This bachelor thesis in Architecture, Visualization, and Communication is based on the assumption that modern cities will increasingly introduce car-free zones in the city center. Consequently, several parking garages may end up empty. The research question formulated from this problem was as follows: How will the evolution of multi-storey carparks look like and what is their role in the society of the future? What is the adaptive potential of multi-storey carparks? And what new functions can be established in multi-storey carparks today? To answer these research questions, a design-oriented research was conducted using case studies, design-oriented discussion material, and feedback interviews. The case studies examined parking garages today, primarily in Malmö, but also in Portugal and Denmark. Based on three scenarios for future urban development, three design-oriented discussion materials were created. The testbed for the design-oriented discussion material was executed on an existing car park, Öresund multi-storey car park, and its specific issues. Discussion material materialized from theories surrounding flexible and adaptive architecture. The materials were discussed with a selection of experts from various backgrounds within the built environment in the form of what was defined as discussion meetings. Since the experts in question are accustomed to reading drawings and technical information, they could question and make informed guesses based on the information. The conclusions from the discussion meetings and case studies resulted in a final and reality-based design proposal for an alternative use of the Öresund multi-storey car park. The design process was integrated with the research method to generate insights and solutions that ultimately addressed the research questions. / Detta kandidatarbete inom programmet Arkitektur, Visualisering och Kommunikation utgår från antagandet att moderna städer i allt större utsträckning kommer att införa bilfria innerstadszoner. Som följd kan därmed flera parkeringshus stå tomma. Frågeställningen som formulerades utifrån detta problem var följande; Hur kommer parkeringshusens evolution se ut och vad kan deras roll omvandlas till i framtidens samhälle? Vad är den adaptiva potentialen hos parkeringshus? Och Vilka funktioner kan redan idag etablera sig i parkeringshus? För att besvara dessa forskningsfrågor genomfördes en designinriktad studie som använde fallstudier, designorienterat diskussionsunderlag och återkopplande intervjuer.  Fallstudierna tittade på parkeringshus idag, främst i Malmö, men också i Portugal och Danmark. Med utgångspunkt i tre scenarier för framtida stadsutveckling, skapades tre designorienterade diskussionsunderlag. Testbädden för det designorienterade diskussionsunderlaget utgick från ett befintligt parkeringshus, Öresunds parkeringshus, och dess specifika problem. Diskussionsunderlag materialiserade ur teorier kring flexibel och adaptiv arkitektur. Underlaget diskuterades med ett urval experter från olika bakgrunder inom byggd miljö i form av något som definierades som diskussionsmöten. Eftersom experterna i fråga har en stor vana av att läsa ritningar och teknisk information, kunde de på basis av informationen ifrågasätta och ställa kvalificerade gissningar. Slutsatserna från diskussionsmötena och fallstudierna resulterade i ett slutgiltigt och verklighetsförankrat gestaltningsförslag för en alternativ användning av Öresunds parkeringhus. Designprocessen integrerades med forskningsmetoden för att generera insikter och lösningar som slutligen svarade på forskningsfrågorna.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is processing of ducumentary for mixed-use building in cadastre unit of village Vendryně. This building plot is situated on the outskirts of Vendryně. New building is designed as detached building, without cellar, with four floors. Wall structural system of building is made by sand-lime block. Floor and roof structure is consists of prestressed concrete floor. Roofing of house is made by flat green roof. On the first floor there are café, travel agency, dental laboratory, technical place and storage. The second floor is stated for administrative purposes. There are some offices, staff facilities, sanitary and technical places. On the third and fourth floors is situated dwelling unit. Three flats are in third floor and two flats are in fourth floor. Size of flats is designed as 2+KK and 3+KK.

The topic of this diploma thesis is design of new production hall in the cadastral area of city Hrusinec. The building is located in an existing industrial area. The building consists of two adjacent structures. The higher of them is single-story production hall and the lower is three-story high office building. In horizontal plane the buildings have rectangular shape. Hall part is designed as a steel structure on foundation blocks. Roof is supported by truss girders. Office building is designed as a monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton also on foundation blocks. The flat roof of the office building is a single-layer with typical composition. Functionally, the building is designed as a single unit. The total employee capacity is approximately 54 workers.

Работа посвящена изучению работы сварных двутавров с гофрированной стенкой в качестве элементов многоэтажных рамных каркасов различного назначения. Проанализированы существующие практические решения таких конструкций, обобщены теоретические подходы и методики расчета изгибаемых и внецентренно-сжатых элементов с гофрированной стенкой. Приведен пример численного расчета многоэтажного рамного каркаса, состоящего из ригелей и колонн с гофрированными стенками. Разработаны узлы крепления элементов каркаса друг к другу и к смежным конструкциям. В рамках исследования установлено, что применение сварных двутавров с гофрированной стенкой позволяет снизить металлоемкость реализации решения как для ригелей, так и для колонн многоэтажных рам зданий без снижения требуемой несущей способности и эксплуатационной надежности конструкции. / Present work is devoted to the study of the operation of welded I-sections with a corrugated web as elements of multi-storey frame structures for various purposes. The existing practical solutions for such structures are analyzed, theoretical approaches and methods for calculating of bending and eccentrically compressed elements with a corrugated web are generalized. An example of a numerical calculation of a multi-storey frame structure consisting of girders and columns with corrugated webs is given. The joints for fastening the frame elements to each other and to adjacent structures have been developed. Within the framework of the study, it was found that the use of welded I-sections with a corrugated webs makes it possible to reduce the metal consumption of the solution as for girders and as columns of multi-storey building frames without reducing the required bearing capacity and operational reliability of the structure.

Работа посвящена изучению многослойных наружных ограждающих конструкций наружных стен многоэтажных жилых каркасных зданий. В современном строительстве такие конструкции выполняются как правило на основе блоков из ячеистого бетона (газозолобетонные блоки). Применение подобных решений оправдано благодаря своей тепловой эффективности. Однако дискуссионным остается вопрос о рациональности использования существующих решений стеновых ограждений, так как необходимость устройства нескольких слоев из различных конструкционных материалов приводит к увеличению трудоемкости возведения. Кроме того, многослойные решения наружных стен зданий предъявляют повышенные требования к качеству выполнения работ, к качеству решений по обеспечению совместной работы нескольких разнообразных по физическим параметрам слоев, и порой такие решения снижают эксплуатационную надежность стенового ограждения, что, к сожалению, нередко приводит к авариям и обрушениям конструкций. Основным вопросом, решенным в исследовании является нахождение наименее трудозатратного варианта ограждающей конструкции, который бы имел сопоставимые с существующими стенами характеристики, а также снижал вероятность ошибки при сооружении наружных стен, которые могут приводить к авариям конструкций. / Present work is devoted to the study of multilayer external enclosing structures of external walls of multi-storey residential frame buildings. In modern construction, such structures are usually made on the basis of aerated concrete blocks. The use of such solutions is justified due to its thermal efficiency. However, the question of the rationality of using existing solutions for wall fences remains debatable, since the need to install several layers of various structural materials leads to an increase in the complexity of construction. In addition, multilayer solutions for the outer walls of buildings place increased requirements for the quality of in place works and overall construction technical quality to ensure the proper action of joints consisted of several layers with various physical parameters, and sometimes such solutions reduce the operational reliability of the wall enclosure, which, unfortunately, often leads to accidents and collapse of structures. The main issue solved in the study is to find the least labor-intensive version of the enclosing structure, which would have characteristics comparable to existing walls, and also reduce the likelihood of errors in the construction of external walls, which can lead to structural failures.

Didėjant šiluminės energijos ir kuro sąnaudoms, jų taupymas darosi aktualus daugeliui vartotojų. Vis daugiau žmonių domisi energijos taupymo priemonėmis gyvenamuose namuose. Ne tik privačių namų, bet ir privatizuotų butų savininkai daugiabučiuose namuose besikurdami į bendriją, imasi konkrečių veiksmų pastatų šilumos nuostoliams mažinti. Jiems svarbi ne tik finansinė parama, bet ir techninė bei informacinė pagalba. Energijos suvartojimas pastatams šildyti priklauso nuo šalies klimato ypatumų, energetinių resursų įsigijimo galimybių ir kainų, statybos tradicijų ir aplinkosaugos reikalavimų. Energetinių sąnaudų mažinimas gyvenamiesiems pastatams šildyti svarbus ne tik ekonominiu, bet ir ekologiniu požiūriu. Namų modernizavimas pagerina gyvenimo komforto parametrus. Pastato modernizacijos tikslas – padaryti pastatą ekonomiškesnį, komfortiškesnį ir taip pailginti jo eksplotacijos laiką bei padidinti vertę. Šiame darbe pateikiami duomenys apie pastatų atitvarinių konstrukcijų defektus, jų įvertinimo būdus, pastatų šiluminės modernizacijos technologijas ir ekonominę naudą, tyrimų metodus, pastatų konstrukcijose vykstančius šilumos ir masės mainų procesus, įvertinus jų poveikį pastatui. Darbą suraro 97 puslapiai, 55 paveikslai, 11 lentelių, 43 literatūros šaltiniai, priedai. / With the increase of thermal energy and fuel costs, saving is becoming an important issue for many consumers. More and more people are taking an interest in energy – saving measures in their living quarters. Not only owners of private houses but private flat owners in a multi-storey block of flats when setting up a society/community tend to take concrete action to reduce heat losses. They take an interest not only in posssible financial support but also in technical and information assistance. The energy consumption for heating buildings depends on the specific factors of a given country, the possibilities of acquiring energy resources and its price, the building traditions and environmental requirements. Reducing energy costs for heating residential buildings is an important economical and environmental issue. Modernizing houses improves life quality standards. The aim of modernising a building – to make the building more economically efficient, more comfortable and to prolong its lifecycle also to increase its value. This paper presents data on box construction building defects, their assessment methods, thermal modernizing technology and economic benefits, research methods, the heat and mass exchange processes occurring in building constructions, having assessed their impact on the building. Thesis consist of: 97 p. text, 55 pictures, 11 tables, 43 bibliographical entries, references.

Pastatu apšiltinimas, renovacija nagrin(jama jau daug metu, tai aktuali tema daugelyje šaliu. Renovuotuose pastatuose maž(ja šilumos suvartojimas, did(ja busto kaina. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti šilumos taupymo daugiabuciame pastate galimybes gerinant atitvaru charakteristikas, galimybiu analizei taikant ArchiCad EcoDesigner programini paketa, nustatyti programos galimybes, parenkant renovuojamu pastatu atitvaru charakteristikas. Pastatams pritaikomi trys energijos taupymo paketai: standartinis, vidutinis ir maksimalus, paketai lyginami tarpusavyje. Darba sudaro 6 dalys: ivadas, trys skyriai, išvados ir literaturos sarašas. Darbo apimtis - 69 puslapiu be priedu, 68 paveikslas, 11 lenteliu, 35 literaturos šaltiniai. / House heating and renovation has been the topic of research for many years and is an important issue in many countries today. House renovation brings savings over a certain period of time and it is very important that the resident would feel the benefits. The purpose of this work is to identify heat saving posibilities in multi-storey houses by bettering the characteristics of external house walls, comparing them to the ones of houses under renovation and by using the ArchiCad EcoDesigner software package for the possibility analysis establishing the capabilities of the software package. The houses are introduced with three energy saving packages: standard, medium and maximal, the packages are compared with each other as well. The work consists of 6 parts: Introduction, Three chapters, conclussion and the bibliography. The volume of the work- 69 pages without apendixes, 60 picture, 9 tables, 35 bibliography.

This diploma thesis deals with the elaboration of the project documentation of the construction of the Blanice accommodation facility. The object has a rectangular shape. The proposed building is located in Vodnany. The accommodation facility is designed for 28 people and 32 seats in the restaurant. The building is designed as a four-storey, partly basement. On the underground floor there are storage areas, technical background. On the first floor there is a main entrance, a reception and a restaurant with technical facilities for the staff. On the second and third floor there are guest rooms. On the second floor there is also a room for people with limited mobility. The building is bricked from brick blocks with a flat roof Keywords.

In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years. Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage. For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.

<p>Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise.</p><p>Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully.</p><p>The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest.</p><p>The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units.</p><p>Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.</p>