We analyse the dynamics of the standard deviation of demand and supply shocks as well as of the demand component of GDP across countries in the European Monetary Union (EMU). This analysis allows us to evaluate the patterns of cyclical comovement in EMU and compare them the cyclical performance of the new members of the EU and other OECD countries. We make use of sigma-convergence methods to identify synchronization patterns in business cycles. The Eurozone has converged to a stable lower level of dispersion across business cycles during the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s. The new EU members have also experienced a strong pattern of convergence from 1998 to 2005, when a strong divergence trend appears. An enlargement of the EMU to 22 members would not significantly decrease its optimality as a currency area. There is evidence for some Europe-specific characteristics as compared to global comovements in business cycles. (authors' abstract)

No description available.

[pt] Usando uma recém publicada base de dados pelo Banco Central do Brazil (BCB), estimamos os efeitos de intervenções cambiais realizadas entre 1999 e 2023. Em primeiro lugar, utilizamos um VAR estrutural em frequência diárias, identificado por meio de um instrumento baseado nos horários de anúncio das interveções. Estima-se que as intervenções são capazes de afetar o nível do Real por um período de 20 dias úteis, em 0.24 p.p. a cada bilhão de dólares empregados. / [en] Benefiting from a novel dataset published by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) we estimate the effects of FX Interventions from 1999 to 2023. We first employ a structural VAR with daily frequency identified with an instrument based on the timing of BCB announcements. Interventions are found to be effective in changing the USDBRL level over a period of 20 working days by 0.24 p.p. for each 1USD billion employed. We then implement an Artificial Counterfactual (ArCo) approach to each intervention episode separating them by side and instrument. Compared to SVAR interventions are found to be more effective although with smaller statistical significance. Spot Interventions are more effective than Swaps. We find no effects of interventions over the shortterm volatility of the USDBRL.

Equity Risk Premium (ERP) is the cornerstone in Financial Economics. It is a basic requirement in stock valuation, evaluation of portfolio performance and asset allocation. For the last decades, several studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic drivers of ERP. In this work, I empirically investigate the macroeconomic determinants of UK ERP. For this I parsimoniously cover a large body of literature stemming from ERP puzzle. I motivate the empirical investigation based on three mutually exclusive theoretical lenses. The thesis is organised in the journal paper format. In the first paper I review the literature on ERP over the past twenty-eight years. In particular, the aim of the paper is three fold. First, to review the methods and techniques, proposed by the literature to estimate ERP. Second, to review the literature that attempts to resolve the ERP puzzle, first coined by Mehra and Prescott (1985), by exploring five different types of modifications to the standard utility framework. And third, to review the literature that investigates and develops relationship between ERP and various macroeconomic and market factors in domestic and international context. I find that ERP puzzle is still a puzzle, within the universe of standard power utility framework and Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model, a conclusion which is in line with Kocherlakota (1996) and Mehra (2003). In the second paper, I investigate the impact of structural monetary policy shocks on ex-post ERP. More specifically, the aim of this paper is to investigate the whether the response of UK ERP is different to the structural monetary policy shocks, before and after the implementation of Quantitative Easing in the UK. I find that monetary policy shocks negatively affect the ERP at aggregate level. However, at the sectoral level, the magnitude of the response is heterogeneous. Further, monetary policy shocks have a significant negative (positive) impact on the ERP before (after) the implementation of Quantitative Easing (QE). The empirical evidence provided in the paper sheds light on the equity market’s asymmetric response to the Bank of England’s monetary policy before and after the monetary stimulus. In the third paper I examine the impact of aggregate and disaggregate consumption shocks on the ex-post ERP of various FTSE indices and the 25 Fama-French style value-weighted portfolios, constructed on the basis of size and book-to-market characteristics. I extract consumption shocks using Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and investigate its time-series and cross-sectional implications for ERP in the UK. These structural consumption shocks represent deviation of agent’s actual consumption path from its theoretically expected path. Aggregate consumption shocks seem to explain significant time variation in the ERP. At disaggregated level, when the actual consumption is less than expected, the ERP rises. Durable and Semi-durable consumption shocks have a greater impact on the ERP than non-durable consumption shocks. In the fourth and final paper I investigate the impact of short and long term market implied volatility on the UK ERP. I also examine the pricing implications of innovations to short and long term implied market volatility in the cross-section of stocks returns. I find that both the short and the long term implied volatility have significant negative impact on the aggregate ERP, while at sectoral level the impact is heterogeneous. I find both short and long term volatility is priced negatively indicating that (i) investors care both short and long term market implied volatility (ii) investors are ready to pay for insurance against these risks.

This diploma thesis is devoted to the linkages among stock, bond and foreign exchange markets in the Czech Republic, Austria, Germany and Poland during the period from the beginning of the year 2007 to the end of the year 2014. In order to complexly describe the interconnections among the markets, we utilized two kinds of spillover indices (from the generalized and structural VAR model), dynamic correlation coefficients obtained from the multivariate GARCH model and contemporaneous coefficients from the structural VAR model that was identified through heteroskedasticity in structural shocks. These methods enabled us to describe the linkages among the markets from different angles, to capture their time evolution and to obtain a notion about the transmission mechanism among these markets in Central Europe. The results, inter alia, indicate an intensifying interconnection among the markets during crisis periods, lowering impact of stock markets, increasing influence of bonds and a dominant role of German bonds and Austrian stocks. At the same time, we were able to capture the influence of the European sovereign debt crisis on the spillovers and on the intensity of linkages among the markets. We showed that the intensity of linkages among bond markets relented, probably as a result of higher emphasis on the...

Equity Risk Premium (ERP) is the cornerstone in Financial Economics. It is a basic requirement in stock valuation, evaluation of portfolio performance and asset allocation. For the last decades, several studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic drivers of ERP. In this work, I empirically investigate the macroeconomic determinants of UK ERP. For this I parsimoniously cover a large body of literature stemming from ERP puzzle. I motivate the empirical investigation based on three mutually exclusive theoretical lenses. The thesis is organised in the journal paper format. In the first paper I review the literature on ERP over the past twenty-eight years. In particular, the aim of the paper is three fold. First, to review the methods and techniques, proposed by the literature to estimate ERP. Second, to review the literature that attempts to resolve the ERP puzzle, first coined by Mehra and Prescott (1985), by exploring five different types of modifications to the standard utility framework. And third, to review the literature that investigates and develops relationship between ERP and various macroeconomic and market factors in domestic and international context. I find that ERP puzzle is still a puzzle, within the universe of standard power utility framework and Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model, a conclusion which is in line with Kocherlakota (1996) and Mehra (2003). In the second paper, I investigate the impact of structural monetary policy shocks on ex-post ERP. More specifically, the aim of this paper is to investigate the whether the response of UK ERP is different to the structural monetary policy shocks, before and after the implementation of Quantitative Easing in the UK. I find that monetary policy shocks negatively affect the ERP at aggregate level. However, at the sectoral level, the magnitude of the response is heterogeneous. Further, monetary policy shocks have a significant negative (positive) impact on the ERP before (after) the implementation of Quantitative Easing (QE). The empirical evidence provided in the paper sheds light on the equity market’s asymmetric response to the Bank of England’s monetary policy before and after the monetary stimulus. In the third paper I examine the impact of aggregate and disaggregate consumption shocks on the ex-post ERP of various FTSE indices and the 25 Fama-French style value-weighted portfolios, constructed on the basis of size and book-to-market characteristics. I extract consumption shocks using Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and investigate its time-series and cross-sectional implications for ERP in the UK. These structural consumption shocks represent deviation of agent’s actual consumption path from its theoretically expected path. Aggregate consumption shocks seem to explain significant time variation in the ERP. At disaggregated level, when the actual consumption is less than expected, the ERP rises. Durable and Semi-durable consumption shocks have a greater impact on the ERP than non-durable consumption shocks. In the fourth and final paper I investigate the impact of short and long term market implied volatility on the UK ERP. I also examine the pricing implications of innovations to short and long term implied market volatility in the cross-section of stocks returns. I find that both the short and the long term implied volatility have significant negative impact on the aggregate ERP, while at sectoral level the impact is heterogeneous. I find both short and long term volatility is priced negatively indicating that (i) investors care both short and long term market implied volatility (ii) investors are ready to pay for insurance against these risks.

Submitted by Katia Vieira Bisognini (kabisognini@uol.com.br) on 2016-09-06T21:15:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 01-DISSERTAÇÃO-KBISOGNINI-20160906.pdf: 750949 bytes, checksum: 09e79d9a2b3a21e0163ceff728c005b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-09-08T16:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 01-DISSERTAÇÃO-KBISOGNINI-20160906.pdf: 750949 bytes, checksum: 09e79d9a2b3a21e0163ceff728c005b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T16:52:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01-DISSERTAÇÃO-KBISOGNINI-20160906.pdf: 750949 bytes, checksum: 09e79d9a2b3a21e0163ceff728c005b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / The public debt sustainability is essential for the development and growth of a country. Countries that seek economic expansion in the short/medium term without maintaining a sustainable fiscal policy can incur to the problem of explosive trajectory of public debt, compromising their development and growth in the long term. This work aims to analyze the dynamics of Brazilian public debt through the structural vector autoregressive approach (SVAR) during the period of 2003 to 2015. For that, the model proposed by Apergis and Cooray (2015) to analyze the Greek public debt will be used as reference. However, adaptations were necessary to adequate the model to the Brazilian reality. Even if the adequacy of the model, the results obtained did not have adherence compatible with the economic theory, possibly due to the shocks that occurred in Brazil during this period. It is suggested the development of future studies to improve the model in order to get consistent results, like the reference model results. / A sustentabilidade da dívida pública de um país é essencial para seu desenvolvimento e crescimento econômico. Países que buscam uma expansão econômica no curto/médio prazo sem manter uma política fiscal sustentável podem incorrer ao problema de trajetória explosiva da dívida pública, comprometendo seu desenvolvimento e crescimento no longo prazo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a dinâmica da dívida pública do Brasil através da ótica do modelo de vetor autorregressivo estrutural (SVAR) durante o período de 2003 a 2015. Para isto será utilizado como referência o modelo proposto por Apergis e Cooray (2015) para analisar a dinâmica da dívida pública grega. No entanto, adaptações foram necessárias para adequar o modelo a realidade do Brasil. Mesmo com a adaptação do modelo, os resultados obtidos não tiveram uma aderência compatível com a teoria econômica, possivelmente devido aos choques que ocorreram no Brasil durante este período. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros para o aperfeiçoamento do modelo, a fim de se obter um resultado consistente e mais próximo aos resultados do modelo de referência.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho avalia o comportamento dos multiplicadores fiscais no Brasil entre 1999-2012. Para tanto, utiliza a metodologia desenvolvida por Sims, Waggoner e Zha (2008), que é um procedimento Bayesiano de estimação no qual os parâmetros do modelo mudam com alterações no estado da economia e os estados (regimes) seguem um processo de mudança de regime markoviano. Ou seja, foi estimado um modelo VAR Estrutural Bayesiano com mudança de regimes Markoviana (Markov Switching Structural Bayesian Vector Autoregression - MS-SBVAR). A base de dados é composta pelo consumo da administração pública, pela formação bruta de capital fixo da administração pública, pela carga tributária líquida e pelo Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), das três esferas do governo (federal, estadual, incluindo o Distrito Federal, e municipal). O software MATLAB/Dynare foi utilizado na estimação dos modelos e os resultados sugerem a ocorrência de 2 ou 3 regimes nos dois modelos que melhor se ajustaram aos dados. Os multiplicadores estimados apresentaram os sinais esperados e os diferentes tipos de multiplicadores fiscais calculados apresentaram valores maiores para a resposta do PIB a choques na formação bruta de capital fixo da administração pública que são eficazes, uma vez que possuem valores maiores do que um e impacto de longo prazo no PIB - quando comparado aos choques no consumo da administração pública, que possuem pouca persistência e são ineficazes (menores do que um), além de uma resposta negativa e persistente do PIB a choques na carga tributária líquida. Os resultados obtidos não indicam, ainda, multiplicadores fiscais maiores em regimes com maior variância nos resíduos do modelo. / This dissertation evaluates the behavior of fiscal multipliers in Brazil from 1999 to 2012. It uses a methodology developed by Sims, Waggoner e Zha (2008), which is a Bayesian estimation procedure that allows for state (regime) dependent endogenous change in models parameters and the states follow a markovian process of regime change. It estimates a Structural Bayesian VAR model with Markov Switching regimes (MS-SBVAR). The database comprises the consumption of public administration, the fixed capital gross formation of the public administration, the net tax burden and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the three levels of government (federal, state, including the Federal District, and municipalities). The software MATLAB / Dynare was used to estimate the model and the results suggest the occurrence of 2 or 3 regimes in the two best data fitting models. The different estimated multipliers show the correct signs and, as expected, they are higher for exogenous shocks to public administrations fixed capital gross formation which are effective, since they have values higher than one and long-term impact on GDP - when compared with exogenous shocks to public administrations consumption, which have a small persistence and are ineffective (less than one), and a negative and persistence response of GDP to shocks in net tax burden. The results do not also show a higher fiscal multiplier in regimes with higher models residuals variance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho avalia o comportamento dos multiplicadores fiscais no Brasil entre 1999-2012. Para tanto, utiliza a metodologia desenvolvida por Sims, Waggoner e Zha (2008), que é um procedimento Bayesiano de estimação no qual os parâmetros do modelo mudam com alterações no estado da economia e os estados (regimes) seguem um processo de mudança de regime markoviano. Ou seja, foi estimado um modelo VAR Estrutural Bayesiano com mudança de regimes Markoviana (Markov Switching Structural Bayesian Vector Autoregression - MS-SBVAR). A base de dados é composta pelo consumo da administração pública, pela formação bruta de capital fixo da administração pública, pela carga tributária líquida e pelo Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), das três esferas do governo (federal, estadual, incluindo o Distrito Federal, e municipal). O software MATLAB/Dynare foi utilizado na estimação dos modelos e os resultados sugerem a ocorrência de 2 ou 3 regimes nos dois modelos que melhor se ajustaram aos dados. Os multiplicadores estimados apresentaram os sinais esperados e os diferentes tipos de multiplicadores fiscais calculados apresentaram valores maiores para a resposta do PIB a choques na formação bruta de capital fixo da administração pública que são eficazes, uma vez que possuem valores maiores do que um e impacto de longo prazo no PIB - quando comparado aos choques no consumo da administração pública, que possuem pouca persistência e são ineficazes (menores do que um), além de uma resposta negativa e persistente do PIB a choques na carga tributária líquida. Os resultados obtidos não indicam, ainda, multiplicadores fiscais maiores em regimes com maior variância nos resíduos do modelo. / This dissertation evaluates the behavior of fiscal multipliers in Brazil from 1999 to 2012. It uses a methodology developed by Sims, Waggoner e Zha (2008), which is a Bayesian estimation procedure that allows for state (regime) dependent endogenous change in models parameters and the states follow a markovian process of regime change. It estimates a Structural Bayesian VAR model with Markov Switching regimes (MS-SBVAR). The database comprises the consumption of public administration, the fixed capital gross formation of the public administration, the net tax burden and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the three levels of government (federal, state, including the Federal District, and municipalities). The software MATLAB / Dynare was used to estimate the model and the results suggest the occurrence of 2 or 3 regimes in the two best data fitting models. The different estimated multipliers show the correct signs and, as expected, they are higher for exogenous shocks to public administrations fixed capital gross formation which are effective, since they have values higher than one and long-term impact on GDP - when compared with exogenous shocks to public administrations consumption, which have a small persistence and are ineffective (less than one), and a negative and persistence response of GDP to shocks in net tax burden. The results do not also show a higher fiscal multiplier in regimes with higher models residuals variance.

Depuis l’article séminal de Baks et Kramer (1999), le concept de la liquidité globale est souvent revenu au cœur de l’actualité, car les facteurs de son développement ont été considérés comme ayant indirectement participé aux développements des déséquilibres précédents la crise financière de 2008. Face à ces enjeux, la littérature s’est largement concentrée sur l’approche de la stabilité financière dans les pays émetteurs. Contrairement à cette approche, les recherches développées dans cette thèse se concentrent la perspective des pays destinataires de la liquidité globale, en particulier les pays émergents. Ainsi pour répondre à la problématique principale de l’identification des effets de reports de la liquidité globale, cette thèse propose une analyse en trois chapitres du phénomène. Premièrement, à travers une généralisation de l’analyse de la problématique de la stabilité financière dans les pays émergents. Deuxièmement, en analysant comment le comportement d’accumulation des pays destinataires affecte les conditions de la liquidité globale dans les pays émetteurs. Troisièmement, en analysant au niveau national le comportement des autorités monétaires pour prémunir leurs économies des effets de l’expansion de la liquidité globale. / Since the seminal paper by Baks and Kramer (1999), the concept of global liquidity catch once again the attention because the factors of its expansion are considered in the literature as having contributed to the development of vulnerabilities prior to the global financial crisis. Given the importance of global liquidity issues, the literature has largely focused on the financial stability approach in the issuing countries. Contrary to this approach, the research developed in this Ph.D. thesis relies principally on the receiving countries perspective, particularly the emerging countries. Accordingly, in order to answer our main problematic regarding the identification of global liquidity spillovers into the receiving countries, this thesis proposes a three chapters analysis of the phenomenon. First, we focus on a generalization of the financial stability concerns into the emerging countries. Second, we analyze how the reserve accumulation behavior in the receiving countries affects the global liquidity conditions in the main issuing country. Third, we center on the monetary authorities behavior in order to isolate their economies from the effects of the global liquidity expansion.