Focusing on communication as an important means besides other efforts for conflict resolution in an asymmetric armed conflict in Afghanistan, this study looked for a rhetorical communication approach appropriate to Pashtun tribal setting in South-eastern (Loya Paktya region) Afghanistan. The study explored and found some perceived essentials of such persuasive communication by conducting face-to-face semi-structured in depth interviews with 17 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize data. Aristotle’s rhetorical theory provided a framework for this qualitative study by narrowing down the focus to exploring credibility of the communicator (ethos), the rationality of the message (logos), and the emotional appeals (pathos), particular for the south-eastern Pashtun tribal setting, during communication. In addition, considering the relation between rhetorical and soft power theories in influencing the choice of an audience, this project also asked participants if and how communication in their tribal setting could be framed as an influencing power by attraction rather than by coercion. Therefore, soft power of which persuasive communication is a crucial part was also used as a theoretical framework for this study. The findings show the significance of persuasive communication in future conflict resolution efforts in Afghanistan.

Focusing on communication as an important means besides other efforts for conflict resolution in an asymmetric armed conflict in Afghanistan, this study looked for a rhetorical communication approach appropriate to Pashtun tribal setting in South-eastern (Loya Paktya region) Afghanistan. The study explored and found some perceived essentials of such persuasive communication by conducting face-to-face semi-structured in depth interviews with 17 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize data. Aristotle’s rhetorical theory provided a framework for this qualitative study by narrowing down the focus to exploring credibility of the communicator (ethos), the rationality of the message (logos), and the emotional appeals (pathos), particular for the south-eastern Pashtun tribal setting, during communication. In addition, considering the relation between rhetorical and soft power theories in influencing the choice of an audience, this project also asked participants if and how communication in their tribal setting could be framed as an influencing power by attraction rather than by coercion. Therefore, soft power of which persuasive communication is a crucial part was also used as a theoretical framework for this study. The findings show the significance of persuasive communication in future conflict resolution efforts in Afghanistan.

Manlighet och känslor är, historiskt sett, två sällan sammankopplade fenomen. Mannen har i stor utsträckning setts som den rationella och känslokalla av de två könen. Manlighetsidealet håller dock på att förändras och både forskning och mina informanter menar att mannen idag tillåts visa känslor i mycket större utsträckning än vad som var tillåtet i det manlighetsideal som fanns förr. I Sverige verkar det som att vi numera har androgynatet som dominerande patriarkatfas, vilket innebär mer jämlikhet och individualism. Detta verkar innebära mer frihet för mannen att välja vilka delar av manlighetsidealet han ska internalisera i sitt liv. Utifrån mina informanters resonemang bedömer jag att det rådande manlighetsidealen för dem i stor utsträckning är en medveten man som har kontakt med sitt känsloliv och kan vara sig själv. / Masculinity and emotions is a rarely combined phenomenon, at least historically speaking. Men have to a large extent been seen as the rational and unemotional of the two sexes. The ideal masculinity is about too change though and both research and my informants claim that men today are allowed to show more emotions than was allowed in the ideal masculinity in the past. In Sweden it seems that we nowadays live in a context with an androgynous direction of patriarchy, which means more equality between men and women and more individualism. This seems too imply that men have more freedom to choose which part of the ideal masculinity they want to internalize in their lives. I estimate from my informants point of view that the current ideal masculinities for them is a conscious man that are connected with his emotions and that could just be him self.

Formål: Bestemme omfangen, typen, udløsende årsager, bagvedliggende faktorer og konsekvenser af vold og trusler om vold mod behandlere i Københavns Amts Behandlingscenter for Stofbrugere samt at udvikle kliniske retningslinier for håndtering og minimering af vold og trusler om vold. Metode: Omfanget af voldsepisoder blev vurderet ved to metoder: 1) Retrospektiv anonym tværsnitsspørgeskemaundersøgelse af samtlige 84 fastansatte medarbejder 2) Kohorte undersøgelse med prospektiv registrering af alle psykiske og fysiske voldsepisoder i en tre måneders periode i 2001-2002. Årsager, faktorer og konsekvenser blev undersøgt i semi-strukturerede interviews med den voldsramte medarbejder og den voldelige klient. Håndteringen af voldsepisoderne blev vurderet i en audit procedure og kliniske retningslinier i relation til håndtering af arbejdsrelateret vold og trusler om vold blev udviklet . Resultat: I tværsnitsundersøgelsen svarede 73 (87%), 45% (n=33) af medarbejderne havde været udsat for vold af psykisk eller fysisk karakter indenfor det sidste år, 48% (n=35) indenfor de sidste fem år. Hyppigheden var uafhængig af medarbejderens alder, køn og arbejdserfaring. Kohorteundersøgelsen afslørede, med en svar procent på 57%, 16 tilfælde af ren psykisk vold medførende en incidens på 0.77 pr. arbejdsår pr. medarbejder eller 0.24 psykisk voldsepisode pr. dag, 11 tilfælde af kombineret psykisk/fysisk vold medførende en incidens 0.53 pr. arbejdsår pr. medarbejder eller 0.17 psykisk/fysisk voldsepisode pr. dag (ca. een ugentligt). Politi blev tilkaldt 5(19%) gange. Bagvedliggende faktorer inkluderede dybe frustrationer mod behandlersystemet, lavt selvværd og dårlig kommunikationsevne hos klienterne. Hovedparten af medarbejderne oplevede efterfølgende angstreaktioner. Sygemelding og psykologisk krisehjælp forekom kun i få tilfælde. På basis af audit-panelets rekommandationer blev der udviklet kliniske retningslinier for håndtering af vold og trusler om vold. Konklusion: Prævalenses og incidensen af vold og trusler om vold i arbejdet med stofbrugere er højere end i andre fagområder både i og uden for sundhedsvæsenet med væsentlige konsekvenser for både medarbejderen og specielt for den voldelige klient. Resultaterne i dette studie kvantificerer arbejdsrelateret vold som ikke fremgår af officielle registre (”mørketal”) / Purpose: To determine the extent, type, precipitating factors, causality and consequences of work related threats and violence at the Copenhagen County Substance Abuse Treatment Centre and to develop clinical guidelines in order to minimise threats and violence. Methods: The extent of violent episodes was estimated using two methods: 1) Retrospective anonymous questionnaire issued to all (n=84) full-time employed staff-members. 2) In a tree months period 2001-2002 prospective registration of all physical and psychological violent episodes at the Copenhagen County Substance Abuse Treatment Centre was performed. Precipitating factors, causality and consequences were investigated in semi-structured interviews including all abused staff-members and violent clients. The management of violent episodes was audited in an audit panel and clinical guidelines regarding work related threats and violence were developed. Results: 73 (87%) staff-members completed the questionnaire. 33(45%) staff-members had experienced work related violence in the last year, 35(48%) in the last 5 years. There were no sub-group differences. The prospective registration identified 16 episodes of psychological violence, constituting an incidence of 0.77 pr. work-year pr. staff-member or 0.24 psychological violent episodes pr. day at the centre. 11 combined physical and psychological violent episodes were identified ending up with an incidence of 0.53 violent episode pr. work-year pr. staff-member or 0.17 violent episodes at the centre pr. day. Police was called in 5(19%) of the cases. The clients were characterized by harboring deep frustrations towards the system, low self-esteem and poor communication skills. The majority of the abused staff-members experienced anxiety reactions. Only a few required sick-leave and psychological crises counseling. On the basis of the audit-panel’s recommendations clinical guidelines regarding threats and violence were developed. Conclusions: The prevalence and incidence of work related threats and violence is higher among staff-members treating substance users than in other fields both in- and outside the Health Service. There are consequences of significance for both the abused staff-member and the violent client. The results of this study quantify the extent of violence not registered in official registers. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-109-1</p>

Focusing on communication as an important means besides other efforts for conflict resolution in an asymmetric armed conflict in Afghanistan, this study looked for a rhetorical communication approach appropriate to Pashtun tribal setting in South-eastern (Loya Paktya region) Afghanistan. The study explored and found some perceived essentials of such persuasive communication by conducting face-to-face semi-structured in depth interviews with 17 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize data. Aristotle’s rhetorical theory provided a framework for this qualitative study by narrowing down the focus to exploring credibility of the communicator (ethos), the rationality of the message (logos), and the emotional appeals (pathos), particular for the south-eastern Pashtun tribal setting, during communication. In addition, considering the relation between rhetorical and soft power theories in influencing the choice of an audience, this project also asked participants if and how communication in their tribal setting could be framed as an influencing power by attraction rather than by coercion. Therefore, soft power of which persuasive communication is a crucial part was also used as a theoretical framework for this study. The findings show the significance of persuasive communication in future conflict resolution efforts in Afghanistan.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka instrumentallärares uppfattningar och erfaranheter av att arbeta med rytmik i instrumentalundervisning. Undersökningen grundar sig i intervjuer av fyra instrumentallärare. I bakgrundskapitlet beskrivs Dalcroze-metoden, rytmikinspirerad undervisning och tidigare forskning om rytmik. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv med ett livsvärldsperspektiv använts för att ta del av instrumentallärarnas erfarna livsvärld i användningen av rytmikinspirerad undervisning. Metoden som används i föreliggande studie är semistrukturerade intervjuer som presenteras i metodkapitlet. Här presenteras studiens analyssätt som är tematisk analys. Metodkapitlet ger även en presentation över de fyra intervjupersoner som ligger till grund i föreliggande studie. I resultatkapitlet presenteras instrumentallärarnas användande och syn på rytmikinspirerad undervisning. Kapitlet är uppdelat i tre teman: upplevelsen av rytmikinspirerad undervisning, erfarandet av rytmikinspirerad undervisning ochbegränsningar. Resultatet visar att lärarna använder sig av rytmikinslag på liknande sätt men olika mycket.  Erfarandet av rytmikinspirerad undervisning som framkommer är klapp, stamp, gå i puls och att kroppen används för i utlärning av takt, periodkänsla och gestaltning. I resultatet framkommer även att de flesta lärarna vill använda sig av rytmikinspirerad undervisning, men på grund av begränsningar såsom tid, rum och okunskap gör de inte det. Dessa lärare vill även ha mer fortbildning för att lära sig mer om rytmik och hur det kan integreras med de instrument de undervisar i. I diskussionen lyfts studiens frågeställningar fram i två teman utifrån studiens frågeställningar: upplevelsen av rytmikinspirerad undervisning  ocherfarandet av rytmikinspirerad undervisning. / The aim of this study is to explore the instrumental teachers' perceptions and experience of working with rhythm in instrumental teaching. To investigate the this purpose, four instrumental teachers have been interviewed about rhythmically-inspired teaching. The background chapter describes the Dalcroze method, rhythmically-inspired teaching and previous research on rhythmics. The theoretical starting point for this study is a pheomenolocical perspective with a life-world perspective used to take part in the instrumental teachers' experience in the use of rhythmically-inspired teaching. The method used in this study consists of semi-structured interviews and is presented in the method chapter. Thematic analysis is also presented as the studys method of analysis. The result chapter presents the instrumental teachers' use and view of rhythmically inspired teaching. The chapter is divided into three themes: the view of rhythmically-inspired teaching, the use of rhythmically-inspired teaching andconstraints. The results show that the teachers use rhythmic themes in a similar way. However they use it in various amount. Rhythmically-inspired teaching that emerges is handclaps, stamp, pulse and the body is used for the learning of pace, periodicity and gesture. Evident in the analysis is that most teachers in the study want to use rhythmically inspired teaching but due to limitations such as time, space and ignorance, they do not. These teachers also want more education to learn more about rhythmics and how it can be integrated with the instruments they teach. In the discussion, the study's research questions are divided in two themes: the use of rhythmically-inspired teaching and the view of rhythmically-inspired teaching.

Fear of death is related to the way we live, affects individuals and affects the attitude of a whole society. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, a definition of concept of ethics and bioethics can be found as well as a discussion of the differing perceptions of the value of human life, basic information about euthanasia and the possibilities for palliative and hospice care. Furthermore, different views on the fear of death are noted as are presented by representatives of several areas - anthropologists, psychologists, theologians and sociologists. In the next part an interdisciplinary overview of the fear of death is compiled, which forms the theoretical basis for the practical part of the work. In this part a qualitative research was carried out through half structured interviews on fear of death. Comparing the results with outcomes from the theoretical part, it was found that death is a taboo topic in a society and that the fear of death is natural. In line with the used literature, most respondents have a great fear of the process of dying itself than of the death itself. From this point of view it was uncovered, that there is a relatively low awareness of the possibilities of palliative care between respondents.

The global financial environment is constantly and rapidly shifting. This has resulted in changes to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In support of the developments in the global business environment and the swift changes in IFRS, the local financial regulators have had to follow with supporting changes in national regulations. Taking the above factors into consideration, the auditing and accounting professions all over the world face various challenges, and South Africa (SA) is no exception. Thus, it was imperative for these professions in SA to make the same radical alterations. One of the areas demanding attention was the process of becoming a Chartered Accountant (CA). Inter alia, one focus area was the final examination in the qualifying process. The Chartered Accountant Qualifying Examination Part One (QE Part 1) has been changed from a closed-book assessment to an open-book assessment. This change is relevant because of the importance of the examination itself and the apparent lack of intensive research on students’ perceptions of this type of assessment. In my research I explored the perceptions of taxation students on open-book assessment in the QE Part 1. My study commenced with a focus group (consisting of students that had no previous open-book assessment exposure). I used Interactive qualitative analysis (IQA) as qualitative research method. During this focus group, the students identified ten perceptions (also referred to as affinities) on open-book assessment. For each affinity the focus group provided a descriptive name and an explanatory definition. These affinities were: good preparation, back-up, encourage, general advantages, improve quality of answers, negative symptoms, negative environment, personal experience and hindrance, different approach and time management. This group of students also identified relationships between these different affinities. These relationships were summarized and reflected in a system interrelationship diagram (SID). Findings from this SID indicated that students perceive good preparation as the strongest driver for successful completion of an open-book assessment. The SID indicates three primary outcomes namely negative symptoms, a different approach and time management. The affinities as identified by the focus group were then used during the interviews (conducted with students who had previous open-book assessment exposure). During the IQA interviews, the students were asked to comment on the posed affinities and the possible relationships between them. These findings were summarized and reflected in an interview SID. This SID indicated that these students perceived the primary driver in the system to be a different approach with two primary outcomes - negative environment and improvement in quality of answers. The IQA method is in essence a theory–generating tool that assisted me in my understanding of a group and individual students’ perceptions, before and after exposure to an open-book assessment. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Taxation / unrestricted

Focusing on communication as an important means besides other efforts for conflict resolution in an asymmetric armed conflict in Afghanistan, this study looked for a rhetorical communication approach appropriate to Pashtun tribal setting in South-eastern (Loya Paktya region) Afghanistan. The study explored and found some perceived essentials of such persuasive communication by conducting face-to-face semi-structured in depth interviews with 17 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize data. Aristotle’s rhetorical theory provided a framework for this qualitative study by narrowing down the focus to exploring credibility of the communicator (ethos), the rationality of the message (logos), and the emotional appeals (pathos), particular for the south-eastern Pashtun tribal setting, during communication. In addition, considering the relation between rhetorical and soft power theories in influencing the choice of an audience, this project also asked participants if and how communication in their tribal setting could be framed as an influencing power by attraction rather than by coercion. Therefore, soft power of which persuasive communication is a crucial part was also used as a theoretical framework for this study. The findings show the significance of persuasive communication in future conflict resolution efforts in Afghanistan.

This thesis deals with the importance of social networks for marketing communications musical bands in the Czech republic. Firstly it deals with basic theoretical knowledge in the field of marketing communications, new media and social networks. Then describe the selected music band - Animé, Holden Caulfield, The Pooh and Republic of Two. Followed by analysis of the individual profiles on social networks selected music bands. Based on interviews do a comparison of views on the use of social networks for marketing communication among musicians and I will also look at the issue of fans through a questionnaire survey. In conclusion I will describe the own proposal how the musical band can promote.