En France les filtres plantés à écoulement vertical sont utilisés pour le traitement des surverses de déversoir d’orage (CSO en anglais). Ils sont efficaces pour le traitement des polluants ainsi que pour assurer un rôle de tampon hydraulique permettant de protéger les milieux hydriques superficiels. Ils ont la particularité de recevoir des effluents bruts dont la fréquence, l’intensité, la durée et les concentrations sont stochastiques. En conséquence de quoi l’optimisation du dimensionnement est particulièrement délicate. Dans ce travail, le dimensionnement est abordé suivant deux approches. D’une part en définissant les processus clefs pour une optimisation du dimensionnement et, d’autre part, en construisant un modèle dynamique simplifié (Orage)permettant de prendre en compte, sur le long terme, le caractère stochastique des évènements et les contraintes locales. Le cœur du modèle a été calibré et validé sur une large gamme d’évènements mesurées sur un site en taille réelle (site de Marcy l’Etoile). La qualité de la calibration a été validé aussi bien visuellement que statistiquement et la robustesse du modèle étudiée par une analyse de sensibilité (méthode de Morris). L’optimisation automatique du dimensionnement a nécessité la réalisation d’une boucle itérative également paramétrée et testée dans le cadre du site de Marcy l’Etoile et pour des cas théoriques. Les dimensionnements proposés ont été estimés réalistes. La définition des processus clefs du système de traitement, et le développement du modèle simplifié, a également été possible grâce à la simulation d’expérimentations sur colonnes par un modèle mécaniste (HYDRUS / CW2D). La paramétrisation des processus du modèle simplifié a été réalisée sur la base d’expérimentations détaillées sur le site de Marcy l’Etoile. Le site a été suivi pendant trois ans aussi bien par des prélèvements automatiques, des traçages, que des mesures en lignes (hydraulique, azote, teneur en eau). Parmi les processus calibrés, nous retiendrons i) l’importance du niveau de saturation de la base du filtre au début d’un évènement vis-à-vis des court circuits hydrauliques, ii) la définition des capacités d’adsorption de l’azote ammoniacale de différents matériaux (pouzzolane, mélange de sable et de zéolite) et iii), la définition des cinétiques de nitrification suivant la température et quantité d’azote ammoniacal adsorbé. Si les performances de l’ouvrage sont hautes pour les paramètres majeurs (MES, DCO, N-NH4), l’impact du dimensionnement, de la gestion et des facteurs environnementaux sur les performances et l’accumulation de boue a été étudié. De plus, quelques suivis ont été réalisés sur les métaux et les HAP. Ces mesures ont permis non seulement de calibrer le logiciel Orage mais aussi de proposer des modifications pour l’amélioration du dimensionnement. / Constructed wetlands for combined sewer overflow treatment (CSO CWs) are vertical flow filters in France. They effectively remove pollutants and mitigate hydraulic peaks, which protects natural waters. They receive unsettled flows with stochastic return periods, volumes and concentrations, making design optimization difficult. In the presented work, design is targeted from two sides. First, the scientific basis is laid down for the design-support software Orage. The tool is model-based and as such, it considers the stochasticity of CSOs site-specifically. Its core model has been calibrated and then verified by a range of tests. Simulations fit to measured data from a full-scale CSO site (Marcy l’Etoile). The goodness of fit is evaluated visually and statistically. Model robustness has been confirmed by a sensitivity analysis (Morris method). After this, the iterative shell has been parameterized and tested (the software element doing automatic optimization). The design proposals of the tool have been found realistic. The other approach to target optimization has been a detailed field research at Marcy l’Etoile. The site at Marcy l’Etoile has been monitored for three years, using automatic samplers and online probes. The filling of the porous media at event start proves and explains shortcutting behaviour. Adsorption capacities have been quantified for pozzolana and a sand and zeolite mixture. A temperature-dependent equation is calibrated to calculate nitrification rate. System efficiency is high for target pollutants (TSS, COD, NH4-N). Design, operational and environmental factors have been analysed to seek potential effects on removal performances and sludge accumulation. Additionally, PAHs and metals are indicated for a few selected events. The field results were essential to calibrate Orage and to see options for design improvements. The understanding of CSO CWs and the development of Orage was promoted also by simulating lab-scale columns using the process-based model package HYDRUS / CW2D.

No description available.

近年來，隨著大數據時代的來臨，即時資料運算面臨許多挑戰。例如在期貨交易預測方面，為了精準的預測市場狀態，我們需要在海量資料中建立預測模型，且耗時在數十毫秒之內。 在本研究中，我們將介紹一套即時巨量資料運算架構，這套架構將解決在實務上需要解決的三大需求：高速處理需求、巨量資料處理以及儲存需求。同時，在整個平行運算系統之下，我們也實作了數種人工智慧演算法，例如SVM (Support Vector Machine)和LR (Logistic Regression)等，做為策略模擬的子系統。本架構包含下列三種主要的雲端運算技術： 1. 使用Apache YARN以整合整體系統資源，使叢集資源運用更具效率。 2. 為滿足高速處理需求，本架構使用Apache Storm以便處理海量且即時之資料流。同時，借助該框架，可在數十毫秒之內，運算上千種市場狀態數值供模型建模之用。 3. 運用Apache Spark，本研究建立了一套分散式運算架構用於模型建模。藉由使用Spark RDD(Resilient Distributed Datasets)，本架構可將SVM和LR之模型建模時間縮短至數百毫秒之內。 為解決上述需求，本研究設計了一套n層分散式架構且整合上列數種技術。另外，在該架構中，我們使用Apache Kafka作為整體系統之訊息中介層，並支持系統內各子系統間之非同步訊息溝通。 / With the coming of the era of big data, the immediacy and the amount of data computation are facing with many challenges. For example, for Futures market forecasting, we need to accurately forecast the market state with the model built from large data (hundreds of GB to tens of TB) within tens of milliseconds. In this research, we will introduce a real-time big data computing architecture to resolve requests of high speed processing, the immense volume of data and the request of large data processing. In the meantime, several algorithms, such as SVM (Support Vector Machine, SVM) and LR (Logistic Regression, LR), are implemented as a subproject under the parallel distributed computing system. This architecture involves three main cloud computing techniques: 1. Use Apache YARN as a system of integrated resource management in order to apply cluster resources more efficiently. 2. To satisfy the requests of high speed processing, we apply Apache Storm in order to process large real-time data stream and compute thousands of numerical value within tens of milliseconds for following model building. 3. With Apache Spark, we establish a distributed computing architecture for model building. By using Spark RDD (Resilient Distributed Datasets, RDD), this architecture can shorten the execution time to within hundreds of milliseconds for SVM and LR model building. To resolve the requirements of the distributed system, we design an n-tier distributed architecture to integrate the foregoing several techniques. In this architecture, we use the Apache Kafka as the messaging middleware to support asynchronous message-based communication.

Magistriniame moksliniame tiriamajame darbe „Paviršinių nuotekų Vilniaus mieste užterštumo tyrimai“ buvo apžvelgta mokslinė – techninė literatūra, kurioje aprašoma paviršinių nuotekų užterštumo skendinčiosiomis medžiagomis kaita lietaus metu. Literatūroje taip pat išanalizuotas pirmojo teršalų antplūdžio reiškinys, t.y., kuomet po tam tikro sausojo periodo, lyjant lietui, urbanizuotoje teritorijoje susiformuoja ypač užterštos pirmosios paviršinių nuotekų porcijos. Ištyrus pirmojo teršalų antplūdžio reiškinio dėsningumą, patikimumą ir universalumą, galima būtų šias žinias panaudoti valytino paviršinių nuotekų kiekio nustatymui. Žinodami, kad didžioji dalis miesto teršalų transportuojama lietaus pradžioje, o likusioji dalis neturi reikšmingos įtakos upių ekosistemoms, valymo įrenginius galėtume projektuoti taip, kad į juos nukreiptume tik pirmąsias paviršinių nuotekų porcijas. Tai suteiktų galimybę efektyviau ir ekonomiškiau tvarkyti paviršines nuotekas. Šiame tiriamajame darbe atsitiktiniu būdu tyrimo objektu buvo pasirinkti Vilniaus miesto šiaurinės dalies vienas didžiausių (Verkių g. Nr. 1) ir vienas mažiausių (Sporto g. Nr. 2) paviršinių nuotekų surinkimo baseinų išleistuvai. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad paviršinių nuotekų debito bei skendinčiųjų medžiagų koncentracijos kaita priklauso nuo urbanizuotos teritorijos baseino charakteristikų, nuo tinklo akumuliacinių savybių, nuo lietaus intensyvumo bei nuo sausojo periodo. ... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work of scientific research named „The research of the pollution of storm water runoff in Vilnius city“ overlooks the fluctuation of concentration of suspended solids in a storm water runoff. There was also the concept of the first flush phenomenon investigated, which means, that the store of pollutants that had accumulated on paved surface in dry weather are quickly washed off during the beginning of the storm. Investigation of the first flush phenomenon consistent reliability and universality would help to determine the amount of storm water runoff that needs to be purified. Knowing that most of the urban pollutant load is transported in the beginning of a storm and the rest of storm water runoff do not have a significant impact on river ecosystem, water treatment facilities could be designed so that they accept only the first portions of the storm water runoff. In this case, a much smaller volume of runoff storage would be needed to treat and remove urban pollutants. This would allow more efficient and economical control of storm water runoff. The study areas where selected to be the representative drainage basin for a large (Verkių g. Nr1) and small (Sporto g. Nr.2) commercial-residential district. Research results showed that storm water runoff flow and suspended solids concentration change depends on the characteristics of the urban catchment’s area, also from the network storage properties and from the intensity of rainfall... [to full text]

The research presented in this dissertation attempted to determine whether climate variability is critical to sea level changes in coastal BC. To that end, a number of statistical models were proposed to clarify the relationships between five climate variability indices representing large-scale atmospheric circulation regimes and sea levels, storm surges, extreme winds and storm track variability in coastal BC. The research findings demonstrate that decadal to inter decadal climatic variability is fundamental to explaining the changing frequency and intensity of extreme atmospheric and oceanic environmental variables in coastal BC. The trends revealed by these analyses suggest that coastal flooding risks are certain to increase in this region during the next few decades, especially if the global sea-levels continue to rise as predicted. The out come of this study emphasis the need to look beyond climatic means when completing climate impact assessments, by clearly showing that climate extremes are currently causing the majority of weather-related damage along coastal BC. The findings highlight the need to derive knowledge on climate variability and change effects relevant at regional to local scales to enable useful adaptation strategies. The major findings of this research resulted in five independent manuscripts: (i) Sea level responses to climatic variability and change in Northern BC. The Manuscript (MC) is published in the Journal of atmospheric and oceans (AO 46 (3), 277-296); (ii) Extreme sea-level recurrences in the south coast of BC with climate considerations. This MC is in review with the Asia Pacific Journal of Climate Change (APJCC); (iii) Extreme sea-surge responses to climate variability in coastal BC. This MC is currently in review in the Annals of the AAG (AN-2009-0098); (iv) Extreme wind regime responses to climate variability and change in the inner-south-coast of BC. This MC is published in the Journal of Atmosphere and Oceans (AO 47 (1), 41-62); (v) Sensitivity of winter storm track characteristics in North-eastern Pacific to climate variability. This manuscript is in review with the Journal of Atmosphere and Oceans (AO (1113)). The findings of this research program made key contributions to the following regional sea level rise impact assessment studies in BC: (i) An examination of the Factors Affecting Relative and Absolute Sea level in coastal BC (Thomson et al., 2008). (ii) Coastal vulnerability to climate change and sea level rise, Northeast Graham Island, Haida Gwaii (formally known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), BC (Walker et al., 2007). (iii) Storm Surge: Atmospheric Hazards, Canadian Atmospheric Hazards Network - Pacific and Yukon Region, C/O Bill Taylor.

Após a desativação da técnica SA, a ionosfera tornou-se a principal fonte de erro no posicionamento com GPS. O erro associado à ionosfera é diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo total de elétrons (TEC – Total Electron Content) presente ao longo do caminho da trajetória percorrida pelo sinal na ionosfera e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da freqüência do sinal. O TEC, e conseqüentemente o erro devido à ionosfera, variam no tempo e no espaço e é influenciado por diversas variáveis, tais como: ciclo solar, época do ano, hora do dia, localização geográfica, atividade geomagnética, entre outros. A região brasileira é um dos locais que apresenta os maiores valores e variações espaciais do TEC e onde estão presentes diversas particularidades da ionosfera, tais como, a anomalia equatorial e o efeito da cintilação ionosférica. Desta forma, é importante a realização de pesquisas que visam estudar o comportamento do TEC, e conseqüentemente do erro devido à ionosfera no Brasil, que é um trabalho complexo devido aos diversos fatores que influenciam a variação do TEC, além das particularidades presentes na região brasileira. Estudos desta natureza podem auxiliar a comunidade geodésica brasileira, e demais usuários do GPS, no entendimento das limitações impostas pela ionosfera nas regiões de interesse. Devido à natureza dispersiva da ionosfera, o estudo do comportamento do TEC no Brasil pode ser realizado utilizando os dados GPS de receptores de dupla freqüência pertencentes à RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo). Adicionalmente, para uma melhor análise, pode-se também utilizar dados das estações da rede IGS (International GNSS Service) da América do Sul. Esta pesquisa tem como principal meta o estudo do comportamento do erro devido à ionosfera na região brasileira em diferentes situações ionosféricas com base em valores de TEC advindos das estações GPS da RBMC e da rede IGS da América do Sul. Outro objetivo é avaliar a performance e as limitações do Mapa Global da Ionosfera do IGS aplicado no posicionamento por ponto na região brasileira. / In the SA absence, the ionosphere is the largest error source in GPS positioning. The error due to the ionosphere in the GPS observables depends on the signal frequency and Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionospheric layer. The TEC varies regularly in time and space in relation to the sunspot number, the season, the local time, the geographic position, and others. The Brazilian region is one of the regions of the Earth that presents largest values and space variations of the TEC, being influenced by the equatorial anomaly of ionization and ionospheric scintillation. Therefore, it is important to study the TEC behavior in the Brazilian region. Due to the ionosphere dispersive nature, the TEC behavior in Brazil can be studied using GPS data from RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo – Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GPS). Additionally, GPS data from IGS (International GNSS Service) network of the South America can also be used in the experiments. The goal of this research is to study the ionospheric error behavior in the Brazilian region, considering different ionosphere situations, using TEC values computed by GPS data from RBMC and IGS network. Other goal is to evaluate the performance and limitations of Global Ionospheric Map of IGS applied in the GPS point positioning in Brazil.

Les blocs supratidaux de tempête que l’on trouve au sommet des falaises vont à l’encontre du schéma classique qui décrit l’érosion des falaises. Généralement, le recul des escarpements rocheux se fait au rythme des écroulements gravitaires dont les éléments s’accumulent en pied de falaise, la mer intervenant surtout dans le déblaiement des matériaux accumulés à la base des versants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous étudions les processus d’érosion qui se traduisent par l’accumulation de dépôts grossiers en sommet de falaise. Nous montrons qu’au cours des événements météo-océaniques extrêmes, les effets combinés d’un niveau d’eau à la côte particulièrement élevé et du déferlement de vagues de haute énergie peuvent se manifester localement par l’arrachement et le transport de blocs littoraux supratidaux. Leur masse peut dépasser plusieurs dizaines de tonnes, et leur remaniement peut se faire à plusieurs mètres au-dessus du niveau des hautes mers. De même, leur déplacement peut atteindre plusieurs dizaines à centaines de mètres à l’intérieur des terres. A l’heure où l’on s’interroge sur une possible intensification et/ou augmentation de la fréquence des événements météoocéaniques extrêmes, la dynamique morphosédimentaire de ces blocs littoraux apparait comme un indicateur géomorphologique pertinent pour l’évaluation de ces changements. Un suivi topo-morphologique, sédimentaire et hydrodynamique pluriannuel a été réalisé sur plusieurs sites bretons (Finistère) et islandais (presqu’île de Reykjanes). Les résultats de ce suivi ont montré des schémas de circulation hydro-sédimentaire bien distincts suivant le contexte morphodynamique. Si dans certains cas, les processus transversaux prédominent dans l’édification et le remaniement de ces accumulations, dans d’autres cas, la composante longitudinale contrôle une partie des transferts à la côte. Les processus d’arrachement et de transport de blocs sont concomitants, et peuvent se produire à plusieurs reprises au cours d’un même événement et/ou hiver, y compris pendant les tempêtes d’intensité modérée. L’étude rétrospective des conditions météo-océaniques favorables au déclenchement de ces processus sur les 70 dernières années montre une forte variabilité interannuelle, sans périodicité ni tendance particulière. Cette variabilité est commandée par la dynamique atmosphérique WEPA aux latitudes tempérées de la Bretagne, et par l’ONA aux latitudes sub-polaires de l’Islande. / Cliff-top storm deposits (CTSDs) corresponding to boulder accumulations are locally identified along the North–Atlantic coasts (Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, France), where they are defined as one of the most remarkable morphosedimentary storm signature. Their study aims to understand the effects of high energy storm waves on these specific rocky cliffed coasts facing deep–water and exposed to energetic wave–climates. Recent works demonstrated the role of high energy storm waves (instead of tsunami waves) in transporting and supplying in boulders these deposits. In the context of climate change, and the possible intensification and/or increase in frequency of extreme meteo-oceanic events, CTSDs appears as a potential geomorphological indicator for the monitoring of these changes on high-energy rocky coasts. This thesis propose an analysis of their morphosedimentary dynamics based on field observations realized at high (64°N) and medium (48°N) latitude of the Northeast Atlantic basin. In the present work, their morphosedimentary dynamics have been annually surveyed using low altitude aerial photographs. Results shows two different hydrosedimentary circulation patterns of CTSDs. The first one concerns inland boulder transport, corresponding the directions of the incident waves. This pattern confirms the contemporary edification of ridges. The second one concerns longshore or seaward boulder transport, describing a longitudinal drift of this sedimentary material.The processes of quarrying and transport of CTSDs are concomitant and can repeatedly occur during one single event and/or winter, including during regular storms. The retrospective analysis of sea weather forecast favorable to these processes during the last 70 years showed an infraannual frequency with no particular periodicity nor tendency.

Após a desativação da técnica SA, a ionosfera tornou-se a principal fonte de erro no posicionamento com GPS. O erro associado à ionosfera é diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo total de elétrons (TEC – Total Electron Content) presente ao longo do caminho da trajetória percorrida pelo sinal na ionosfera e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da freqüência do sinal. O TEC, e conseqüentemente o erro devido à ionosfera, variam no tempo e no espaço e é influenciado por diversas variáveis, tais como: ciclo solar, época do ano, hora do dia, localização geográfica, atividade geomagnética, entre outros. A região brasileira é um dos locais que apresenta os maiores valores e variações espaciais do TEC e onde estão presentes diversas particularidades da ionosfera, tais como, a anomalia equatorial e o efeito da cintilação ionosférica. Desta forma, é importante a realização de pesquisas que visam estudar o comportamento do TEC, e conseqüentemente do erro devido à ionosfera no Brasil, que é um trabalho complexo devido aos diversos fatores que influenciam a variação do TEC, além das particularidades presentes na região brasileira. Estudos desta natureza podem auxiliar a comunidade geodésica brasileira, e demais usuários do GPS, no entendimento das limitações impostas pela ionosfera nas regiões de interesse. Devido à natureza dispersiva da ionosfera, o estudo do comportamento do TEC no Brasil pode ser realizado utilizando os dados GPS de receptores de dupla freqüência pertencentes à RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo). Adicionalmente, para uma melhor análise, pode-se também utilizar dados das estações da rede IGS (International GNSS Service) da América do Sul. Esta pesquisa tem como principal meta o estudo do comportamento do erro devido à ionosfera na região brasileira em diferentes situações ionosféricas com base em valores de TEC advindos das estações GPS da RBMC e da rede IGS da América do Sul. Outro objetivo é avaliar a performance e as limitações do Mapa Global da Ionosfera do IGS aplicado no posicionamento por ponto na região brasileira. / In the SA absence, the ionosphere is the largest error source in GPS positioning. The error due to the ionosphere in the GPS observables depends on the signal frequency and Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionospheric layer. The TEC varies regularly in time and space in relation to the sunspot number, the season, the local time, the geographic position, and others. The Brazilian region is one of the regions of the Earth that presents largest values and space variations of the TEC, being influenced by the equatorial anomaly of ionization and ionospheric scintillation. Therefore, it is important to study the TEC behavior in the Brazilian region. Due to the ionosphere dispersive nature, the TEC behavior in Brazil can be studied using GPS data from RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo – Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GPS). Additionally, GPS data from IGS (International GNSS Service) network of the South America can also be used in the experiments. The goal of this research is to study the ionospheric error behavior in the Brazilian region, considering different ionosphere situations, using TEC values computed by GPS data from RBMC and IGS network. Other goal is to evaluate the performance and limitations of Global Ionospheric Map of IGS applied in the GPS point positioning in Brazil.

Após a desativação da técnica SA, a ionosfera tornou-se a principal fonte de erro no posicionamento com GPS. O erro associado à ionosfera é diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo total de elétrons (TEC – Total Electron Content) presente ao longo do caminho da trajetória percorrida pelo sinal na ionosfera e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da freqüência do sinal. O TEC, e conseqüentemente o erro devido à ionosfera, variam no tempo e no espaço e é influenciado por diversas variáveis, tais como: ciclo solar, época do ano, hora do dia, localização geográfica, atividade geomagnética, entre outros. A região brasileira é um dos locais que apresenta os maiores valores e variações espaciais do TEC e onde estão presentes diversas particularidades da ionosfera, tais como, a anomalia equatorial e o efeito da cintilação ionosférica. Desta forma, é importante a realização de pesquisas que visam estudar o comportamento do TEC, e conseqüentemente do erro devido à ionosfera no Brasil, que é um trabalho complexo devido aos diversos fatores que influenciam a variação do TEC, além das particularidades presentes na região brasileira. Estudos desta natureza podem auxiliar a comunidade geodésica brasileira, e demais usuários do GPS, no entendimento das limitações impostas pela ionosfera nas regiões de interesse. Devido à natureza dispersiva da ionosfera, o estudo do comportamento do TEC no Brasil pode ser realizado utilizando os dados GPS de receptores de dupla freqüência pertencentes à RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo). Adicionalmente, para uma melhor análise, pode-se também utilizar dados das estações da rede IGS (International GNSS Service) da América do Sul. Esta pesquisa tem como principal meta o estudo do comportamento do erro devido à ionosfera na região brasileira em diferentes situações ionosféricas com base em valores de TEC advindos das estações GPS da RBMC e da rede IGS da América do Sul. Outro objetivo é avaliar a performance e as limitações do Mapa Global da Ionosfera do IGS aplicado no posicionamento por ponto na região brasileira. / In the SA absence, the ionosphere is the largest error source in GPS positioning. The error due to the ionosphere in the GPS observables depends on the signal frequency and Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionospheric layer. The TEC varies regularly in time and space in relation to the sunspot number, the season, the local time, the geographic position, and others. The Brazilian region is one of the regions of the Earth that presents largest values and space variations of the TEC, being influenced by the equatorial anomaly of ionization and ionospheric scintillation. Therefore, it is important to study the TEC behavior in the Brazilian region. Due to the ionosphere dispersive nature, the TEC behavior in Brazil can be studied using GPS data from RBMC (Rede Brasileira de Monitoramento Contínuo – Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GPS). Additionally, GPS data from IGS (International GNSS Service) network of the South America can also be used in the experiments. The goal of this research is to study the ionospheric error behavior in the Brazilian region, considering different ionosphere situations, using TEC values computed by GPS data from RBMC and IGS network. Other goal is to evaluate the performance and limitations of Global Ionospheric Map of IGS applied in the GPS point positioning in Brazil.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Problems related to water, in the urban environment, have drawn attention in the face of the problem caused by its lack and/or excess. Among this backdrop there is the tumultuous occupation of urban space that combined with the suppression of soil coverage and vegetation leads to the urban runoff higher volume, pollution and shorter time to peak discharge. In this context, the benefits of urban afforestation are present, which besides the aesthetic value added to space, set up physical barriers to stormwater, favoring its retention, storage and infiltration into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainfall interception treetops the some species, reduce the volume of urban runoff, slow the flow peaks, as well as to expand the attention span of an urban watershed. The research was field experiments with recurrent arboreal species in the urban afforestation of Uruaçu, Goiás, using pluviographs, trunk collectors and water level sensor. From the use of interception parameters determined in this study, computer simulations using the Storm Water Management Model Model (SWMM) were performed, starting from the proposition of scenarios with different types of territorial installment associated with the Low Impact Development practices (LID) and urban forestry. During the data collection period 2012/2013, the rainfall events had a median of accumulated rainfall of 16.7mm. During this period, the median values of interception were Mangifera indica - 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa - 7.2mm; and Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. The period of data collection relating to 2013/2014, the median precipitation of rainfall events were 20.7mm, and the median values for interception and stemflow were respectively: 5.7mm and 0.1mm for Mangifera indica; 4.5mm and 0.2mm for Licania tomentosa; and 3.8mm and 0.3mm for Tabebuia ochracea. The delay at the start of average rains caused by tree species was 3min. The presence of individual trees afforded a median delay in the peak time of 3 min, a reduction of the peak flow of 0.8 mm/min and runoff of 4.7mm/min. Through simulations with the scenario where the wooded urban planning aggregated all LID techniques employed in this study, it was possible to achieve a reduction in peak flows in 3.42m³ / s, compared to conventional design; allowing storage of a volume of water in 4470.59m³ local infiltration proposed structures; and delay the peak flows of up to 6 min. This thesis confirms the interference of the individual characteristics of the species in the rain interception capability by their canopies and reducing runoff, highlighting the need for careful definition of the species that make up the urban forestry; testifies the existence of variations in interceptions in relation to rainfall events and during their occurrence; as well as quantitative data points precipitate volume reduction and drained by the tree individual presence in urban areas. Their research shows that, alone, afforestation and LID techniques cause little reduction in volume and flow and little delay in time to peak flow, while combined contribute significantly to drainage. This study differs from the use of recording rain gauges and linígrados for the measurement of precipitation and runoff directly under the canopy of individual trees in an urban environment; and adds to SWMM the insertion of arboreal benefits in hydrological simulation. / Os transtornos relacionados à água, no ambiente urbano, têm merecido destaque diante da problemática causada pela sua falta e/ou excesso. Dentre este cenário, tem-se a ocupação desordenada do espaço urbano, que aliada à supressão da cobertura natural do solo e da vegetação acarretam ao escoamento urbano maior volume, poluição e menor tempo ao pico de vazão. Neste contexto, insere-se os benefícios da arborização urbana, que além do valor estético que agrega ao espaço, oferece barreiras físicas às águas pluviais, favorecendo a sua retenção, armazenamento e infiltração no solo. Este estudo se propõe a avaliar a capacidade de algumas espécies arbóreas em interceptar as águas de chuva pelas suas copas, reduzir o volume de escoamento superficial urbano, retardar os picos de vazão, bem como de ampliar o tempo de concentração de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana. A pesquisa teve experimentos de campo com espécies arbóreas recorrentes à arborização urbana de Uruaçu, Goiás, utilizando pluviógrafos, coletores de tronco e linígrafos. A partir do emprego dos parâmetros de interceptação determinados neste estudo, foram realizadas simulações computacionais com o uso do modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), partindo da proposição de cenários com diferentes tipologias de parcelamento territorial associados às práticas de Low Impact Development (LID) e à arborização urbana. Durante o período de coleta de dados de 2012/2013, os eventos chuvosos tiveram mediana de 16.7mm de precipitação acumulada. Neste período, os valores medianos de interceptação foram: Mangifera indica – 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa – 7.2mm; e, Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. No período de coleta dados referente a 2013/2014, as precipitações medianas dos eventos chuvosos foram de 20.7mm, e os valores medianos para interceptação e escoamento pelo tronco, foram respectivamente: 5.7mm e 0.1mm para a Mangifera indica; 4.5mm e 0.2mm para a Licania tomentosa; e, 3.8mm e 0.3mm para a Tabebuia ochracea. O retardo mediano no início das chuvas ocasionado pelas espécies arbóreas foi de 3min. A presença dos indivíduos arbóreos propiciou, um atraso mediano no tempo ao pico de 3 minutos, uma redução do pico de vazão de 0.8 mm/min e do escoamento superficial de 4.7mm/min. Através de simulações, com o cenário em que o planejamento urbano arborizado agregava todas as técnicas de LID neste estudo empregadas, conseguiu-se atingir a redução das vazões de pico em 3.42m³/s, em relação ao projeto convencional; permitindo o armazenamento de um volume de água de 4470.59m³ nas estruturas de infiltração locais propostas; e, retardar os picos de vazão em até 6 min. Esta tese, confirma a interferência das características individuais das espécies na capacidade de interceptação de chuva por suas copas e na redução do escoamento superficial, ressaltando a necessidade de definição criteriosa das espécies que comporão a arborização urbana; atesta a existência de variações nas interceptações em relação aos eventos chuvosos e durante suas ocorrências; bem como, aponta dados quantitativos de redução de volume precipitado e escoado pela presença do indivíduo arbóreo no meio urbano. A pesquisa comprovou que, isoladamente, a arborização e as técnicas de LID causam pouca redução no volume e vazão e, pouco retardo no tempo ao pico do escoamento, enquanto que somadas contribuem de forma significativa à drenagem. O presente estudo se difere pela utilização de pluviógrafos e linígrados para a aferição de precipitações e escoamento superficial diretamente sob as copas de indivíduos arbóreos em ambiente urbano; e, agrega ao SWMM a inserção dos benefícios arbóreos na simulação hidrológica.