Establishing a commercial, lignocellulose-based, second-generation ethanol process has received several decades of attention by both researchers and industry. However, a fully economically viable process still remains a long-term goal. The main bottleneck to this achievement is the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks, although there are several other factors, such as the huge investment required for second-generation ethanol facilities. An intelligent alternative solution discussed in this thesis is an integrated approach using firstgeneration ethanol plants for second-generation processes. Wheat is the major feedstock for first-generation ethanol in Europe; therefore, wheat-based lignocellulose waste, such as wheat straw, bran, and whole stillage fiber (a waste stream from first-generation wheat-based ethanol plants) was the primary focus of the integration model in this thesis. Since the major share of first-generation ethanol plant economics focuses on the animal feed DDGS (Distillers’ dried gains with solubles), the integration of lignocellulose should be designed in order to maintain DDGS quality. An ethanol-producing edible filamentous fungus, Neurospora intermedia, a potential protein source in DDGS, was considered for use as the fermenting microbe. The morphological and physiological aspects of this fungus were studied in the thesis, leading to the first report of fungal pellet development. An alternative approach of using dilute phosphoric acid to pretreat lignocellulose, as it does not negatively affect fungal growth or DDGS quality, was demonstrated in both the laboratory and on a 1m3 pilot scale. Furthermore, the process of hydrolysis of pretreated lignocelluloses and subsequent N. intermedia fermentation on lignocellulose hydrolysate was also optimized in the laboratory and scaled up to 1 m3 using an in-house pilot-scale airlift bioreactor. Fungal fermentation on acid-pretreated and enzyme-hydrolyzed wheat bran, straw and whole stillage fiber resulted in a final ethanol yield of 95%, 94% and 91% of the theoretical maximum based on the glucan content of the substrate, respectively. Integrating the first- and second-generation processes using thin stillage (a waste stream from first-generation wheat-based ethanol plants) enhanced the fungal growth on straw hydrolysate, avoiding the need for supplementing with extra nutrients. Based on the results obtained from this thesis work, a new model for integrated first- and second-generation ethanol using edible filamentous fungi processes that also adds value to animal feed (DDGS) was developed.

La biomasse lignocellulosique (LC) est considérée comme une alternative prometteuse pour produire des biocarburants, mais aussi extraire des biomolécules et synthons pour la synthèse de polymères et des matériaux afin de les substituer à ceux issues de la pétrochimie. La biomasse LC est principalement composée de cellulose, d'hémicellulose et de lignine. Sa nature composite et sa microstructure matricielle hétérogène rendent difficiles sa digestibilité et sa bioconversion. Le prétraitement de la biomasse LC est une étape indispensable permettant de dissocier la matrice LC et d'améliorer l'accessibilité des polymères pariétaux, étape-clé notamment pour la production de synthons. Le fractionnement par voie sèche des LC s'insère dans les schémas de bioraffinerie de la biomasse avec des arguments favorable à la durabilité (pas d'eau consommée, pas de séchage, pas d'effluents). L'amélioration de la résolution du fractionnement, la réduction de la dépense énergétique et l'amplification de la réactivité/fonctionnalité des produits constituent des objectifs de recherche prioritaires dans le champ du fractionnement sec. Un des inconvénients de l'opération de broyage de la LC native est son importante consommation énergétique. La mise en œuvre de prétraitements modérés qui favorisent la broyabilité de la matrice LC et l'accessibilité aux molécules d'intérêt, peut permettre (i) d'améliorer la résolution du fractionnement, (ii) réduire très significativement l'énergie de broyage et (iii) amplifier la réactivité des produits.L'objectif de la thèse porte sur l'analyse de la mise en œuvre de prétraitements chimiques couplés au fractionnement mécanique de paille de riz, qui a été choisie comme substrat valorisable de référence. Cette étude s'appuie notamment sur un procédé innovant de prétraitement chimique par voie semi-humide, qui permet de fragiliser et déstructurer la matrice LC afin de faciliter une déconstruction mécanique. Le couplage de procédés chimio-mécaniques semi-humide ont permis à la fois d'augmenter la réactivé des produits et de diminuer la consommation énergétique ainsi que supprimer certaines étapes et ne pas générer des effluents. Les résultats du fractionnement par voie sèche ont montré que la combinaison d'un broyage ultrafin et d'une séparation est une alternative de bioraffinerie technique pour obtenir des fractions intéressantes pour différentes propriétés. Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer les méthodes de prétraitements adaptées aux plusieurs types de biomasse dans la bioraffinerie des LC. Une approche hydro-texturale à l'échelle des particules est ensuite proposée pour identifier les mécanismes de fractionnement et évaluer l'impact des prétraitements chimiques. Le rôle de la microstructure dans les prétraitements chemo-mécaniques est notamment analysé par le biais de l'étude des transferts d'eau dans les poudres (imbibition et séchage). Une caractérisation physique des poudres complète la description des propriétés conférées aux pailles de riz broyées. Au-delà des résultats spécifiques aux pailles de riz, cette étude a été conduite de façon a présenter un degré de généricité suffisant pour extrapoler la démarche et les connaissances acquises au traitement d'autres biomasses annuelles ou pérennes. / La biomasse lignocellulosique (LC) est considérée comme une alternative prometteuse pour produire des biocarburants, mais aussi extraire des biomolécules et synthons pour la synthèse de polymères et des matériaux afin de les substituer à ceux issues de la pétrochimie. La biomasse LC est principalement composée de cellulose, d'hémicellulose et de lignine. Sa nature composite et sa microstructure matricielle hétérogène rendent difficiles sa digestibilité et sa bioconversion. Le prétraitement de la biomasse LC est une étape indispensable permettant de dissocier la matrice LC et d'améliorer l'accessibilité des polymères pariétaux, étape-clé notamment pour la production de synthons. Le fractionnement par voie sèche des LC s'insère dans les schémas de bioraffinerie de la biomasse avec des arguments favorable à la durabilité (pas d'eau consommée, pas de séchage, pas d'effluents). L'amélioration de la résolution du fractionnement, la réduction de la dépense énergétique et l'amplification de la réactivité/fonctionnalité des produits constituent des objectifs de recherche prioritaires dans le champ du fractionnement sec. Un des inconvénients de l'opération de broyage de la LC native est son importante consommation énergétique. La mise en œuvre de prétraitements modérés qui favorisent la broyabilité de la matrice LC et l'accessibilité aux molécules d'intérêt, peut permettre (i) d'améliorer la résolution du fractionnement, (ii) réduire très significativement l'énergie de broyage et (iii) amplifier la réactivité des produits.L'objectif de la thèse porte sur l'analyse de la mise en œuvre de prétraitements chimiques couplés au fractionnement mécanique de paille de riz, qui a été choisie comme substrat valorisable de référence. Cette étude s'appuie notamment sur un procédé innovant de prétraitement chimique par voie semi-humide, qui permet de fragiliser et déstructurer la matrice LC afin de faciliter une déconstruction mécanique. Le couplage de procédés chimio-mécaniques semi-humide ont permis à la fois d'augmenter la réactivé des produits et de diminuer la consommation énergétique ainsi que supprimer certaines étapes et ne pas générer des effluents. Les résultats du fractionnement par voie sèche ont montré que la combinaison d'un broyage ultrafin et d'une séparation est une alternative de bioraffinerie technique pour obtenir des fractions intéressantes pour différentes propriétés. Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer les méthodes de prétraitements adaptées aux plusieurs types de biomasse dans la bioraffinerie des LC. Une approche hydro-texturale à l'échelle des particules est ensuite proposée pour identifier les mécanismes de fractionnement et évaluer l'impact des prétraitements chimiques. Le rôle de la microstructure dans les prétraitements chemo-mécaniques est notamment analysé par le biais de l'étude des transferts d'eau dans les poudres (imbibition et séchage). Une caractérisation physique des poudres complète la description des propriétés conférées aux pailles de riz broyées. Au-delà des résultats spécifiques aux pailles de riz, cette étude a été conduite de façon a présenter un degré de généricité suffisant pour extrapoler la démarche et les connaissances acquises au traitement d'autres biomasses annuelles ou pérennes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 6107798 bytes, checksum: fec9a1a918cf2eb38f551e043081b9e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / In the northwestern region of Paraná most crop rotations used basically consists of soybeans / out-of-season corn or corn on normal season/ out-of-season maize, being found insufficient for the production of straw to the sustainability of tillage system. Intercropping corn with cover crops in two environmental conditions in autumn-winter (second season) and spring-summer (season), may be an option to increase quantity and quality mulch keeping the soil covered with living plants or killed after the corn harvest, enabling the system direct sowing in regions with limited persistence of straw. This work aimed at the achievement of three experiments, with the aim of testing different species of green manure intercropped with maize environments in autumn-winter (off-season - experiment I) and spring-summer (harvest - experiment II) for dry matter production and soil cover, and to evaluate the persistence of the straw of the major species in the consortia and succession of crops grown in the region of the Phoenix (PR) (experiment III). The experiments were conducted in rural areas and the city of Phoenix (PR) in a soil classified as Eutroferric Red Nitosol clayey, from March 2009 to February 2010. The first experiment was conducted in three areas with different historical succession of crops occurs in the region, with 10 species of cover crops. In experiment II was evaluated nine cover crops that were sown intercropped with maize at two sowing dates, or is, simultaneously planted or when it stood at the V4 stage of culture. As for experiment III, we tested the persistence of residues of 11 plant species using bags of decomposition, also known as "litter bags." Crop rotation practiced in the region for soybean and corn in rotation with summer corn (crop) despite increasing straw in the No-Tillage System reduces the productivity of winter maize. The corn and cover crops option is to increase the supply of straw in the tillage without compromising the yield. In autumn-winter period has the option black oat, vetch and white oat. As for the spring will see the consortium with the simultaneously planted between species of corn and cover crops are better options: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, pigeon peas, jack-beans that is independent of sowing time. But the velvet bean simultaneously planted with maize reduced the grain yield. As ground cover that show greater persistence of straw were the species of wheat, corn and Brachiaria ruziziensis. / Na região noroeste do Paraná a maioria das rotações de culturas utilizadas consiste basicamente da sucessão soja/milho safrinha ou milho/milho safrinha, sendo constatada insuficiência na produção de palhada para dar sustentabilidade ao Sistema Semeadura Direta. O consórcio entre milho e plantas de cobertura em dois ambientes de cultivo, no outono-inverno (safrinha) e primavera-verão (safra), pode ser uma opção de aumento de palhada em quantidade e qualidade mantendo a cobertura do solo com plantas vivas ou mortas após a colheita do milho, viabilizando o Sistema Semeadura Direta em regiões com dificuldade de persistência de palhada. Esse trabalho visou à realização de três experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes espécies de adubos verdes em consórcio com milho nos ambientes outono-inverno (safrinha - experimento I) e primavera-verão (safra experimento II) para produção de massa seca e cobertura do solo, além de avaliar a persistência da palhada das principais espécies envolvidas nos consórcios e sucessões de culturas praticadas na região de Fênix (PR) (experimento III). Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos em áreas rurais do município de Fênix (PR), em um solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico muito argiloso, no período de março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. O experimento I foi realizado em três áreas com diferentes históricos de sucessão de cultivos que ocorre na região, com 10 espécies de plantas de cobertura. No experimento II avaliou-se 9 plantas de cobertura que foram semeadas em consórcio com o milho em duas épocas de semeadura, ou seja, em semeadura simultânea ou quando o mesmo se apresentava no estádio V4 da cultura. Quanto ao experimento III, foi testada a persistência de palhada de 11 espécies de plantas utilizando sacolas de decomposição, também conhecidas como litter bags .A rotação de culturas praticada na região para a soja com milho no verão e sucessão com milho (monocultura), apesar de aumentar palhada no SPD reduz a produtividade do milho safrinha. O consórcio de milho com plantas de cobertura é opção de aumento de fornecimento de palha no sistema de semeadura direta sem comprometimento do rendimento de grãos. No período de outono-inverno tem se a opção aveia preta, ervilhaca comum e aveia branca. Já para período de primavera verão o consórcio com a semeadura simultânea entre as espécies de milho e plantas de cobertura são melhores opções: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, guandu e o feijão de porco que independe da época de semeadura. Porém a mucuna preta em semeadura simultânea com o milho reduziu o rendimento do cereal. Quanto a cobertura de solo a que apresentam maiores persistências das palhas foram as das espécies trigo, braquiaria e do milho.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 6107798 bytes, checksum: fec9a1a918cf2eb38f551e043081b9e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / In the northwestern region of Paraná most crop rotations used basically consists of soybeans / out-of-season corn or corn on normal season/ out-of-season maize, being found insufficient for the production of straw to the sustainability of tillage system. Intercropping corn with cover crops in two environmental conditions in autumn-winter (second season) and spring-summer (season), may be an option to increase quantity and quality mulch keeping the soil covered with living plants or killed after the corn harvest, enabling the system direct sowing in regions with limited persistence of straw. This work aimed at the achievement of three experiments, with the aim of testing different species of green manure intercropped with maize environments in autumn-winter (off-season - experiment I) and spring-summer (harvest - experiment II) for dry matter production and soil cover, and to evaluate the persistence of the straw of the major species in the consortia and succession of crops grown in the region of the Phoenix (PR) (experiment III). The experiments were conducted in rural areas and the city of Phoenix (PR) in a soil classified as Eutroferric Red Nitosol clayey, from March 2009 to February 2010. The first experiment was conducted in three areas with different historical succession of crops occurs in the region, with 10 species of cover crops. In experiment II was evaluated nine cover crops that were sown intercropped with maize at two sowing dates, or is, simultaneously planted or when it stood at the V4 stage of culture. As for experiment III, we tested the persistence of residues of 11 plant species using bags of decomposition, also known as "litter bags." Crop rotation practiced in the region for soybean and corn in rotation with summer corn (crop) despite increasing straw in the No-Tillage System reduces the productivity of winter maize. The corn and cover crops option is to increase the supply of straw in the tillage without compromising the yield. In autumn-winter period has the option black oat, vetch and white oat. As for the spring will see the consortium with the simultaneously planted between species of corn and cover crops are better options: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, pigeon peas, jack-beans that is independent of sowing time. But the velvet bean simultaneously planted with maize reduced the grain yield. As ground cover that show greater persistence of straw were the species of wheat, corn and Brachiaria ruziziensis. / Na região noroeste do Paraná a maioria das rotações de culturas utilizadas consiste basicamente da sucessão soja/milho safrinha ou milho/milho safrinha, sendo constatada insuficiência na produção de palhada para dar sustentabilidade ao Sistema Semeadura Direta. O consórcio entre milho e plantas de cobertura em dois ambientes de cultivo, no outono-inverno (safrinha) e primavera-verão (safra), pode ser uma opção de aumento de palhada em quantidade e qualidade mantendo a cobertura do solo com plantas vivas ou mortas após a colheita do milho, viabilizando o Sistema Semeadura Direta em regiões com dificuldade de persistência de palhada. Esse trabalho visou à realização de três experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes espécies de adubos verdes em consórcio com milho nos ambientes outono-inverno (safrinha - experimento I) e primavera-verão (safra experimento II) para produção de massa seca e cobertura do solo, além de avaliar a persistência da palhada das principais espécies envolvidas nos consórcios e sucessões de culturas praticadas na região de Fênix (PR) (experimento III). Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos em áreas rurais do município de Fênix (PR), em um solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico muito argiloso, no período de março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. O experimento I foi realizado em três áreas com diferentes históricos de sucessão de cultivos que ocorre na região, com 10 espécies de plantas de cobertura. No experimento II avaliou-se 9 plantas de cobertura que foram semeadas em consórcio com o milho em duas épocas de semeadura, ou seja, em semeadura simultânea ou quando o mesmo se apresentava no estádio V4 da cultura. Quanto ao experimento III, foi testada a persistência de palhada de 11 espécies de plantas utilizando sacolas de decomposição, também conhecidas como litter bags .A rotação de culturas praticada na região para a soja com milho no verão e sucessão com milho (monocultura), apesar de aumentar palhada no SPD reduz a produtividade do milho safrinha. O consórcio de milho com plantas de cobertura é opção de aumento de fornecimento de palha no sistema de semeadura direta sem comprometimento do rendimento de grãos. No período de outono-inverno tem se a opção aveia preta, ervilhaca comum e aveia branca. Já para período de primavera verão o consórcio com a semeadura simultânea entre as espécies de milho e plantas de cobertura são melhores opções: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, guandu e o feijão de porco que independe da época de semeadura. Porém a mucuna preta em semeadura simultânea com o milho reduziu o rendimento do cereal. Quanto a cobertura de solo a que apresentam maiores persistências das palhas foram as das espécies trigo, braquiaria e do milho.

Clay building components are nowadays one of the most used building materials in the world. Except easy availability and processability clay building components have also heat storage function. This master´s thesis will be considering possibilities of improving thermal and mechanic properties of these materils by additing suitable reinforcements.

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to proceed a design of grate steam boiler for grain straw combustion with 15,6 MJ/kg of fuel efficiency. Steam power of boiler is 15 t/h, pressure of overheated steam is 5 MPa, temperature of overheated steam is 415 °C and temperature of inlet water is 125 °C. The estimation is based on proportioning of draughts and segments of boiler and on thermal computation. Verification of divergence of thermal balance is going to constate accuracy of boiler design.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / See the attached abstract below

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21465号 / 農博第2308号 / 新制||農||1064(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5160(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 間藤 徹, 教授 縄田 栄治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Concern for the environment and a need for more efficient energy generation have sparked a growing interest throughout the world in renewable fuels. In order to reduce emissions that negatively contribute to global warming, especially CO2, enormous efforts are being invested in technologies to reduce our impact on the environment. Biomass is an option that is considered CO2 friendly due to the consumption of CO2 upon growth. Co-firing biomass with coal offers economic advantages because of reduced capital costs as well as other positive impacts, such as NOx and SOx emission reductions. However, due to the large average particle size of biomass, issues arise such as poor flame stability and poor carbon burnout. Larger particles can also result in longer flames and different heat transfer characteristics. Oxygen enrichment is being investigated as a possible solution to mitigate these issues and enable co-firing in existing facilities. An Air Liquide designed burner was used in this work to explore the impact of oxygen enrichment on biomass flame characteristics, emissions, and burnout. Multiple biomass fuels were used (medium hardwood, fine hardwood, and straw) in conjunction with multiple burner configurations and operating conditions. Exhaust ash samples and exhaust NO were collected for various operating conditions and burner configurations. All operating parameters including O2 addition, swirl, and O2 location could be used to reduce LOI but whenever LOI was reduced, NO increased producing an NO-LOI trade-off. Starting with high LOI, various parameters such as O2 addition and increased swirl could be used to reduce LOI with only small increases of NO. As O2 or swirl increased further, small decreases in LOI were obtained only with large increases in NO. This behavior was captured through NO-LOI trade-off curves where a given configuration or operating condition was deemed better when the curve was shifted toward the origin. Global enrichment or O2 addition to the secondary stream and O2 addition to the primary stream produced better trade-off results than center O¬2 injection. Straw produced NO-LOI trade-off curves just as the wood particles but the curve was shifted further from the origin, likely due to the higher nitrogen content of the straw. Flame characterization results showed that small amounts of O2 in the center improved flame attachment and stability while increasing flame temperature and pyrolysis rates.

The current study aims towards a holistic utilization of agro-waste rice straw (RS) to synthesize nanosilica (SiNPs) employing the sol–gel method. The effect of ashing temperature was evaluated for the synthesis process. X-ray diffraction demonstrated a broad spectrum at 21.22° for SiNPs obtained using RSA-600, signifying its amorphous nature, whereas crystalline SiNPs were synthesized using RSA-900. The EDX and FTIR spectra confirmed the significant peaks of Si and O for amorphous SiNPs, confirming their purity over crystalline SiNPs. FE-SEM and TEM micrographs indicated the spheroid morphology of the SiNPs with an average size of 27.47 nm (amorphous SiNPs) and 52.79 nm (crystalline SiNPs). Amorphous SiNPs possessed a high surface area of 226.11 m2/g over crystalline SiNPs (84.45 m2/g). The results obtained attest that the amorphous SiNPs possessed better attributes than crystalline SiNPs, omitting the need to incorporate high temperature. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using SiNPs reflected that 66.26% of the dye was degraded in the first 10 min. The degradation study showed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 6.79 min. The cost-effective and environmentally friendly process offers a sustainable route to meet the increasing demand for SiNPs in industrial sectors. The study proposes a sustainable solution to stubble burning, intending towards zero waste generation, bioeconomy, and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely SDG 13(Climate Action), SDG 3(Good health and well-being), SDG 7(use of crop residues in industrial sectors) and SDG 8 (employment generation).