavam incapacidade grave segundo a escala de Rankin modificada. A taxa de prevalência foi elevada em comparação com outras pesquisas, principalmente entre as mulheres. / Stroke is the leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in Brazil. Mortality rates are higher compared to other countries mainly among individuals with lower socio-economic status. The search of reliable and good quality data on characteristics of stroke -is essential for stroke prevention. However, there are few Brazilian studies about the prevalence of stroke. The World Health Organization proposes a surveillance strategy to stroke (The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance). Using standardized questionnaires, it is possible to collect data and compare them over time and among countries. Step 1 aims to collect information on stroke patients admitted to hospitals, Step 2 identifies fatal stroke events in the community and Step 3 estimates community based non fatal stroke events. This crosssectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence of stroke in a poor neighborhood \"Jardim São Jorge\" assisted by the Family Health Program. A validated questionnaire about stroke symptoms (limb weakness, facial weakness, speech articulation problems, sensibility disturbances and impaired vision) and past diagnosis of stroke were applied to all residents older than 35 years in the area. The gold-standard method was a neurological evaluation and a review of patient medical records. After validation, questionnaire were considered positive when a participant answered positive to two or more questions about stroke symptoms and/or the presence of stroke being confirmed by a physician, or at least three positive questions not confirmed by a physician. The questionnaire presented a sensitivity of 72.2%, a specificity of 94.4%, a positive likelihood ratio of 12.9 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.29. Of 4,496 individuals with 35 years or more, 3,661 people were screened (81.4%) by the community health workers in their monthly visits to the residences and 577 (15.8%) presented a positive screening and underwent more detailed interview for confirmation of stroke. 243 individuals (6.6%) were considered as cases of stroke. The prevalence of stroke adjusted by age in individuals over 35 years was 6.5% (CI95% 3.5 - 5.7) among women and 4.6% (CI95% 3.9 - 5.7) among men. Hypertension, heart disease and dyslipidemia were self- reported conditions associated with stroke. 11.9% of stroke cases had serious disability according to the modified Rankin scale. The prevalence rate was higher compared to other surveys especially among women

No description available.