Humans naturally select a point at which to transition from walking to running when gradually increasing locomotor speed. This point is known as the walk-to-run transition (WRT). The WRT is traditionally expressed in terms of speed and is known to occur within a close range of 2.1 m/s, which is an accepted heuristic (i.e., empirically based, rounded) threshold value. Very little research exists defining the WRT in terms of cadence (steps/min) despite the fact that spatial temporal aspects of gait underlying the WRT include this parameter. Preliminary evidence suggests that the WRT may be associated with a cadence of 140 steps/min in adults. This overlooked approach to identifying the WRT may be better than speed because of the simplicity and accessibility of recording cadence in both lab- and free-living settings. Wearable technologies can be used to determine cadence in real-time in a variety of settings, and could be used in the future to expand our current knowledge of the WRT. In turn, this knowledge could be used to inform training practices and/or rehabilitation of gait disorders. The purposes of this secondary analysis of an existing treadmill-based data set were to: (1) identify the optimal WRT cadence threshold, and (2) compare the accuracy of the cadence cutpoint to the previous WRT indicators identified in literature (i.e., speed and Froude number). This secondary analysis focused only on the data collected from the 28 participants (20 men, 8 women) whose protocol was terminated due to selecting to run during the treadmill portion of the larger CADENCE-Adults study. The CADENCE-Adults protocol consisted of a series of five-minute bouts beginning at 0.2 m/s and increasing in 0.2 m/s increments, with each bout followed by two minutes of standing rest. Participants could choose to walk or run each bout. The cadence of the bout during which the participants chose to run was considered the WTR cadence, and ROC analyses were performed to determine the optimal cadence cutpoint. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were calculated to compare the accuracy of the speed and Froude values from literature to the calculated cadence cutpoint. In addition, these analyses were expanded post hoc to also examine the accuracy of the previously proposed cadence cutpoint from the literature and the speed and Froude cutpoint identified from the dataset. Following analyses, three cadence cutpoints (134, 139, or 141 steps/min) were identified that shared equal overall accuracy (92.9%); therefore, there was no single optimal cutpoint. This also occurred for the speed cutpoints, where both 1.9 and 2.0 m/s shared overall accuracies of 78.6%. The optimal Froude cutpoint identified was 0.46 (82.0% overall accuracy). The rank-order overall accuracy of previously identified cutpoints were: a cadence of 140 steps/min (91.1%), Froude number of 0.5 (76.8%) and speed of 2.1 m/s (66.1%). Based on the identified optimal cadence cutpoints, a heuristic range of running cutpoints was recommended anchored on specificity vs. sensitivity preferences. For researchers interested in identifying episodes more likely to be running behavior (with the preference that very few episodes of walking behavior are mistakenly identified), it would be best to use 140 steps/min. However, if they want to be as inclusive as possible in identifying episodes of running behavior (and can tolerate more mistakenly identified episodes walking behavior), they could use 135 steps/min. When applied to this dataset, 96.0% (24/25) of the individuals who were ≥140 steps/min were running, but this decreased to 92.5% (25/27) with ≥135 steps/min. In conclusion, cadence clearly performed much better in terms of overall accuracy when compared to traditionally used WRT indicators of speed and Froude numbers. The recommended heuristics cadence cutpoint range can be used by researchers who want to evaluate the locomotor patterns of individuals when analyzing free-living step-defined data collected using wearable devices.

The production and control of antihydrogen at very low temperatures provided a key tool to test the validity for the antimaterial of the fundamental principles of the interactions of nature such as the weak principle of equivalence (WEP), and CPT symmetry (Charge, Parity, and Time reversal). The work presented in this dissertation studies the collisions of electrons and positrons in strong magnetic fields that generate magnetobound positronium (positron-electron system temporarily bound due to the presence of a magnetic field) and its possible role in the generation of antihydrogen.

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In recent years – and especially since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic – online shopping has become a part of everyday life for many people. Yet, in contrast to buying at a traditional retail store, staying anonymous is at least difficult if not impossible when shopping online – in particular, when physical goods are to be delivered. From the customer perspective, reasons for seeking anonymity when shopping online can be manifold, for example some do not want anyone to know about their purchases, others do not want their data to be used by Big Data-enabled online retailers. From the point of view of online retailers, the prospect of anonymous online shopping should therefore not only be seen as a threat to their data-driven business models, but also as an opportunity to attract new customers. In this thesis we search and find support in the literature regarding the question whether there is indeed a demand for anonymous online shopping, and we discuss system architecture designs that were proposed by other authors for potentially realizing what we call All-Steps Anonymous Purchase Platforms (ASAPP). We propose a new architecture design that improves earlier work by realizing the concept of Separation of Data within a single platform: GhostBuy. We implement a working prototype of this platform that demonstrates not only the fundamental feasibility of the architecture but also that such a platform can be realized with a look-and-feel similar to that of common online shops. We also propose solutions for certain related aspects that are particularly important in the context of such a platform, as for example a guaranteed use of secure user passwords or application-level database encryption. We evaluate to what extent the proposed architecture and prototype preserve the customers’ anonymity/privacy, showing that the prototype provides it to the maximum possible extent that can be achieved based on the proposed architecture. We also show that the system provides 256-bit security against all but one considered cryptographic and mis-authentication attack vectors and discuss how this can also be achieved for the remaining attack vector. Closing our evaluation, we show how well the platform could presumably be deployed in the real world. Finally, limitations, possible improvements, and potential further future work are discussed and proposed.

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Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen av vården i Sverige och internationellt medför krav på nya arbetssätt för fysioterapeuter. Fysisk aktivitet och övervikt/obesitas är två områden fysioterapeuter arbetar inom. Fysisk aktivitet medför positiva hälsovinster för denna målgrupp så som fördelaktiga fysiologiska värden, minskad viktökning och minskad risk för relaterade sjukdomar som exempelvis diabetes och hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Det finns därmed goda skäl för fysioterapeuter att uppmuntra till ökad fysisk aktivitet hos denna patientgrupp. När vården blir mer digitaliserad är det därför av intresse att studera om digitala interventioner av fysisk aktivitet för överviktiga/obesa patienter är ett effektivt sätt att genomföra behandling och/eller uppföljning på. Syfte: Att genom en litteraturstudie studera effekten av digitala interventioner på fysisk aktivitetsnivå hos patienter med övervikt och obesitas. Metod: Systematisk litteratursökning av randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Sökning utfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PEDro. Artiklarna granskades sedan enskilt enligt PEDro-scale och därefter bedömdes evidensgraden enligt GRADEstud, en förenklad version av GRADE. Resultat: Nio artiklar inkluderades i studien. De granskade studiernas utfall visade på att digitala interventioner har en signifikant effekt på fysisk aktivitetsnivå hos patienter med övervikt. De enskilda studiernas kvalitet varierade mellan måttlig och utmärkt vid granskning med PEDro-skalan. Efter granskning enligt GRADE-stud bedömdes studierna uppnå en måttligt hög evidensgrad, med ett samlat värde på tre poäng. Konklusion: Det finns en måttligt hög evidensgrad för att digitala interventioner ger effekt på den fysiska aktivitetsnivån hos överviktiga patienter. / Objective: The digital development in healthcare in Sweden and internationally entails new ways of practicing for physiotherapists. Physical activity and overweight/obesity are two fields within the work of physiotherapists. Physical activity entails positive health benefits for this target group such as improved metabolic markers, reduced weight gain and reduced risk of health-related conditions such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, there are valid reasons for physiotherapists to encourage enhanced physical activity for these patients. When healthcare becomes more digitalised, it is therefore of interestto examine the effectiveness of digital interventions on physical activity for overweight and obese persons. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to determine the effectiveness of digital interventions on physical activity for overweight and obese persons. Method: A systematic literature review of randomized controlled studies. Three different research databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL and PEDro. The quality of the articles was individually examined using the PEDro scale and the evidence evaluated by the GRADEstud, a simplified version of the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Results: Nine studies were included in this review. The results of the examined studies shows that digital interventions have a significant effect on physical activity for overweight and obese patients. The quality of the studies varied between acceptable and excellent on the PEDro-scale. The level of evidence for the included studies, according to GRADEstud, can be considered moderate to high, with three points in total. Conclusion: There is moderate to high evidence that digital interventions have an effect on physical activity on overweight and obese patients.

This diploma thesis deals with a problem of risk management of investment projects in building industry. The first part makes us familiar with basic terms and classification of risks. We continue with the importance and the content of risk management in investment projects. This part includes detailed description of technique of managing risks and describes chosen applied methods in this thesis. In the second part the real investment project´s risk management is designed following the information from the first part. The aim of this real project is building up an administrative building in Ostrava. The important data and the identification of danger was work out for elaborated risk management document. The identified risk was analysed and extended with suggestion of its controlling.

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