Trata-se de estudo dirigido à afirmação da natureza objetiva da responsabilidade objetiva da Administração Pública por atos omissivos. Defende-se a correta aplicação do artigo 37 parágrafo 6 da Constituição da República, em que se fora estabelecida a responsabilidade objetiva da Administração em todas as hipóteses em que esteja configurado nexo causal entre sua atuação, comissiva ou omissiva, e um dano injusto ocorrido. É novo o enfoque que norteia a reparação civil, não mais a atividade realizada pelo agente, mas as conseqüências sofridas pela vítima deste dano injusto. Exercitada na seara da responsabilidade civil do Estado, considerado em sentido lato, parece ainda mais lógica a mudança de enfoque mencionada, em razão do princípio norteador do seu dever de reparar, que é o da repartição eqüitativa dos encargos da Administração. De fato, sempre que a atividade administrativa estatal, exercida em benefício de toda a coletividade, gerar dano injusto a um particular específico, configurar-se-á sua responsabilidade de reparar este dano, já que, se é em nome da coletividade que se adotou a conduta geradora do dano, esta a idéia principal daquela diretriz enunciada. Daí por que a verificação da presença do elemento subjetivo culpa, em sede de responsabilidade do Poder Público, fora tornada inteiramente estranho ao exame. A correta leitura do artigo constitucional, com reconhecimento da responsabilidade objetiva do Estado nas hipóteses de ato comissivo e omissivo da Administração Pública, realiza, ainda, o princípio da solidariedade social, que implica preponderância do interesse da reparação da vítima lesada sobre o interesse do agente que realiza, comissiva ou omissivamente, o ato lesivo. Essa a legitimidade da teoria do risco administrativo adotada, a adoção de coerente verificação do nexo causal, com admissão da oposição de excludentes de responsabilidade. Ademais, entre a vítima e o autor do dano injusto, a primeira não obtém, em geral, beneficio algum com o fato ou a atividade de que se originou o dano. Se assim é, a configuração do dever de indenizar da Administração Pública dependerá, apenas, da comprovação, no caso concreto, de três pressupostos que se somam: a atuação do Estado, a configuração do dano injusto e o nexo de causalidade. Será referida a jurisprudência espanhola consagrada à regra de responsabilidade objetiva da Administração Pública por atos omissivos, com considerações acerca da resposta da Jurisprudência daquele país ao respectivo enunciado normativo. Buscou-se, desta forma, elencar-se os elementos básicos à compreensão do tema, e também os pressupostos essenciais à afirmação da natureza objetiva da responsabilidade da Administração Pública por atos omissivos, que são, primordialmente, a compreensão do fundamento da regra constitucional, a correta delimitação do conceito de omissão e de causalidade omissiva. Destacados os pressupostos necessários à correta compreensão do tema, conclui-se pela afirmação da natureza objetiva da responsabilidade da Administração Pública por dano injusto advindo de ato omissivo, desde que assim o seja, querendo-se significar, desta forma, que a responsabilidade mencionada não prescinde da configuração do nexo causal entre o comportamento omissivo ocorrido e o dano injusto que se quer reparar. / This paper examines the strict liability of public administrative authorities for damage caused by omission. The author argues in favor of the correct application of article 37, paragraph 6 of the Federal Constitution, which provides for the strict liability of administrative authorities when the nexus of causation between their acts or omission and the occurrence of unjustified damage has been established. A fresh approach to tortious liability bases the duty to redress not on the activity undertaken by the agent but, rather, on the consequences suffered by the victim. This shift in focus is particularly relevant (and logical) in relation to the liability of the State, given that the principle that underlies the States duty to redress is that of equitable apportionment of burdens arising out of public administration. Whenever State administrative activity, undertaken on behalf of society as a whole, results in damage to a given individual or entity, the State is under a duty to repair such damage. As such there has been a shift away from the need to establish the existence of the culpability (negligence) of the public authority. This correct interpretation of the constitutional provision, recognizing that the State is strictly liable for damage caused by the acts or omissions of public authorities is in line with the principle of social solidarity, which in turn leads to the predominance of the victims right to redress over the interests of the agent who/which, by act or omission, caused said damage. This is the legitimate basis for the adoption of the risk of the administration doctrine, whereby [the duty to redress] is established via examination of the existence of a nexus of causation, with the administrative authority being entitled to assert facts or issues that may exclude [or diminish] its liability. Further justification for this approach arises out of the fact that the victim [unlike the administration] generally speaking derives no benefit from the fact or act which causes the damage. In such circumstances, the public administrative authoritys duty to make redress will require merely that three elements be proved: the act or omission of the State, the occurrence of unjustified damage, and the nexus of causation. Reference will be made of case law from Spain. The author therefore aims to set out the basic elements necessary for comprehension of the theme and the necessary prerequisites to an assertion of the strict liability of public authorities for acts of omission. After setting out the necessary prerequisites to a correct understanding of the theme, the author concludes that public authorities may be held strictly liable for damage arising out of an act of omission, albeit that this does not preclude the need to establish a nexus of causation between the relevant act of omission and the damage for which redress is sought.

A hipótese básica de trabalho da presente tese é de que é possível integrar o arcabouço teórico desenvolvido no âmbito do movimento de direito e economia à tecnologia jurídica de estudo da responsabilidade civil no Brasil. Dois são os objetivos almejados. O primeiro objetivo é investigar o potencial de aplicação do arcabouço teórico desenvolvido no âmbito do movimento de direito e economia ao direito brasileiro de responsabilidade civil, traço que atribui originalidade ao trabalho acadêmico realizado, tendo em vista a análise de institutos jurídicos nucleares da responsabilidade civil, o nexo causal, o nexo de imputação e o dano, à luz do inovador Código Civil Brasileiro de 2002. O segundo objetivo é contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico do movimento de direito e economia, traço que atribui força inovadora ao trabalho acadêmico realizado, tendo em vista: a proposição de referencial analítico econômico-comparatista de sistemas jurídicos de responsabilidade civil; a proposição de aplicação de formulação estratégica do princípio do cheapest cost avoider, como critério de estabelecimento do nexo causal; a utilização da fórmula de Hand, conjuntamente com a tradicional classificação jurídica de culpa grave, culpa leve e culpa levíssima, como instrumento de graduação da culpa do autor e da vítima, com vistas à determinação do valor da indenização, e; a proposição de roteiro em três estágios, com o intuito de sistematização do processo de tomada de decisão em matéria de responsabilidade civil. O trabalho acadêmico desenvolvido se concentra na busca por respostas para dez questões centrais: 1. O estudo integrativo direito-economia é um fenômeno contemporâneo? 2. O movimento de direito e economia apresenta perfil homogêneo no campo das idéias? 3. O movimento de direito e economia é um fenômeno restrito ao meio acadêmico norte-americano? 4. Quais são as principais características metodológicas do movimento de direito e economia? 5. Qual foi o papel desempenhado pela responsabilidade civil na formação e no desenvolvimento do movimento de direito e economia? 6. Quais são as funções e os objetivos da responsabilidade civil sob a perspectiva do movimento de direito e economia? 7. Quais são os fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica normativa da responsabilidade civil? 8. É possível aplicar os fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica normativa no âmbito do direito brasileiro de responsabilidade civil? 9. Quais são os fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica positiva da responsabilidade civil? 10. É possível aplicar os fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica positiva no âmbito do direito brasileiro de responsabilidade civil? 6 A pesquisa está estruturada em duas partes. A primeira parte explora a interface entre direito, economia e responsabilidade civil: evidenciando a existência de processo evolucionário, realizado em ondas, que conduziu à eclosão do contemporâneo movimento de direito e economia, e; apresentando o panorama atual do movimento de direito e economia, com ênfase na articulação em correntes de pensamento, no processo de internacionalização e em aspectos metodológicos. A segunda parte explora a análise econômica da responsabilidade civil: realizando a apresentação dos fundamentos doutrinários relativos às funções, aos objetivos, aos elementos e à metodologia analítica; realizando a apresentação dos fundamentos teóricos de análise econômica normativa, edificados em torno de categorias como o nível de precaução, o nível de atividade, o nível de informação, o nível de aversão ao risco e os custos administrativos, e; realizando a aplicação do instrumental analítico em estudo comparativo do Código Civil Brasileiro de 2002 vis a vis o Código Civil Brasileiro de 1916. Em adição, a segunda parte realiza a apresentação dos fundamentos de análise econômica positiva, estabelecendo a conexão com os pressupostos clássicos da responsabilidade civil, considerando o panorama institucional traçado pelo Código Civil Brasileiro de 2002: o nexo de causalidade; o nexo de imputação, com ênfase na opção entre responsabilidade subjetiva e responsabilidade objetiva, e; o dano, com ênfase no estudo da graduação da culpa do autor e da vítima para fins de determinação do valor da indenização. Na conclusão é realizada a síntese das principais idéias desenvolvidas, evidenciando ter se confirmado a hipótese básica de trabalho da tese. São apresentadas respostas às questões centrais propostas. São apresentados argumentos que evidenciam terem sido alcançados o objetivo geral e o objetivo específico. São realizadas ponderações quanto ao futuro do estudo integrativo direito e economia no campo da responsabilidade civil no Brasil, destacando a contribuição da tese para o estabelecimento de um “estilo brasileiro de pesquisa em direito e economia”. / The basic working hypothesis of this thesis is that it is possible to integrate the theoretical framework developed in law and economics to legal technology of study of torts in Brazil. Two goals are pursued. The first goal is to investigate the potential application of the theoretical foundations developed in law and economics to the Brazilian tort law, characteristic that gives originality to this academic work, considering the analysis of nuclear legal institutions of torts, the causal link, the link of attribution, and the damage, in the light of the innovative Brazilian Civil Code of 2002. The second goal is to contribute to the development of the theoretical framework of law and economics, characteristic that gives originality to this academic work, considering: the proposition of economic-comparative benchmark of analysis of torts legal systems; the proposition of applying strategic formulation of the cheapest cost avoider principle, as criterion for establishing the causal link; the proposition of use the Hand formula, together with the traditional legal classification of severe fault, light fault and very light fault, as instrument for measuring the degree of fault of the author and of the victim, with the purpose of determine the value of compensation, and; the proposition of a guide, in three stages, with the aim of streamlining the decision-making on torts. This thesis seeks answers to ten key issues: 1. Is the integrative study of law and economics is a contemporary phenomenon? 2. Has law and economics a homogeneous pattern of ideas? 3. Is law and economics an academic phenomenon restricted to United States? 4. What are the main methodological characteristics of law and economics? 5. What was the role played by torts in the formation and development of law and economics? 6. What are the functions and objectives of tort law from the perspective of law and economics? 7. What are the theoretical foundations of normative economic analysis of torts? 8. Is it possible to apply theoretical foundations of normative economic analysis to legal technology of study of torts in Brazil? 9. What are the theoretical foundations of positive economic analysis of torts? 10. Is it possible to apply theoretical foundations of positive economic analysis to legal technology of study of torts in Brazil? The research is structured in two parts. The first part explores the interface between law, economics and torts: demonstrating the existence of an evolutionary process, carried out in waves, which led to the outbreak of the contemporary law and economics, and; presenting the current situation of law and economics, with emphasis on articulation in schools of thought, in process of internationalization and methodological aspects. The second part explores the economic analysis of torts: making the study of doctrinal grounds, that is, functions, objectives, elements and analytical methodology; making the study of theoretical foundations of normative economic analysis, built around analytical categories such as level of caution, level of activity, level of information, level of risk aversion and administrative costs, and; making the application of the tools of analysis in a comparative study of the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002 vis a vis the Brazilian Civil Code of 1916. In addition, the second part performs the presentation of the foundations of positive economic analysis, with a view to drawing up guidelines aimed to resolve disputes involving the application of tort law in Brazil, making the connection with the classical assumptions of torts: the causal link; the link of attribution, with emphasis on the choice between fault and strict liability, and; the damage, with emphasis on the study of the degree of fault of the author and of the victim with the purpose of determinate the value of compensation. In conclusion, it is carried out the summary of the main ideas developed, demonstrating that it has been confirmed the basic working hypothesis of the thesis. Answers to the key issues are being presented. Arguments that show that the objectives were achieved are presented. Considerations about the future of integrative study of law and economics in the field of torts in Brazil are carried out, highlighting the contributions of the thesis for the establishment of a "Brazilian style of research in law and economics”.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Different chlorhexidine (CHX) preparations and formulations are available in local markets. Some preparations contain anti-discoloration systems (ADS), additional antimicrobials like cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or alcohol. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacies of 3 different CHX preparations (Corsodyl®, Curasept® and GUM® Paroex®)

The Economic Analysis of Tort Law Abstract In the presented thesis I discuss the economic analysis of tort law. The economic analysis of law can be described as the application of economic theory - primarily microeconomics and the basic concepts of welfare economics - to examine the formation, structure, processes, and economic impact of law and legal institutions. The economic analysis of tort law can help understand the impact of tort liability on individuals' behavior, why some areas of human activity are governed by negligence or strict liability, or why, in some cases, the amout of damages is limited. First two chapters describe the economic approach to law as such, they serve as an introduction into this field of study and present the most important methodological approaches. In the first chapter, I also discuss the basic tendencies that have shaped the economic analysis of law throughout its development. Second chapter then discusses some of the fundamental concepts of the economic analysis of law, namely the assumption of rational action, the concept of transaction costs, the efficiency criterion, the importance of the Coase theorem, and the distinction between property rules and liability rules. Following the examination of the concept of economic efficiency, an alternative approach based on the...

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Universally complications exist concerning insurance cover for the risks posed by pollution damage. Environmental insurance cover can be procured under first-party or third-party insurance. For the latter, the polluter's statutory or civil liability is required. The determination of liability for compensation, especially delictual liability, remains problematic. The right to the environment in section 24 of the Constitution creates a general duty of care. The introduction of a strict liability regime can be recommended to alleviate the burden of proving fault and contributory negligence. Where there is multiple or cumulative causation or the exact identity of the polluter is unknown, potential solutions regarding the allocation of liability include a pollution-share, joint and several, market-share or, as a last resort, a proportional allocation. Actionable damages should include property damage, pure economic loss, clean-up costs and natural resource damages, including compensation for reduced aesthetic value. Due to the uncertainty and potential magnitude of pollution-related claims, insurers have attempted to avoid or limit these risks by including specific pollution exclusion and limitation clauses in policies. Statutory regulation of policy content and prescribed wording for clauses could address problems relating to the interpretation of policy provisions. Various other issues such as the coverage of gradual pollution, the effect of the various triggers of coverage and the potential long-tail liability of insurer, the lack of information and the unpredictability of the risk cause further complications for both the insured and the insurer. Policies should preferably be issued on a `claims-made' basis linked to retroactive dates. Mandatory third-party insurance to the benefit of a third party should be required within specific high-risk industries, specifically for the benefit of the prejudiced person or an environmental remediation fund. The right of a prejudiced party to claim directly from the polluter's liability insurer should be introduced. Currently, the focus appears to be more on protection and environmental remediation than on civil compensation. There is an urgent need for the development of statutory and civil liability compensation mechanisms and for an increased regulation of insurance policies and practices to ensure effective insurance cover to provide compensation for environmental damage. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Universally complications exist concerning insurance cover for the risks posed by pollution damage. Environmental insurance cover can be procured under first-party or third-party insurance. For the latter, the polluter's statutory or civil liability is required. The determination of liability for compensation, especially delictual liability, remains problematic. The right to the environment in section 24 of the Constitution creates a general duty of care. The introduction of a strict liability regime can be recommended to alleviate the burden of proving fault and contributory negligence. Where there is multiple or cumulative causation or the exact identity of the polluter is unknown, potential solutions regarding the allocation of liability include a pollution-share, joint and several, market-share or, as a last resort, a proportional allocation. Actionable damages should include property damage, pure economic loss, clean-up costs and natural resource damages, including compensation for reduced aesthetic value. Due to the uncertainty and potential magnitude of pollution-related claims, insurers have attempted to avoid or limit these risks by including specific pollution exclusion and limitation clauses in policies. Statutory regulation of policy content and prescribed wording for clauses could address problems relating to the interpretation of policy provisions. Various other issues such as the coverage of gradual pollution, the effect of the various triggers of coverage and the potential long-tail liability of insurer, the lack of information and the unpredictability of the risk cause further complications for both the insured and the insurer. Policies should preferably be issued on a `claims-made' basis linked to retroactive dates. Mandatory third-party insurance to the benefit of a third party should be required within specific high-risk industries, specifically for the benefit of the prejudiced person or an environmental remediation fund. The right of a prejudiced party to claim directly from the polluter's liability insurer should be introduced. Currently, the focus appears to be more on protection and environmental remediation than on civil compensation. There is an urgent need for the development of statutory and civil liability compensation mechanisms and for an increased regulation of insurance policies and practices to ensure effective insurance cover to provide compensation for environmental damage. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

For almost twenty years, the general delictual claim as found in par. 823 (!) BGB formed the basis for product liability claims against producers in Germany. In 1985, however, a European Directive on Product Liability was issued and in 1990 Germany enacted the Product Liability Act. Setting a strict liability standard, the Act was to operate in tandem with the existing general delictual claim. Since producers in any event find it very difficult to successfully defeat product liability claims based on par. 823 BGB, the Act should not drastically change the landscape of German product liability jurisprudence. In South African product liability claims fall under the Lex Aquiliae which has fault as its cornerstone. Although our Courts are willing to assist a plaintiff by applying the doctrine of res ipsa loq11it11r, the German experience has shown that procedural devices do not provide a permanent solution to the problem of product liability. In the long run legislation is the best way to bring about a rational and equitable system of strict liability. / Mercantile law / LL.M.

For almost twenty years, the general delictual claim as found in par. 823 (!) BGB formed the basis for product liability claims against producers in Germany. In 1985, however, a European Directive on Product Liability was issued and in 1990 Germany enacted the Product Liability Act. Setting a strict liability standard, the Act was to operate in tandem with the existing general delictual claim. Since producers in any event find it very difficult to successfully defeat product liability claims based on par. 823 BGB, the Act should not drastically change the landscape of German product liability jurisprudence. In South African product liability claims fall under the Lex Aquiliae which has fault as its cornerstone. Although our Courts are willing to assist a plaintiff by applying the doctrine of res ipsa loq11it11r, the German experience has shown that procedural devices do not provide a permanent solution to the problem of product liability. In the long run legislation is the best way to bring about a rational and equitable system of strict liability. / Mercantile law / LL.M.