No description available.

Responses of day-neutral (DN) strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) to photoperiod and temperature under controlled environment conditions were studied and compared to those of Junebearers (JB) and everbearers (EB). At a constant 21°C, DN cultivars flowered under 9 hour days (SD), night interrupted SD (NI) and 16 hour days (LD). Runner production occurred under NI and LD but not SD. Net photosynthesis (Pn) expressed on a leaf area basis, tended to be higher for DN than JB or EB. Pn on a whole plant basis, was greater under NI than SD due to increased leaf area under NI. Pn under LD was not considered. Under fluctuating temperatures (18°/14°, 22°/18°, 26°/22° or 30°/26° C day/night combinations), responses to SD and NI varied. At 18/14, DN cultivars flowered under either NI or SD. At 22/18 and 26/22, flowering was greater under NI than SD. At 30/26, flowering did not occur. At 18/14, 22/18, or 30/26, runner production was unaffected by photoperiod and occurred under NI and SD. At 26/22, runner production was enhanced by NI compared to SD. Data for the Junebearers and everbearers is also presented and discussed. / Master of Science

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, the effects of the incorporation were valued of cellulose nanocrystals of the wood pulp of Eucalyptus urograndis from three different times of acid hydrolysis (20, 50 and 80 minutes) in order to determine which of three types of nanocrystals would be most appropriate in the reinforcement function for the matrix of apple pectin. The films were characterized using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis to choose the best reinforcement element in terms of improvement in mechanical properties. After choosing the appropriate filler, new nanocomposites were produced with the percentages of 1, 2, 4 and 8% w/w in relative to the final mass of 0.5 g of each nanocomposite film. The films were manufactured by casting method, in the presence and absence of glycerol as plasticizer in the formulations. These nanocomposite films were characterized using the techniques of water vapor permeability and gases, with the aim of evaluating the barrier properties, contact angle with water in order to verify the hydrophillicity of the material, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis for evaluating mechanical properties. The nanocrystals extracted with fifty minutes hydrolysis (NC50) were the ones that stood out in terms of improvement in mechanical properties, due to the significant increase in the values of E\'. The nanocomposite films acted as a barrier to passage of gases due to its dense structure, without pores and homogeneous. The formulations of the nanocomposite films with 8% w/w of cellulose nanocrystals in the absence and presence of glycerol were used for coating of strawberries, the comparatives were made with poly (vinyl chloride) film, in relation to weight loss (%) and texture analysis in terms of Puncture Strength the film and Puncture deformation suffered by them. The results showed that the nanocomposite films with glycerol and poly (vinyl chloride) showed comparable values in terms of weight loss, and the glycerol incorporation provided a gain in flexibility of these films. Additionally this same formulation was used in the formulations of the edible coatings and the incorporation of essential oil of lemon grass in the formulations, in order to study the antifungal potential of this compound for coating strawberries. The formulation (18.20 mL of suspension the cellulose nanocrystals fifty minutes, NC50, 230 mL of suspension of apple pectin, 0.50 mL glycerol and 0.12 mL of essential oil of lemon grass) whose processes of immersion were performed twice. This formulation, was the one that stood out in terms of reduction of weight loss, around 5% for the strawberry coated with this formulation and on the other hand 12% for uncoated, analyzed in the time of two days, time that these fruits should be consumed when fresh and stored under satisfactory conditions. So with this work it was observed that the addition of cellulose nanocrystals acted as reinforcement elements for the matrix in the study, these films are hydrophilic and acted as a barrier to passage of gases. The addition of glycerol causes changes in mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of the nanocomposites. According to applicability tests the same base formulation can be used in two different perspectives: coating strawberries in the form of films and as ingredients for preparing the edible coatings to extend shelf life of these fruits which have an extremely short life-time due to rapid metabolism thereof. / Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos da incorporação de nanocristais de celulose da polpa de madeira de Eucalyptus urograndis a partir de três tempos distintos de hidrólise ácida (20, 50 e 80 minutos) a fim de determinar qual dos três tipos de nanocristais seria o mais adequado na função de reforço para a matriz de pectina de maçã. Os filmes foram caracterizados utilizando análise térmica dinâmico mecânica, para a escolha do melhor elemento de reforço em termos de melhora nas propriedades mecânicas. Após a escolha do elemento de reforço mais adequado, novos nanocompósitos foram produzidos com as percentagens de 1, 2, 4 e 8% m/m em relação à massa final de 0,5 g de cada filme nanocompósito. Os filmes foram obtidos através do método de casting, na presença e na ausência de glicerol como plastificante nas formulações. Estes filmes nanocompósitos foram caracterizados através das técnicas de permeação aos vapores de água e a gases, com intuito de se avaliar as propriedades de barreira, ângulo de contato em água a fim de verificar a hidrofilicidade dos materiais, e análise térmica dinâmico mecânica para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas. Os nanocristais extraídos com cinquenta minutos de hidrólise (NC50) foram os que mais se destacaram em termos de melhora em propriedades mecânicas, devido ao aumento significativo nos valores de E‟. Os filmes nanocompósitos atuaram como barreira a passagem de gases, devido a sua estrutura densa, homogênea e sem poros. As formulações dos filmes nanocompósitos com 8% m/m de nanocristais de celulose na ausência e na presença de glicerol foram utilizados no revestimento de morangos, e os devidos comparativos foram feitos com o filme de policloreto de vinila, com relação à perda de massa (%) e análise de textura em termos de força máxima para a perfuração dos filmes, bem como a deformação sofrida pelos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que os filmes nanocompósitos com glicerol e policloreto de vinila apresentaram valores comparáveis em termos de minimização de perda de massa, e a incorporação do glicerol proporcionou um ganho em flexibilidade destes filmes. Adicionalmente esta mesma formulação foi usada nas formulações dos revestimentos comestíveis, além da incorporação do óleo essencial de capim-limão as formulações com a finalidade de estudar a potencialidade antifúngica deste composto para revestir morangos. Os devidos comparativos foram feitos com os morangos não revestidos. A formulação (18,20 mL de suspensão de nanocristais de celulose, NC50, 230 mL de suspensão de pectina de maçã, 0,50 mL de glicerol e 0,12 mL de óleo essencial de capim-limão) cujos processos de imersão foram realizados por duas vezes. Sendo esta, a que mais se destacou em termos de redução de perda de massa em torno de 5% para o morango revestido com esta formulação e em contrapartida 12% para o não revestido, analisados no tempo de dois dias, tempo esse que estes frutos devem ser consumidos quando in natura e armazenados sob condições satisfatórias. Assim, com este trabalho foi possível observar que a adição de nanocristais de celulose atuou como elementos de reforço para a matriz em estudo, os filmes são hidrofílicos e atuaram como barreira a passagem de gases. A adição de glicerol provocou alterações nas propriedades mecânicas, de barreira e térmica dos nanocompósitos. E diante dos testes de aplicabilidade, uma mesma formulação base pode ser empregada em duas perspectivas distintas: para revestir morangos na forma de filmes e como ingredientes para o preparo dos revestimentos comestíveis, a fim de se estender o tempo de prateleira destes frutos que é extremamente curto, devido ao metabolismo acelerado dos mesmos. / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_LorenaCosta_M.pdf: 2190843 bytes, checksum: 5ad33001b49609c1c60d7c79efdf0586 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O morango é um pseudofruto não climatérico e que possui uma curta vida útil após a colheita. Dentre os fatores responsáveis pela perda de qualidade dos morangos estão a alta atividade metabólica e alta susceptibilidade ao ataque microbiano, principalmente fungos. O objetivo no presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da aplicação de coberturas comestíveis a base de fécula de mandioca, adicionadas ou não do antimicrobiano sorbato de potássio, nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas determinantes da vida útil de morangos minimamente processados, armazenados a 5ºC. Primeiramente, foram aplicadas aos morangos coberturas contendo 1%, 2% e 3% de fécula de mandioca, adicionadas ou não de 0,05% e 0,1% de sorbato de potássio com o objetivo de verificar alguma alteração significativa nas características da fruta 24h após o tratamento. A aplicação das coberturas não alterou significativamente as propriedades mecânicas (força máxima de penetração e ruptura) e a cor dos morangos; todos os tratamentos foram bem avaliados sensorialmente (todas as notas acima de 4,5), indicando que não houve rejeição do consumidor pelas coberturas. Verificou-se que coberturas com maiores concentrações de fécula de mandioca foram eficientes em reduzir a taxa de respiração e aumentar a resistência à difusão de água das amostras. O sorbato de potássio teve efeito significativo apenas na resistência à difusão de água, e, entre as duas concentrações estudadas, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Com base nestes resultados e visando o menor custo, coberturas contendo 3% de fécula de mandioca e 3% de fécula de mandioca + 0,05% de sorbato de potássio foram selecionadas para o estudo da vida útil. Neste estudo verificou-se que, ao longo de 15 dias de armazenamento a 5ºC, as coberturas foram eficientes em reduzir a perda de peso, a taxa de respiração e a perda firmeza das amostras. O teor de antocianinas das amostras com cobertura não sofreu alterações significativas ao longo do armazenamento; no entanto, para a amostra controle, um aumento significativo foi observado no 15º dia. Todos os tratamentos foram bem avaliados sensorialmente, com notas acima do limite de aceitabilidade (4,5). O fator determinante da vida útil dos morangos minimamente processados foi a contaminação pontual observada nas amostras. As amostras controle e as tratadas com 3% de fécula de mandioca + 0,05% de sorbato de potássio apresentaram vida útil de 9 dias, em função da contaminação fúngica. Já morangos tratados com 3% fécula de mandioca obtiveram vida útil de 12 dias, indicando que apenas a cobertura sem sorbato de potássio permitiu um prolongamento da vida útil dos morangos minimamente processados / Abstract: Strawberry is a non climacteric fruit and presents a short postharvest shelflife. Among the main factors for quality loss of strawberries are the high metabolic activity and mold decay. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the application of cassava starch edible coatings, with or without of the antimicrobial potassium sorbate as additive, on the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics, responsible for the shelf life of minimally processed strawberries, stored at 5ºC. Initially, strawberries were treated with edible coatings containing 1%, 2% or 3% of cassava starch, with or without 0.05% or 0.1% of potassium sorbate, in order to verify any significant change on strawberry characteristics, after 24h of the coating application. Mechanical properties (maximum penetration and rupture forces) and strawberry color were not affected by the coating application and all treatments received good grades on the sensory analyses (all scores above 4,5). It was observed that coatings with higher starch concentrations efficiently reduced the respiration rate and increased water vapor resistance. The addition of potassium sorbate in the coating increased water vapor resistance but no statistical differences were observed between the two concentrations employed. Considering these results and seeking the lower coating cost, coatings containing 3% of cassava starch and 3% of cassava starch + 0.05% of potassium sorbate were the selected conditions to be used in the shelf life study of minimally processed strawberries. During the shelf life study, it was observed that edible coatings were efficient in reducing weight loss, respiration rate and firmness loss of samples for 15 days of storage at 5ºC. Changes in anthocyanin content were not observed on coated samples during storage; for the control samples, a significant increase was observed on the 15th day. All treatments presented good sensory acceptance. Control samples and the samples treated with the coating containing potassium sorbate showed a reduced shelf life of 9 days due to microbial spoilage. A shelf-life of 12 days was obtained for samples coated with 3% of cassava starch, indicating that the coating without the antimicrobial was efficient in increasing the shelf life of minimally processed strawberries / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

El presente proyecto busca demostrar la viabilidad de instalar una planta productora de helados a nivel tecnológico, económico y social, ya que el proceso de fabricación es realmente sencillo y las variedades de máquinas necesarias se pueden encontrar a buenos precios fácilmente. A partir de esto, se desarrollará el proyecto determinando puntos básicos como la demanda y el mercado objetivo, los costos asociados a todo el proceso de implementación, incluyendo el proceso productivo, servicios de terceros, entre otros, así como también se deberá evaluar la disponibilidad de materias, primas, tecnología y personal calificado para el desarrollo del mismo. Así, mediante el uso adecuado de las herramientas de ingeniería se demostrará la conveniencia de la realización de este proyecto. / The present project seeks to demonstrate the viability of installing a producing plant of ice cream at a technological, economic and social level, because the manufacturing process is really simple and all the necessary machines can be found easily at good prices. This exposes the develop of the Project, determining basic points such as the demand and target market, the costs associated with the entire implementation process, including the productive process and third-party services among others. It also covers the evaluation of raw material and qualified workforce and technology. In this way, by the proper use of engineering tools, the convenience of the realization of this project will be demonstrated. / Trabajo de investigación

Field and lab experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of sudangrass (Sorghum X drumondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase) cover crop management techniques and soil solarization on important agricultural weeds and pathogens in organic strawberry production in Central California. Lab experiments assessed the time needed to kill weed seeds at temperatures typically achieved during soil solarization (40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C) in California. Seeds tested included little mallow, redstem filaree, bristly oxtongue, annual sowthistle, common purslane, nettleleaf goosefoot, and redroot pigweed. Efficacy of simulated solarization temperatures differed between different species. Cool-season annuals annual sowthistle and bristly oxtongue were more susceptible to heat treatments than warm-season annuals common purslane, redroot pigweed and nettleleaf goosefoot. Hard seeded weed species little mallow and redstem filaree were the least susceptible to heat treatments. Annual sowthistle, bristly oxtongue and nettleleaf goosefoot were affected at all temperatures. Redroot pigweed and little mallow were not affected by temperatures below 40°C. Common purslane was not affected by temperature below 45°C and redstem filaree was not affect by any temperatures tested. Hours of exposure and percent mortality of weed seeds were used to create thermal death models for weed seeds. Field experiments were conducted at the Cal Poly Organic Farm in San Luis Obispo, CA testing the effects of soil solarization and sudangrass residues on weeds, Verticillium dahliae populations, plant health, and yields in organic strawberry production. Using a split plot design, sudangrass was grown, mowed and then developed into two treatments: surface mulch or incorporated into the soil. The sudangrass treatments and a control were tested with and without soil solarization (n=4). Maximum soil temperatures in solarized treatments were 53°C at a soil depth of 5 cm and 42°C at a soil depth of 15 cm. Solarization reduced weed biomass between 49.8 and 95.2% during the first 3.5 months after tarp removal (p=0.03), reduced Verticillium dahliae populations by 80.7% (p=0.01), reduced plant mortality by 54.9% (pV. dahliae populations (p=0.33) or yields (p=0.25). However, mulched treatments reduced weed biomass between 45.0 and 61.3% (p=0.03) compared to other sudangrass treatments. Results indicate solarization can be used in central coast organic strawberry production to reduce hand-weeding, disease incidence, and increase yields.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically root diseases have been a production-limiting problem for the strawberry industry worldwide. In the Western Cape Province of South Africa the most serious root disease is black root rot, which causes losses of up to 30%, annually. The aims of this study were to investigate aspects of the etiology and epidemiology of this disease in the Western Cape, and to provide information that can be incorporated in an integrated disease management strategy. In Chapter I a summary of published information on this disease is presented. Disease symptoms include severe stunting of plants, which have black, rotted, reduced root systems. Even though this disease is of great economic importance, the etiology remains unresolved. However, soilborne fungal root pathogens, particularly Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. have been implicated as major role players. Control of this disease, as well as the other root diseases affecting strawberries, has relied on soil fumigation with broad spectrum chemical fumigants, in particular methyl bromide. However, due to the ozone depleting action of methyl bromide it was decided at the signing of the Montreal Protocol to remove this chemical from the market. This action has caused great demand for alternative measures to control root diseases on many crops including strawberries. Development of integrated disease management strategies is dependent upon a more complete understanding of the etiology, biology and ecology of the disease complex. In Chapter 2 fungal pathogens associated with diseased plants were isolated and Koch's postulates were carried out. The most frequently isolated fungal pathogens were Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia spp. and Cylindrocarpon destructans. Two morphotypes of Rhizoctonia were isolated viz. a brown and a white type. Pythium irregulare was isolated more frequently in July than in September, and was not isolated at all in November. Rhizoctonia spp. were present at all sampling dates but were more frequently isolated in November than at the other times. All the fungi that were tested were pathogenic and caused root lesions. Cylindrocarpon destructans and Coniella fragariae did not have a stunting effect on the plants. These results confirm a major role for Pythium and Rhizoctonia in the black root rot complex and suggest that there is a complimentary seasonal variation in occurrence between these two pathogens. The Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups of isolates obtained from diseased strawberries in the Western Cape Province were determined, and their pathogenicity and relative virulence assessed. Both binucleate and multinucleate types were recovered from diseased roots and identified as R. fragariae and R. so/ani, respectively. All isolates of R. solani were members of anastomosis group (AG) 6, whereas three AG types were identified among isolates of R. fragariae, viz. AG-A, AG-G and AG-I at a relative occurrence of 69%, 25%, 6% respectively. All Rhizoctonia isolates were pathogenic to strawberry, but R. solani (AG 6) was the most virulent causing severe stunting of plants. This is the first species confirmation and AG type identification of Rhizoctonia taxa causing root rot of strawberries in South Africa. An assessment of the presence and quantity of black root rot pathogens associated with soils prior to fumigation and post fumigation with methyl bromide, was made in Chapter 4. Isolations were also made from nursery plants to determine whether any black root rot pathogens were in the plants before transplanting. Results demonstrated that after fumigation the soil was free of all pathogenic fungi associated with the disease. However, the main pathogens involved in black root rot, viz. Rhizoctonia fragariae, R. solani and Pythium spp. were isolated from nursery plants. The fact that the plants are already infected with these pathogens renders the prospects for control of this disease difficult. Further studies are urgently required to develop production practices that can be included in disease management programmes. In vitro studies were carried out to determine the ECso values of different fungicides for isolates of Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia fragariae AG-A, AG-G and AG-I and R. solani AG 6. Benomyl, fludioxonil and tolc1ofos-methyl were used in these tests. Field trials were also conducted using these fungicides. In Chapter 5 it is shown that in general application of fungicides improved the yield and did not affect the survival rate of strawberry plants. Fludioxonil showed potential for short-term use. Applications of fungicides that targeted specific fungal genera were not sufficient to control the disease. Seasonal fluctuation of Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. became apparent with the occurrence of Pythium being relatively high early in the season but low late in the season. Conversely, the occurrence of Rhizoctonia was low at the beginning of the season but high late in the season. In the short-term there is potential for fungicide applications as part of an integrated disease management strategy, but the economic feasibility of this practice needs to be assessed. In this study the major pathogens causing black root rot were identified in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, and important information regarding the epidemiology of the disease was reported. These results can be incorporated in an integrated management strategy to reduce losses of strawberry production, attJibutable to black root rot. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wortelsiektes is wêreldwyd 'n produksie-beperkende probleem vir die aarbeibedryf. . Swartwortelvrot, wat jaarliks verliese van tot 30% veroorsaak, is die belangrikste wortelsiekte in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om aspekte van die etiologie en epidemiologie van die siekte in die Wes- Kaap te ondersoek en inligting wat in geïntegreerde siektebestuurstrategië ingesluit kan word, te voorsien. In Hoofstuk 1 word 'n opsomming van gepubliseerde inligting aangaande die siekte uiteengesit. Siektesimptome sluit ernstige verdwerging van plante met swart verotte en verkleinde wortelstelsels in. Alhoewel die siekte van groot ekonomiese belang is, is die etiologie grootliks onbekend. Grondgedraagde wortelpatogene swamme, spesifiek Pythium en Rhizoctonia spp., is egter as belangrike rolspelers geïdentifiseer. Tot dusver het die beheer van hierdie siekte sowel as ander wortelsiektes van aarbeie berus op grondberoking met breë spektrum chemiese berokingsmiddels, spesifiek metielbromied. As gevolg van die osoonafbrekende aksie van metielbromied is daar egter tydens die ondertekening van die Montreal Protocol besluit om dié middel van die mark te verwyder. Hierdie besluit het 'n groot aanvraag na alternatiewe beheermaatreëls vir wortelsiektes van verskeie gewasse, insluitende aarbeie, veroorsaak. Die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerd siektebestuurstrategieë is egter afhanklik van 'n meer volledige begrip van die etiologie, biologie en ekologie van die siektekompleks. In Hoofstuk 2 is die patogene swamme wat met die siekte geassosieer word, geïsoleer, en is Koch se postulate uitgevoer. Die mees algemeen geïsoleerde patogene swamme was Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia spp. en Cylindrocarpon destructans. Twee morfotipes van Rhizoctonia is geïsoleer, nl. 'n bruin tipe en 'n wit tipe. Pythium irregulare is meer dikwels in Julie as in September geïsoleer, maar glad nie in November nie. Rhizoetonia het tydens alle monstertye voorgekom, maar is meer dikwels in November geïsoleer. Al die swamme wat getoets is, was patogenies en het letsels op die wortels veroorsaak. Cylindroearpon des true tans en Coniella fragariae het nie'n verdwergingseffek op plante gehad nie. Hierdie resultate bevestig die dominante rol van Pythium en Rhizoctonia in die swartwortelvrot kompleks en dui op 'n komplementêre seisoenale variasie in die voorkoms van hierdie twee patogene. Die Rhizoctonia spesies en anastomose groepe (AG) van die isolate geisoleer vanaf siek aarbeiplante in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie is bepaal, en die patogenisiteit en relatiewe virulensie is beraam. Sowel tweekernige as multikernige tipes is vanaf siek wortels geïsoleer en respektiewelik as R. fragariae en R. so/ani geïdentifiseer. Alle isolate van R. so/ani was lede van anastomose groep 6, terwyl drie AG tipes, nl. AGA, AG-G en AG-I onder die R. fragariae isolate geïdentifiseer is met relatiewe voorkomste van 69%, 25%, 6% respektiewelik. Alle Rhizoctonia isolate was patogenies op aarbeie, maar R. so/ani (AG 6) was die mees virulente en het ernstige verdwerging van plante veroorsaak. Hierdie is die eerste bevestiging van spesies en identifisering van AG tipes van Rhizoctonia taksa wat wortelvrot van aarbeie in Suid Afrika veroorsaak. In Hoofstuk 4 is 'n beraming van die voorkoms en hoeveelheid swartwortelvrot patogene geassosieer met grond voor, en na beroking met metielbromied, gemaak. Isolasies is ook vanaf kwekeryplante gemaak om te bepaal of enige swartwortelvrot patogene voor oorplanting in die plante teenwoordig was. Die resultate het getoon dat grond na beroking vry was van alle patogeniese swamme geassosieër met die siekte. Die hoof patogene betrokke in die swartwortelvrot kompleks, nl. Rhizoctonia fragariae, R. so/ani en Pythium spp. was egter in die kwekery plante teenwoordig. Die feit dat plante reeds met hierdie patogene geïnfekteer is, maak die vooruitsigte vir die beheer van hierdie siekte moeilik. Verdere studies word dringend benodig vir die ontwikkeling van produksiepraktyke wat by siektebestuursprogramme ingesluit kan word. In vitro studies om die ECso waardes van die isolate van Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia fragariae AG-A, AG-G en AG-I en R. so/ani AG 6 vir die fungisiedes benomyl, fludioxonil en tolclofos-metiel te bepaal, is uitgevoer. Hierdie fungisiedes is ook in veldproewe getoets. In Hoofstuk 5 is getoon dat aanwending van fungisiedes die opbrengs verbeter het en nie die oorlewing van aarbeiplante beïnvloed het nie. Fludioxonil het potensiaal vir korttermyn gebruik getoon. Die aanwending van fungisiedes wat spesifieke swamgenera teiken, was nie voldoende om die siekte te beheer nie. Seisoenale fluktuasies van Pythium en Rhizoctonia spp. het duidelik geword met die relatief hoë voorkoms van Pythium vroeg in die seisoen, maar lae voorkoms laat in die seisoen, terwyl die voorkoms van Rhizoctonia laag was aan die begin van die seisoen, maar hoog later in die seisoen. In die korttermyn is daar potensiaal vir fungisiedtoedienings as deel van 'n geïntegreerde siektebestuurstrategie, maar die ekonomiese haalbaarheid van hierdie praktyk moet bepaal word. In hierdie studie is die hoof patogene wat swartwortelvrot van aarbeie in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika veroorsaak geïdentifiseer, en belangrike inligting rakende die epidemiologie van die siekte is aangeteken. Hierdie resultate kan in 'n geïntegreerde bestuurstrategie geïnkorporeer word om verliese van aarbeiproduksie, toeskryfbaar aan swartwortelvrot te, verminder.

Orientador: Paulo Ademar Martins Leal / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandesJunior_Flavio_D.pdf: 3079256 bytes, checksum: 23f61982e909bfb76e73e363ed5e4a5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Elevar a oferta de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA), ao longo de sacolas de cultivo de morangueiro dispostas verticalmente, foi o objetivo desse trabalho. Duas estratégias foram adotadas, o aumento do espaçamento entre as colunas e o uso de superfícies refletoras dispostas no chão das estufas sob as sacolas de cultivo. Os espaçamentos adotados foram o convencional de 1,20m entre as linhas de sacolas, 1,50m e 1,80m. As superfícies refletoras adotadas foram branca, metalizada e o próprio solo do ambiente protegido como testemunha. As superfícies refletoras foram confeccionadas por filmes plásticos que recobriram leiras de terra de 1,10m de base e 0,25m de altura no centro e sobre essas leiras foram dispostas as colunas de cultivo. A cultivar utilizada foi a Oso Grande. Os resultados dessas estratégias foram mensurados através da medida da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) e da radiação global direta e refletida incidentes em três alturas das colunas de cultivo, sendo: A altura 3(ápice) a 2,00m, como ponto de referência e máxima RFA direta, altura 2(meio) a 1,00m e altura 1(base) a 0,35m (entre a planta mais baixa e a imediatamente superior). A produção das plantas, as características químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis em oBrix, acidez total titulável e pH), o acúmulo de açúcares nas folhas e os pigmentos fotossintetizantes presentes nas folhas foram as variáveis biológicas avaliadas. A RFA refletida na superfície metalizada foi superior a da superfície branca que foi superior a do solo em todas as alturas de referência. O tratamento metalizado na base teve maior RFA refletida que no meio que foi melhor que o ápice em todos os espaçamentos dentro da superfície metalizada. A soma de RFA refletida e direta foi maior no tratamento metalizado seguido do branco e do solo sem cobertura. A produção e os sólidos solúveis (oBrix) dos frutos foi superior no tratamento metalizado quando comparado ao branco que por sua vez superou o solo sem cobertura. / Abstract: The objective of this research was to increase the offer of Photosyntetically Active Radiation(PAR) trough vertical bags for strawberry production. To aim this objective two strategies were adopted the increase of distance among columns of the vertical bags and the use of reflective surfaces over the floor of the greenhouses under the bags. The distances used were 1.20m, 1.50m, and 1.80m among the bags lines. The reflective surfaces have the following colors: white, silver, and soil. These surfaces were made of plastic films, which recover the base with 1.10m of length and 0.25m of height at the center, and over them were installed the columns. The results of these strategies were measured trough Photosyntetically Active Radiation, and Direct Global radiation and reflective incident radiation at three heights of the columns. Height-3 (A3) at 2.0m top of the column, as reference point and highest direct PAR; A2 at 1.0m in the middle point of the column, and A1 at 0.35m point of lowest high of the plants. The productivity, chemical characteristics of the fruits (soluble solids content-oBrix), total titratable acidity, and pH), leaf sugar accumulation, and the photosynthesis' pigments of the leaves were the biological variables evaluated. The reflected PAR at metalized surface was superior of the white surface, and this one was superior of soil surface in all reference heights. The metalized A1 treatment had more reflected PAR than A2 treatment, which was better than A3 treatment in all distances under the metalized surface. The sum of reflected PAR and direct radiation was bigger at metalized treatment, followed by the white one, and for last the soil treatment. The productivity and soluble solids (oBrix) of the fruits were superior for the metalized treatment as compared to the white surface treatment, which was superior of the soil treatment. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Paulo Ademar Martins Leal / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastilloPizarro_CintyaAlejandra_D.pdf: 538268 bytes, checksum: a0775d761ca852aadb1dc74aa8998449 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O morango é produzido e apreciado nas mais variadas regiões do mundo, sendo a espécie de maior expressão econômica entre as pequenas frutas. O Estado de São Paulo é um dos seus maiores produtores no Brasil. De todo o ciclo produtivo do morango, a comercialização tem se mostrado a fase mais complexa e problemática, podendo afetar mais o lucro do que todas as outras etapas de produção. Isso ocorre devido às características do produto, como fragilidade, manuseio inadequado, alta perecibilidade e falta de embalagens e de refrigeração adequados. Por possuir elevado valor comercial, principalmente no mercado in natura, a tecnologia do frio para sua melhor conservação pós-colheita, pode ser utilizado para manter as boas características de qualidade do fruto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo geral definir qual a melhor condição pós-colheita para conservação de morangos quanto a embalagem cumbucas de tereftalato de polietileno (PET) ou em meia cumbuca de tereftalato de polietileno, envoltas por filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC), resfriamento rápido e armazenamento refrigerado, visando seu consumo in natura. Realizaram-se dois experimentos, sendo um para monitoramento da taxa respiratória dos pseudofrutos a 0°C, 5°C, 10°C e 15°C em dois sistemas (sistema de fluxo contínuo e sistema estático). Outro experimento foi feito para avaliar a resposta da fruta expressa pelos parâmetros respiração, sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável, quando estes foram submetidos a processos de resfriamento rápido e armazenagem. As variedades avaliadas foram Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, Dover e Oso Grande. Neste experimento utilizou-se câmaras de armazenamento com regulagem de 0 e 10°C, e os frutos foram embalados em cumbucas PET e PVC. As frutas foram analisadas a cada dois dias, até ficarem impróprias para o consumo. Verificou-se que o melhor método para avaliação da taxa respiratória é o método do sistema de fluxo contínuo, por possuir um fluxo constante durante todo o experimento, assim como melhor reprodutibilidade dos tempos de retenção e da quantificação do CO2 dentro dos frascos. A temperatura 0°C, foi a que possibilitou a maior vida de prateleira dos frutos. Não se observou diferença entre as embalagens PET e PVC no armazenamento a 0°C e a 10°C. Das variedades avaliadas a Sweet Charlie é a que se mostrou mais indicada para consumo in natura, devido suas características fisico-químicas. Enquanto a variedade Camarosa a mais indicada para indústria. / Abstract: The strawberry is cultivated and appreciated in several regions around the world, being the specie with the most economical value among the small fruits. The São Paulo state is one of the biggest producers in Brazil. From all productive cycle of strawberry the commercialization has shown the most complex and problematic phase, and it can affect more the profit than all the others. This happens due to the product characteristics, such as fragility, improper handling, high perishable, inadequate packaging, and use of cold chain. Since strawberry has high commercial value, mainly on in natura maket, the cold chain technology may be used to keep the good characteristics of fruit quality. The objectives were to define which are the best conditions postharvest for the strawberry fruits in terms of packing PET or PVC, precooling and refrigerated storage aiming the consumption in natura. Two experiments were realized, being one to monitoring and evaluating the respiratory rate of the fruits at the temperatures of 0, 5, 10 and 15°C in two different systems: continuous flow system, and static flow system, in BOD's. The other experiment was to evaluate the answer of biochemical parameters (respiration rate, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity) submitted to the precooling and refrigerated processes using the Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, Dover, and Oso Grande varieties. For this experiment was used chambers at 0 and 10oC, and the fruits had been packed in packs of tereftalate of polyethylene (PET) clam shell type, and packs of tereftalate of polyethylene (PET) wrap with PVC film. Physical-chemical analyses were carried every two days until the fruits got improper for consumption. The experiment show that the optimum method for evaluation respiratory rate is the one using the continuous flow system since presented a constant flow during all the experiments, and allows better accuracy for the retention time and CO2 quantification inside of the bottles. The temperature of 0°C was the one that shows longest fruits shelf life time. There were not differences between packs of tereftalate of polyethylene (PET) clam shell type and packs of tereftalate of polyethylene (PET) wrap with PVC film storaged at 0 and 10°C. Among the varieties, the Sweet Charlie was the most indicated for in natura consumption, due to its physical-chemical characteristics. Meanwhile the variety Camarosa was the most appropriate for industry use. / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola