In this thesis I have searched for and analyzed possible mechanisms of domination and strategies for resistance in the novel La isla bajo el mar by Isabel Allende. This was done with a post-colonial and feminist perspective, focusing on the structural divisions that can be found within these frameworks and using binary oppositions to identify different unequal power relations. These oppositions showed me the unjust structures that are being present in the novel, and made it easier to identify the mechanisms used to oppress certain groups of people. After identifying the mechanisms of oppression, I could also point out the strategies of resistance used by Teté, the main character, and oppressed groups together to resist this domination and the power of the norms in society.

Em uma sociedade onde o acesso aos recursos necessários para a manutenção da vida, como o acesso à terra, se dá de forma desigual, os conflitos aparecem como manifestações que demarcam desigualdades, apresentando potencial para promover transformações. Por outro lado, situações limites de disputa por terra podem levar a despejos, uma grave violação aos direitos humanos. O conflito é apenas uma das possíveis interações entre grupos, indivíduos, organizações e coletividade, e a cooperação é outra possibilidade, em posição diretamente oposta. Essa possibilidade, no entanto, se coloca como uma das perspectivas pelas quais as entidades e indivíduos podem se conectar em torno de um objetivo comum. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo as estratégias de resistência adotadas pelos movimentos sociais para defender um território, em um contexto de conflito pela posse da terra. A pesquisa utiliza o caso do Movimento em Defesa do Morro Santa Teresa (MDMST) para identificar, a partir da caracterização do conflito, do território em disputa e do movimento social, as estratégias utilizadas para defender o território da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Rio Grande do Sul (FASE-RS) no Morro Santa Teresa na cidade de Porto Alegre e verificar, nas estratégias adotadas pelo MDMST, o diálogo com as políticas públicas e com o planejamento urbano e os desdobramentos dessas estratégias na resolução do conflito. / In a society where the acess to the necessary resources to the maintenance of life, like the acess to the land, is given in an uneven way, conflicts appear as manifestations that delimit inequalities, presenting potential to promote transformations. On the other hand, limit situations of dispute for land can lead to evictions, a serious violations of human rights. Conflict is just one of the possible interactions between groups, individuals, organizations and colectivity, and cooperation is the other possibility, in a directly opposed position. This possibility, however, is put as one of the perspectives by which such entities and groups can conect each other around a common goal. Thereby, this research has as objective the study of strategies of resistances adopted by social movements to defend a territory, in a context of dispute for the land. The research uses the case of the Movement in Defense of the Hill Santa Teresa - MDMST to identify, from the caracterization of the conflict, of the territory in dispute and of the social movement, the strategies used to defend the territory of the Social and Educational care Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul - FASE / RS in the Morro Santa Teresa district in the city of Porto Alegre, and verify, in the strategies adopted by the MDMST, the dialogue with the public policies and with the urban planning and the deployment of these strategies on the resolution of the conflict.

Em uma sociedade onde o acesso aos recursos necessários para a manutenção da vida, como o acesso à terra, se dá de forma desigual, os conflitos aparecem como manifestações que demarcam desigualdades, apresentando potencial para promover transformações. Por outro lado, situações limites de disputa por terra podem levar a despejos, uma grave violação aos direitos humanos. O conflito é apenas uma das possíveis interações entre grupos, indivíduos, organizações e coletividade, e a cooperação é outra possibilidade, em posição diretamente oposta. Essa possibilidade, no entanto, se coloca como uma das perspectivas pelas quais as entidades e indivíduos podem se conectar em torno de um objetivo comum. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo as estratégias de resistência adotadas pelos movimentos sociais para defender um território, em um contexto de conflito pela posse da terra. A pesquisa utiliza o caso do Movimento em Defesa do Morro Santa Teresa (MDMST) para identificar, a partir da caracterização do conflito, do território em disputa e do movimento social, as estratégias utilizadas para defender o território da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Rio Grande do Sul (FASE-RS) no Morro Santa Teresa na cidade de Porto Alegre e verificar, nas estratégias adotadas pelo MDMST, o diálogo com as políticas públicas e com o planejamento urbano e os desdobramentos dessas estratégias na resolução do conflito. / In a society where the acess to the necessary resources to the maintenance of life, like the acess to the land, is given in an uneven way, conflicts appear as manifestations that delimit inequalities, presenting potential to promote transformations. On the other hand, limit situations of dispute for land can lead to evictions, a serious violations of human rights. Conflict is just one of the possible interactions between groups, individuals, organizations and colectivity, and cooperation is the other possibility, in a directly opposed position. This possibility, however, is put as one of the perspectives by which such entities and groups can conect each other around a common goal. Thereby, this research has as objective the study of strategies of resistances adopted by social movements to defend a territory, in a context of dispute for the land. The research uses the case of the Movement in Defense of the Hill Santa Teresa - MDMST to identify, from the caracterization of the conflict, of the territory in dispute and of the social movement, the strategies used to defend the territory of the Social and Educational care Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul - FASE / RS in the Morro Santa Teresa district in the city of Porto Alegre, and verify, in the strategies adopted by the MDMST, the dialogue with the public policies and with the urban planning and the deployment of these strategies on the resolution of the conflict.

Em uma sociedade onde o acesso aos recursos necessários para a manutenção da vida, como o acesso à terra, se dá de forma desigual, os conflitos aparecem como manifestações que demarcam desigualdades, apresentando potencial para promover transformações. Por outro lado, situações limites de disputa por terra podem levar a despejos, uma grave violação aos direitos humanos. O conflito é apenas uma das possíveis interações entre grupos, indivíduos, organizações e coletividade, e a cooperação é outra possibilidade, em posição diretamente oposta. Essa possibilidade, no entanto, se coloca como uma das perspectivas pelas quais as entidades e indivíduos podem se conectar em torno de um objetivo comum. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo as estratégias de resistência adotadas pelos movimentos sociais para defender um território, em um contexto de conflito pela posse da terra. A pesquisa utiliza o caso do Movimento em Defesa do Morro Santa Teresa (MDMST) para identificar, a partir da caracterização do conflito, do território em disputa e do movimento social, as estratégias utilizadas para defender o território da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Rio Grande do Sul (FASE-RS) no Morro Santa Teresa na cidade de Porto Alegre e verificar, nas estratégias adotadas pelo MDMST, o diálogo com as políticas públicas e com o planejamento urbano e os desdobramentos dessas estratégias na resolução do conflito. / In a society where the acess to the necessary resources to the maintenance of life, like the acess to the land, is given in an uneven way, conflicts appear as manifestations that delimit inequalities, presenting potential to promote transformations. On the other hand, limit situations of dispute for land can lead to evictions, a serious violations of human rights. Conflict is just one of the possible interactions between groups, individuals, organizations and colectivity, and cooperation is the other possibility, in a directly opposed position. This possibility, however, is put as one of the perspectives by which such entities and groups can conect each other around a common goal. Thereby, this research has as objective the study of strategies of resistances adopted by social movements to defend a territory, in a context of dispute for the land. The research uses the case of the Movement in Defense of the Hill Santa Teresa - MDMST to identify, from the caracterization of the conflict, of the territory in dispute and of the social movement, the strategies used to defend the territory of the Social and Educational care Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul - FASE / RS in the Morro Santa Teresa district in the city of Porto Alegre, and verify, in the strategies adopted by the MDMST, the dialogue with the public policies and with the urban planning and the deployment of these strategies on the resolution of the conflict.

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This thesis have identified strategies of resistance in Anne Charlotte Lefflers drama Skådespelerskan from year 1873. The main character Ester and the supporting character Agda continously challenges and breaks generally accepted patriarchal norms. The first aim for the thesis was to distinguish and examine Agda’s and Ester’s strategies of resistance in Skådespelerskan from a feminist perspective. The second thesis was to identify similarities and differences in their strategies of resistance. This has been done by examine textual, contextual and performative literary strategies of resistance. Relevant for the analysis is an historic and contemporary context for Skådespelerskan, where for instance personal and public sphere and the concept the New woman is described. Furthermore is Yvonne Hirdmans theories about gender contract together with feminist sociological theories about women’s movement and solidarity relevant for the analysis. Earlier research have analyzed Ester and her relationships with other charachters but not the one with Agda. In that way this thesis fills a void. The analysis is organized through four strategies of resistance. Agda’s strategies of resistance is humor and sisterhood and Ester’s is outspokenness and flirtation. The biggest difference is that Agda gives resistance from within the personal sphere and Ester from outside. The conversations between Agda and Ester is not part of the drama, they take place between the two parts of the drama. The result of these confidential conversations is that their resistance partly increases and partly changes tone in the second part of the drama. That shows how important it is with solidarity and sisterhood in order to find strength to struggle for change in a patriarchal society.

Denna studie baseras på kvalitativa semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med personer med olika fysiska funktionsnedsättningar om deras upplevelser och erfarenheter om funktionsnedsättningar, sexualitet och genusgörande. Kategorin funktionsförmåga är i många diskurser omarkerade. I det icke uttalade om kroppars olika förmågor förväntas och blir en funktionsfungerande kropp norm. Min studie grundar sig på ett teoretiskt samarbete där Robert McRuer’s cripteori utgör referenspunkten. Studiens syfte är att synliggöra idéer om hur en normal kropp bör se ut, bete sig, göra sexualitet och genus. Jag visar på hur detta påverkar kroppar och göranden som bryter mot dessa normativa idéer. Genom att lyfta fram informanternas berättelser avslöjas och synliggörs förhindrande, förminskande normer och diskurser vars konsekvenser många gånger bidrar till tal om könslöshet och asexualitet. Jag visar med informanternas berättelser på ett möjligt motstånd mot dessa normer och diskurser. I deras berättelser synliggörs den normata kroppen och vad som anses vara respektabel sexualitet. Vilka har möjlighet att göra anspråk på den? Informanterna visar på motaktioner som manifisteras genom att göra sig attraktiv, feminin/maskulin, sexuell och begärlig. Till syvende och sist handlar det om vilka kroppar som har rätt att synas och vara sexuella. / This thesis is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with persons who have physical impairments and their knowledge and experience regarding disability, sexuality and gender. In many contexts physical ability remains unmarked. In the context of body abilities, a function able body is the norm. The study is grounded in Robert McRuers crip theory. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the ideas of how a normal body should look like, behave and express its sexuality and gender. How these ideas may influence the bodies and actions that try to challenge the norm. By focusing on the informants stories, I reveal and highlight, belittling norms and discourses that render various subjects as asexual and genderless. I show with these stories a possibility for resistance against the norm and these discourses. In their stories they make references to what they think is respectable sexuality and the normate body. Who has the right to claim that body? The informants take action against the norm by making themselves attractive, feminine/masculine, sexual and acquisitive. In the end it all comes down to which bodies that have the right to express themselves as sexual.

This dissertation investigates the way that feminist resistance is expressed in two Swedish and two German so-called New Woman novels from the turn of the twentieth century: Elin Wägner’s Pennskaftet (1910, Penwoman), Gabriele Reuter’s Aus guter Familie (1895, From a Good Family), Hilma Angered-Strandberg’s Lydia Vik (1904), and Grete Meisel-Hess’s Die Intellektuellen (1911). The theoretical apparatus is comprised by the work of Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, Jacques Lacan, and Jessica Benjamin. By introducing a psychoanalytic and feminist perspective, this dissertation seeks to develop the possibilities for agency and resistance within the framework of Foucault’s theories. It investigates four textual and contextually grounded strategies of resistance that are prominent in these novels: individuality, openness, desire, and eugenics. This study demonstrates how Gabriele Reuter, Grete Meisel-Hess, and  Hilma Angered-Strandberg, inspired by the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ellen Key, depict feminine individuality in relation to a scientific and philosophical discourse that specifically denied women individuality. The authors anchor individuality in a corporality that was similarly denied to women by a bourgeois and dogmatic Christian discourse. Openness and wit function as resistance strategies in Elin Wägner’s Pennskaftet. Humorous rejoinders and narrative comments can disarm a conservative. An open attitude towards the emancipation project could also help to resolve the conflicts between different feminist positions and between different women. Desire functions as an important resistance strategy in each of the novels examined. It is variously represented as a vital instinct, a desire for knowledge, and a sexual desire, as in Gabriele Reuter’s Aus guter Familie – or as a desire for suffrage, as in Pennskaftet, or for maternity legislation, as in Grete Meisel-Hess’s Die Intellektuellen. By formulating a notion of feminine desire, turn-of-the-century feminists were able both to seize control of sexuality from the church and to wrest morality from the grasp of the bourgeoisie. These resistance strategies could also have a biopolitical character: in Grete Meisel-Hess’s Die Intellektuellen, woman is placed at the service of humanity on eugenicist grounds, and her good qualities are seen as capable of promoting humanity’s progress. This dissertation shows that in these novels desire at the individual level serves to reinforce feminine subjectivity. Love is seen as associated with an intensified sense of life and as a precondition of creativity. At the social level, desire also functions as the basis for a feeling of solidarity among women that instils in them courage and an urge to persevere in the suffrage struggle, this latter a highly protracted process. In this way desire acquires political potential. A framing chapter on context provides the intellectual and philosophical backgrounds of the various strategies of resistance. It is followed by four analytical chapters, each of which addresses one novel.