This master’s final thesis is purposive to analyze the International compensatory system on the damage caused by oil pollution. There are discussed the stages of the formation of the current system identifying the concrete premises, which have determined the origin of each compensatory level and its obliged regulation. There is indicated that every tanker which is responsible under this system has to face strict liability. Specific attention has been paid to each separate element of this system and uncover characteristic features for it. After research concluded in the master’s final thesis there are defined that at this moment operate particular compensatory system which ensure the reimbursement for every damage caused by oil spill. Although this system has been prevailing for 40 years but it always had to face with financial difficulties which were impacted by more and more tankers incidents in the sea. Thereby, for the lean working of this system there must be implanted prevented measures which ensure much safer navigation at sea. Also there is discussed new third compensatory element which have started to operate since 2005 years but it still hasn’t happened any major tanker’s incident to test how this element can cope with financial burden in reality. In the master’s final thesis there talked over the first and the second compensatory elements and international compensatory funds which are recognized as intergovernmental organizations responsible for these compensatory... [to full text]

Boolean functions are accepted to be cryptographically strong if they satisfy some common pre-determined criteria. It is expected that any design criteria should remain invariant under a large group of transformations due to the theory of similarity of secrecy systems proposed by Shannon. One of the most important design criteria for cryptographically strong Boolean functions is the nonlinearity criterion. Meier and Staffelbach studied nonlinearity preserving transformations, by considering the invertible transformations acting on the arguments of Boolean functions, namely the pre-transformations. In this thesis, first, the results obtained by Meier and Staffelbach are presented. Then, the invertible transformations acting on the truth tables of Boolean functions, namely the post-transformations, are studied in order to determine whether they keep the nonlinearity criterion invariant. The equivalent counterparts of Meier and Staffelbach&rsquo / s results are obtained in terms of the post-transformations. In addition, the existence of nonlinearity preserving post-transformations, which are not equivalent to pre-transformations, is proved. The necessary and sufficient conditions for an affine post-transformation to preserve nonlinearity are proposed and proved. Moreover, the sufficient conditions for an non-affine post-transformation to keep nonlinearity invariant are proposed. Furthermore, it is proved that the smart hill climbing method, which is introduced to improve nonlinearity of Boolean functions by Millan et. al., is equivalent to applying a post-transformation to a single Boolean function. Finally, the necessary and sufficient condition for an affine pre-transformation to preserve the strict avalanche criterion is proposed and proved.

This paper analyzes from a constitutional perspective, applying the test of proportionality about limiting rights, the impediment to hiring those associated corporations, through individuals, with those legal persons which has imposed a sanction temporary or permanent disqualification from government contracts. From this framework of study, the author finds that the interference on freedom of contract is disproportionate because it violates the principle of causality and strict liability, by attributing to a third party (legal person linked) consequences for the actions made to it by a different legal entity. / El presente trabajo analiza desde una perspectiva constitucional, aplicando el test de proporcionalidad en la limitación de los derechos, el impedimento para la contratación de aquellas personas jurídicas vinculadas, a través personas naturales, con aquellas personas jurídicas a las cuales se las ha impuesto una sanción de inhabilitación temporal o definitiva para contratar con el Estado. A partir de dicho marco de estudio, la autora considera que la injerencia sobre la libertad de contratación es desproporcionada en razón a que vulnera el principio de causalidad y la responsabilidad objetiva, al atribuirle a un tercero (persona jurídica vinculada) las consecuencias por las acciones realizadas por una persona jurídica distinta a ella.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

The analysis of tort law is one of the most well-developed applications of economic methodology in the study of law. in this essay, we provide an overview of the economic approach to tort law, analyzing the effects of liability rules on care incentives. We catalogue a variety of possible tort regimes, systematically breaking down possible assignments of liability in terms of primary and secondary rules, and describe how their permutations distribute the costs of accidents (and the concomitant incentives to exercise precautionary care). We further consider what factual circumstances may render one tort regime preferable to another from the perspective of policymakers. / El análisis de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual ha sido unade las aplicaciones más y mejor desarrolladas aplicaciones de la metodología económica en el estudio del Derecho. e n el presente ensayo, ofrecemos un vistazo general de la aproximación económica a la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, analizando los efectos de las reglas de responsabilidad en los incentivos de precaución. Catalogamos una variedad de regímenes de responsabilidad, desglosando sistemáticamente las posibles asignaciones de responsabilidad en términos de reglas primarias y secundarias; asi como describimos como sus transformaciones distribuyen los costos de los accidentes (y los incentivos concomitantes para tomar las medidas precautorias). Consideramos luego que circunstancias empíricas o facticas pueden determinar que un régimen de responsabilidad extracontractual sea preferido sobre otro desde la perspectiva del legislador.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-18T17:19:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabine Lanzer - 2015.pdf: 1399952 bytes, checksum: 5ac6d6562fdf28acc082ac31e8f45407 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T12:08:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabine Lanzer - 2015.pdf: 1399952 bytes, checksum: 5ac6d6562fdf28acc082ac31e8f45407 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabine Lanzer - 2015.pdf: 1399952 bytes, checksum: 5ac6d6562fdf28acc082ac31e8f45407 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-21 / At first, the Brazilian Cerrado was not valued, facing the Amazon and the Atlantic forests. In the 1970s, the Federal Governement started to stimulate the econimical development of midwest region, where it was located the most part of Cerrado, with a large developent of the farming area. That enlargement of the agricultural frontier resulted on the felling of thousands of hectares of Cerrado. The area of study is in Mineiros (GO), and it was cleared up to form livestock grazing of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster for more than thirty years, e remaining a few mature trees and a narrow strip of riparian forest. In 2010, it began the mixed planting of seedlings for restoration of native vegetation as the objective of the Legal Reserve replacement. The planting of Lots 1 and 2 were evaluated concerning the seedling and regenerating composition, richness, diversity and mortality, within 18 months. To this end it has been demarcated 9 plots of 50 × 50 m and within them it was collected the results of 4 subplots of 20x20 m, as a total 36 subplots and 1,44 ha. In Lot 1, it was found 290 seedlings (15 families and 53 species) and 209 regeneratings (22 families and 66 species). In the Lot 2, it was found 403 seedlings (8 families and 31 species) and 125 regeneratings (13 families and 34 species). The species richness was better in Lot 1 in relation to Lot 2 front of both seedlings and for regenerating. The index of Shannon diversity was to Lot 1 (seedlings: 3,330; regeneratings: 3.629) were similar to the ones found in survey of native fragments of cerrado strict sense, fact not verified in Lot 2 (seedlings: 2,704; regeneratings: 2,940). Seeding trees and regenerating mortality was signigicant. Between the planting seeds and the first survey, held in 2013, Lot 1 had a mortality of 81.7% and Lot 2 of 74.5%. Between the measurements, the death of Lot 1 was 26.9% to 20.6% for seedlings and regeneratings, already Lot 2 was 12.7% for seedlings and 4.0% for regenerating. If the mortality pattern continue in the coming years, it is possible that future find few surviving seedlings in the area. The study showed that the floristic composition of sapling is different and higher than the seedlings, reinforcing the importance of natural regeneration in the ecological restoration process, as many of regenerating species would not be produced in nurseries. The diversity presented higher values for Lot 1 in relation to Lot 2, both for plants and for regenerating, and there was no significant difference in rates over time. Mortality of seedlings is high in both lots and can be caused by the abundant presence of brachiaria, a fact that should be investigated. / Inicialmente, o Cerrado brasileiro foi pouco valorizado, frente às florestas Amazônica e Atlântica. Na década de 1970, o Governo Federal passou a estimular o desenvolvimento econômico da região Centro-Oeste, onde se situava a maior parte do Cerrado, com forte estímulo à expansão das áreas agrícolas. Esta ampliação da fronteira agrícola resultou na derrubada de milhares de hectares de Cerrado. A área de estudo está localizada em Mineiros (GO), e foi desmatada para formação de pastagem de Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster a mais de 30 anos, restando na área apenas poucas árvores adultas e uma estreita faixa de mata ciliar. Em 2010, iniciou-se o plantio misto de mudas para recomposição da vegetação nativa, objetivando a reposição da Reserva Legal. Os plantios dos Lotes 1 e 2 foram avaliados quanto à composição, riqueza, diversidade e mortalidade de mudas e regenerantes, em um intervalo de 18 meses. Para tal, foram demarcadas 9 parcelas de 50 × 50 m e dentro delas foram coletados os dados de 4 subparcelas de 20 × 20 m, totalizando 36 subparcelas e 1,44 ha. No Lote 1, foram encontradas 290 mudas (15 famílias e 53 espécies) e 209 regenerantes (22 famílias e 66 espécies). No Lote 2, foram levantadas 403 mudas (8 famílias e 31 espécies) e 125 regenerantes (13 famílias e 34 espécies). A riqueza de espécies foi maior no Lote 1 em relação ao Lote 2, tanto para mudas quanto para regenerantes. O índice de diversidade de Shannon para o Lote 1 (mudas: 3,330; regenerantes: 3,629) foram semelhantes ao encontrado em levantamento de fragmentos nativos de cerrado sentido restrito, fato não verificado no Lote 2 (mudas: 2,704; regenerantes: 2,940). A mortalidade de mudas e regenerantes foi significativa. Entre o plantio das mudas e o primeiro levantamento, realizado em 2013, o Lote 1 teve uma mortalidade de 81,7% e o Lote 2 de 74,5%. No período entre as medições, a mortalidade do Lote 1 foi de 26,9% para mudas e 20,6% para regenerantes; a mortalidade do Lote 2, foi de 12,7% para mudas e 4,0% para regenerantes. O estudo mostrou que a composição florística das regenerantes é diferente e maior que a das mudas, reforçando a importância da regeneração natural no processo de restauração ecológica, visto que muitas das espécies regenerantes não seriam produzidas em viveiros de mudas. A diversidade apresentou maiores valores para o Lote 1 em relação ao Lote 2, tanto para mudas quanto para regenerantes. A mortalidade de mudas é alta nos dois lotes, e pode ser causado pela presença abundante da braquiária, fato que deve ser investigado.

Apresentamos uma caracterização das funções positivas definidas em esferas complexas, generalizando assim, um resultado de Schoenberg ([41]). Como no caso real, uma classe importante dessas funções é aquela composta pelas funções estritamente positivas definidas de uma certa ordem; estas podem ser utilizadas para resolver certos problemas de interpolação de dados arbitrários associados a pontos distintos distribuídos nas esferas. Com esse objetivo, obtivemos algumas condições necessárias e suficientes (separadamente) para que funções positivas definidas sejam estritamente positivas definidas. Os resultados apresentados fornecem uma caracterização final elementar para funções estritamente positivas definidas de todas as ordens em quase todas as esferas complexas. Funções estritamente positivas definidas de ordem 2 são caracterizadas em todas as esferas complexas. Analisamos também a relação entre funções estritamente positivas definidas em esferas complexas e funções estritamente positivas definidas em esferas reais. / We characterize positive definite functions on complex spheres, generalizing a famous result due to I. J. Schoenberg ([41]). As in the real case, we study the so-called strictly positive definite functions. They can be used to perform interpolation of scattered data on those spheres. We present (separated) necessary and sufficient conditions for a positive definite function to be strictly positive definite of a certain order. These conditions produce a final characterization for those positive definite functions which are strictly positive definite of all orders, on almost all spheres. Strictly positive definite functions of order 2 are identified. Finally, we study a connection between strictly positive definite functions on real spheres and strictly positive definite functions on complex spheres.

Returer är ett problem i den växande e-handelskonsumtionen av mode och shopping online har gjort det mycket lättare för konsumenter att konsumera. Ändå glöms returprocessen ofta bort på grund av bekvämligheten som är online shopping. Modejättarna som tidigare erbjöd liberala returpolicyer för e-handelsköp börjar nu skärpa sina returpolicyer. Denna studie undersöker hur strikta returpolicyer påverkar konsumenternas köpvilja. Genom att analysera data från en enkätundersökning och testa sambandet mellan variabler visar resultaten att konsumenter på kort sikt är mindre benägna att köpa från företag med strikta returpolicyer. Dessutom påverkar strikta returpolicyer konsumentens köpvilja negativt då det ökar konsumentens risktagande, ansvarstagande och osäkerheter. Dessa resultat visar vikten av att ha en mild och flexibel returpolicy. E-handelsföretag föreslås ändra sin strikta returpolicy för att få lojala och nöjda kunder samt ökad försäljning / Returns are a problem in the growing e-commerce consumption of fashion and shopping online has made it a lot easier for consumers to consume. Yet, the return process is often forgotten in the convenience that is online shopping. The fashion giants that previously offered liberal return policies on e-commerce purchases are now starting to tighten their return policies. This study investigates how strict return policies affect consumers' willingness to buy. By analyzing data from a survey and testing the correlation between bivariate the results show that consumers are less likely to buy from companies with strict return policies. In addition, strict return policies negatively affect the consumer's willingness to buy as it increases the consumer's risk-taking, responsibility-taking and uncertainties. These results show the importance of having a lenient and flexible return policy. E-commerce companies are suggested to change their strict return policy to gain loyal and content customers as well as increased sales.

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