The problem under consideration is to determine the effect of certain prevailing environmental conditions of a distracting nature upon the process of study in the first grade. The conditions selected, those which are common to the schoolroom or home environment, were chewing gum, physical education classes, room confusion, rhythm band, singing, and recorded music. This study attempted to determine to what degree, if any, each of these distracting environmental conditions affect the process of study in the first grade.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Formal education and internet are important factors for the constitution of subjects. They display different languages and ways of control, as formal education values deep and recognizably valuable knowledge, while the internet offers superficial information at high speed. Or at least this is the perspective spread by most educators, who conceive the internet as an agent with diverging purposes from schools and universities, and which, therefore, should be kept away from such institutions â unless in situations in which the internet is invited to make a quick visit to the classroom, aiming to redirect the youthâs attention to the course contents. Keep the internet outside educational institutions has not been an easy task. (MIRANDA, 2007; SIBILIA, 2012.). It is worth it to ask if it is a productive task at all, considering that learning is a process of inventive problematization (KASTRUP, 2008). Indeed, the considerable part of the mentioned youth is being currently prepared to play the role of teachers in the Brazilian basic education classrooms. The object of this investigation is the online study practices employed by undergraduate students majoring in Pedagogy and Literacy by the Federal University of CearÃ, Brazil. For this study, all intentional learning acts which engaged some online tool were considered online study practices. Recognition and invention processes fostered by online study practices performed by people engaged in formal teacher training were analyzed according to the cartography method for qualitative research as it is presented by Passos, Kastrup e Tedesco (2014). The mapping of learning networks constituted by online study practices of young teachers showed that the college students mix traditional study practices with online ones, building a relationship of complementarity among them. We notice the need for further investigation on the effects of such studying practices on the subjectivation of the young teachers. / A educaÃÃo formal e a internet sÃo importantes vetores de formaÃÃo de sujeitos. Apresentam linguagens e modos de controle distintos, uma vez que a educaÃÃo formal preza por conhecimentos aprofundados e de validade reconhecida, enquanto a internet oferece informaÃÃes em alta velocidade e de modo superficial. Ou pelo menos esta à a perspectiva propagada entre muitos educadores, que concebem a internet como um agente com propÃsitos distintos da escola e da universidade e que, portanto, deve ser mantido distante de tais instituiÃÃes â a nÃo ser em situaÃÃes em que a internet seja convidada a fazer uma breve visita à sala de aula, com o objetivo de redirecionar a atenÃÃo dos jovens para o conteÃdo programÃtico. Manter a internet fora das instituiÃÃes de ensino regulares, contudo, nÃo tem sido uma tarefa simples (MIRANDA, 2007; SIBILIA, 2012). Vale mesmo questionar se essa tarefa seria produtiva, considerando-se que a aprendizagem à um processo de problematizaÃÃo inventiva (KASTRUP, 2008). Com efeito, parte considerÃvel desses jovens estudantes preparam-se, atualmente, para ocupar a posiÃÃo de mestres nas salas de aula da educaÃÃo bÃsica brasileira. O objeto deste trabalho sÃo as prÃticas de estudo on-line realizadas por universitÃrios matriculados em cursos regulares de graduaÃÃo em pedagogia e letras da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). Foram consideradas como prÃticas de estudo online de aprendizagem quaisquer atos intencionais de aprendizagem que envolvam dispositivos conectados à internet. Analisou-se processos de recogniÃÃo e de invenÃÃo fomentados por prÃticas de estudo on-line engendrados por professores em formaÃÃo universitÃria, como apoio do mÃtodo cartogrÃfico de pesquisa qualitativa conforme orientado por Passos, Kastrup e Tedesco (2014). O mapeamento das redes de aprendizagem constituÃdas com as prÃticas de estudo on-line dos jovens professores mostrou que os universitÃrios mesclam prÃticas de estudo tradicionais com prÃticas on-line, estabelecendo relaÃÃo de complementaridade entre ambas. Aponta-se a necessidade de continuar a investigaÃÃo sobre os efeitos destas prÃticas de estudo na subjetivaÃÃo dos jovens professores.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar de que forma os recursos hipermidiÃticos utilizados na educaÃÃo a distÃncia podem estar relacionados com a aquisiÃÃo de aprendizagem de alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Letras InglÃs da Universidade Aberta do Brasil, em parceria com a Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Para isso, realizou-se um levantamento bibliogrÃfico que compreendeu os elementos que caracterizam os recursos hipermidiÃticos e uma nova proposta teÃrica para a aprendizagem na era digital, desenvolvida por George Siemens, chamada de conectivismo. Finalizou-se com uma revisÃo histÃrica nos materiais didÃticos e recursos utilizados para o ensino de uma segunda lÃngua. Com relaÃÃo à metodologia, trabalhou-se com a pesquisa qualitativa de carÃter etnogrÃfico e contou-se com a participaÃÃo voluntÃria de treze alunos, de ambos os sexos, regularmente matriculados no curso e vinculados aos polos selecionados. Durante o trabalho de campo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e navegaÃÃes nos materiais didÃticos das disciplinas analisadas do curso, jà que se buscava observar como os recursos hipermidiÃticos eram disponibilizados e utilizados pelos alunos. Os resultados mostram que os alunos visualizam os pontos fortes e fracos dos materiais didÃticos que utilizavam durante o curso. AlÃm disso, perceberam quais sÃo as finalidades e as funÃÃes dos recursos hipermidiÃticos disponibilizados e apresentaram sugestÃes para melhorÃ-los. Entretanto, fatores como nÃvel de proficiÃncia, tempo e necessidade podem ser determinantes durante as suas prÃticas de estudo. Por fim, pode-se chegar Ãs seguintes conclusÃes com relaÃÃo aos materiais didÃticos hipermidiÃticos: primeiro, por serem construÃdos a partir da combinaÃÃo de diferentes linguagens e mÃdias, e fomentarem uma navegaÃÃo nÃo linear, possibilitam que o aluno, por meio de suas necessidades e estilo, assuma um papel de coautor do seu material, ao definir quais caminhos serÃo incluÃdos/excluÃdos durante o estudo. Segundo, os recursos hipermidiÃticos, analisados, contribuem para a aprendizagem ao trazerem para o conteÃdo contextos reais, possibilitando associaÃÃes entre os conhecimentos prÃvios e as novas informaÃÃes e proporcionando aplicaÃÃes prÃticas das temÃticas. E terceiro, por incorporarem elementos que estÃo disponÃveis no ciberespaÃo, beneficiam no desenvolvido das redes de aprendizagens dos alunos e na agregaÃÃo de novos nÃs. Para a educaÃÃo, este trabalho pode ser Ãtil por tornar conhecidas as percepÃÃes dos alunos sobre os recursos e como isso està relacionado Ãs formas de utilizaÃÃo dos materiais didÃticos durante o estudo e a aprendizagem. / This study aimed to investigate how hypermedia features used in semi attending distance education may be related to the learning process of the students of the graduation in Letras InglÃs of the Universidade Aberta do Brasil. For this, it was done a bibliographic study that understood the elements that characterize the hypermedia resources and a new theoretical proposal for learning in the digital age, developed by George Siemens, which is called Connectivism. It was concluded by a historical review in the instructional materials and resources used for teaching of a second language. Concerning to the methodology, it was taken with the qualitative study of ethnographic feature and it was counted with the voluntary participation of thirteen students of both sexes enrolled in the course selected and tied to the poles. During the fieldwork, semi-structured interviews were conducted and navigations in the didactic materials of the specific disciplines of the course, as the focus was to observe how the hypermedia resources were available and used by the students. The results showed that the students visualize the strong and the weak points of the didactic materials that they used during the course. Moreover, they also realized what are the purposes and functions of the hypermedia resources available and made suggestions to improve them. However, factors such as skill level, time and necessity may be decisive during their study practices. Finally, it is possible to reach the following conclusions concerning to the hypermedia didactic materials: first, the reason for them to be constructed from the combination of different languages and media and they also foment a non-linear navigation, which enable the students through their needs and style to assume a role of co-author of his or her material and to define which paths will be included / excluded during the study. Second, the hypermedia resources that were analyzed help to the learning when it brings real life contexts to the content which allows associations between prior knowledge and new information and providing practical applications of topics. And third, by incorporating elements that are available in cyberspace, which benefit in the development of the networks of the students learning and adding new nodes. For the education, this can be useful for making known the views of the students about resources and how this relates to the ways of use of the didactic materials during the study and learning.

Esta pesquisa buscou responder a seguinte questão: como se caracterizam as práticas de estudo de alunos de Graduação da UFRGS em disciplinas a distância no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem Moodle? Teve por objetivo investigar como o aluno lida com o uso desse novo espaço virtual; como organiza seus horários para estudos; como busca informações referentes ao conteúdo da disciplina, como participa das atividades virtuais e utiliza os recursos tecnológicos para fins de estudo. A amostra utilizada é composta de alunos da graduação presencial da UFRGS, de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, que cursam disciplinas a distância. A fundamentação teórica teve como base as seguintes temáticas: Educação a Distância, Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem e Práticas de Estudo no Ensino Superior. A investigação tem caráter exploratório e foi pautada numa abordagem quali-quantitativa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: um questionário de respostas fechadas, baseado na escala de Likert, respondido por 40 alunos, durante o segundo mês de aula, e um questionário com perguntas abertas, respondidos por 10 dos 40 alunos, no final do semestre letivo. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados ficou evidente que investigar as práticas de estudo dos estudantes pode permitir ao professor repensar a sua metodologia, visto que essas práticas são determinadas por diferentes fatores, logo, podem sofrer alteração dependendo da forma como o professor realiza o seu fazer docente. Portanto, a partir da compreensão de como o aluno estuda numa disciplina a distância torna-se possível para o professor elaborar intervenções adequadas dentro do AVA. / This research sought to answer the following question: how are characterized the study practices of UFRGS college students in distance courses at Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle? It aimed to investigate how the student deals with the use of this new virtual space, how he organizes the study schedule, how he searches information about the course subject, how he participates in the virtual activities and how he utilizes the technological tools for studies. It has participated UFRGS students of presencial graduations from different areas of knowledge that attending distance courses. The theoretical framework was based in the Distance Learning, Virtual Learning Environments and Study Practices in the Higher Education. The investigation was exploratory and adopted a quali-quantitative approach. It was used a questionnaire with closed questions based in the Likert scale, answered by 40 students at second month of classes, and a questionnaire with open questions, answered by 10 of these students in the end of the semester. It was evident that the investigation of the study practices of students allows the teacher to rethink his own methodology, since that these practices are determinate by different factors and could suffer alterations depending on how the teacher realizes his making teaching. Therefore, from the understanding of how the student studies in a distance course it becomes possible that the teacher elaborates adequate interventions inside the VLE.

Esta pesquisa buscou responder a seguinte questão: como se caracterizam as práticas de estudo de alunos de Graduação da UFRGS em disciplinas a distância no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem Moodle? Teve por objetivo investigar como o aluno lida com o uso desse novo espaço virtual; como organiza seus horários para estudos; como busca informações referentes ao conteúdo da disciplina, como participa das atividades virtuais e utiliza os recursos tecnológicos para fins de estudo. A amostra utilizada é composta de alunos da graduação presencial da UFRGS, de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, que cursam disciplinas a distância. A fundamentação teórica teve como base as seguintes temáticas: Educação a Distância, Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem e Práticas de Estudo no Ensino Superior. A investigação tem caráter exploratório e foi pautada numa abordagem quali-quantitativa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: um questionário de respostas fechadas, baseado na escala de Likert, respondido por 40 alunos, durante o segundo mês de aula, e um questionário com perguntas abertas, respondidos por 10 dos 40 alunos, no final do semestre letivo. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados ficou evidente que investigar as práticas de estudo dos estudantes pode permitir ao professor repensar a sua metodologia, visto que essas práticas são determinadas por diferentes fatores, logo, podem sofrer alteração dependendo da forma como o professor realiza o seu fazer docente. Portanto, a partir da compreensão de como o aluno estuda numa disciplina a distância torna-se possível para o professor elaborar intervenções adequadas dentro do AVA. / This research sought to answer the following question: how are characterized the study practices of UFRGS college students in distance courses at Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle? It aimed to investigate how the student deals with the use of this new virtual space, how he organizes the study schedule, how he searches information about the course subject, how he participates in the virtual activities and how he utilizes the technological tools for studies. It has participated UFRGS students of presencial graduations from different areas of knowledge that attending distance courses. The theoretical framework was based in the Distance Learning, Virtual Learning Environments and Study Practices in the Higher Education. The investigation was exploratory and adopted a quali-quantitative approach. It was used a questionnaire with closed questions based in the Likert scale, answered by 40 students at second month of classes, and a questionnaire with open questions, answered by 10 of these students in the end of the semester. It was evident that the investigation of the study practices of students allows the teacher to rethink his own methodology, since that these practices are determinate by different factors and could suffer alterations depending on how the teacher realizes his making teaching. Therefore, from the understanding of how the student studies in a distance course it becomes possible that the teacher elaborates adequate interventions inside the VLE.

Esta pesquisa buscou responder a seguinte questão: como se caracterizam as práticas de estudo de alunos de Graduação da UFRGS em disciplinas a distância no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem Moodle? Teve por objetivo investigar como o aluno lida com o uso desse novo espaço virtual; como organiza seus horários para estudos; como busca informações referentes ao conteúdo da disciplina, como participa das atividades virtuais e utiliza os recursos tecnológicos para fins de estudo. A amostra utilizada é composta de alunos da graduação presencial da UFRGS, de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, que cursam disciplinas a distância. A fundamentação teórica teve como base as seguintes temáticas: Educação a Distância, Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem e Práticas de Estudo no Ensino Superior. A investigação tem caráter exploratório e foi pautada numa abordagem quali-quantitativa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: um questionário de respostas fechadas, baseado na escala de Likert, respondido por 40 alunos, durante o segundo mês de aula, e um questionário com perguntas abertas, respondidos por 10 dos 40 alunos, no final do semestre letivo. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados ficou evidente que investigar as práticas de estudo dos estudantes pode permitir ao professor repensar a sua metodologia, visto que essas práticas são determinadas por diferentes fatores, logo, podem sofrer alteração dependendo da forma como o professor realiza o seu fazer docente. Portanto, a partir da compreensão de como o aluno estuda numa disciplina a distância torna-se possível para o professor elaborar intervenções adequadas dentro do AVA. / This research sought to answer the following question: how are characterized the study practices of UFRGS college students in distance courses at Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle? It aimed to investigate how the student deals with the use of this new virtual space, how he organizes the study schedule, how he searches information about the course subject, how he participates in the virtual activities and how he utilizes the technological tools for studies. It has participated UFRGS students of presencial graduations from different areas of knowledge that attending distance courses. The theoretical framework was based in the Distance Learning, Virtual Learning Environments and Study Practices in the Higher Education. The investigation was exploratory and adopted a quali-quantitative approach. It was used a questionnaire with closed questions based in the Likert scale, answered by 40 students at second month of classes, and a questionnaire with open questions, answered by 10 of these students in the end of the semester. It was evident that the investigation of the study practices of students allows the teacher to rethink his own methodology, since that these practices are determinate by different factors and could suffer alterations depending on how the teacher realizes his making teaching. Therefore, from the understanding of how the student studies in a distance course it becomes possible that the teacher elaborates adequate interventions inside the VLE.

En France, les travaux portant sur la pédagogie universitaire et se focalisant plus particulièrement sur les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants sont peu nombreux. Aussi ce travail se propose-t-il d’approfondir ce concept sous deux aspects. Le premier axe s’articule autour de la description des pratiques mises en œuvre par les enseignants lors des cours magistraux en première année universitaire. A l’appui de l’observation in situ des pratiques de 49 enseignants issus de cinq filières, il est montré que celles-ci reposent en grande majorité sur les méthodes « traditionnelles ». Néanmoins, les résultats permettent également de mettre en lumière une variété des pratiques. Le second axe a trait à la mise au jour des implications de ces pratiques sur la scolarité des étudiants. Pour cela, ont été interrogés par questionnaires 734 étudiants de première année issus de ces mêmes filières. Il est d’abord montré que les « pratiques déclarées » par les étudiants, autrement dit l’opinion qu’ils portent à l’égard des pratiques des enseignants, influent particulièrement sur leur motivation, tandis que l’effet sur les manières d’étudier est toutes choses égales par ailleurs non significatif. Elles exercent de surcroît un impact modéré sur la réussite. La motivation apparaît néanmoins comme une variable médiatrice de l’effet des pratiques « déclarées » sur les manières d’étudier et la réussite. Parallèlement à ces analyses, est examiné l’effet des pratiques « observées » sur la scolarité des étudiants. Celles-ci jouent un rôle direct significatif dans l’explication des manières d’étudier et de la réussite des étudiants, tandis qu’aucun effet significatif sur la motivation n’est mis au jour. / In France, there is little research on university teaching and focusing specifically on teaching practices. This present research aims to explore this concept in two different ways. The first part focuses on the description of the practices implemented by teachers during first-year university lectures. Using in situ observation of lecture practices of 49 teachers from five programmes, we first show that teachers’ practices mostly rely on traditional methods as defined by Bru (2006). However, we show a variety of practices among teachers. The second part of this research updates our knowledge of the implications of these practices on student studies. 734 freshmen from these sectors were interviewed by questionnaire. We see first that the " declared practices " by the students, or in other words the opinion that they have of teaching practices, particularly affect their motivation, while the effect on ways of studying is nonexistent all things being equal. In comparison to other variables, such as those related to educational background of the individual, they have in addition a relatively moderate impact on the average score of the exam first and second semester and the likelihood of passing the year. However, the motivation appears to be a mediator of the effect of "declared" on study practices and success. In addition, we look at the effect of "observed" practices, ie effectively implemented by teachers on student studies. These play a significant direct role in explaining study practices and student success, but they have no effect on motivation.

Le présent travail de thèse aborde la problématique des effets de pairs en contexte scolaire. A partir de l’analyse détaillée d’une large base des données issue d’une enquête nationale au Chili (SIMCE 2004), on s’interroge sur les mécanismes qui véhiculent les influences entre élèves différemment dotés d’un point de vue de leurs capitaux culturels, humains et scolaires. Ces influences sembleraient présentes sur différents résultats à l’école, y compris ceux de type académique. Considérant la littérature produite sous différentes approches disciplinaires —sociologie, économie, psychologie sociale et sciences de l’éducation — on s’attarde sur les manières d’identifier et de mesurer lesdits effets de pairs. En même temps, on considère la présence de dimensions subjectives capables d’exprimer, en partie, le vécu scolaire des élèves. Ces dimensions seraient, par ailleurs, reliées à la présence des pairs et aux interactions entre élèves. De manière additionnelle, on propose une révision de la littérature sur le système scolaire au Chili, notamment sur sa segmentation socio-scolaire et sa relation avec le mécanisme de vouchers. Dans ce cadre, trois interrogations principales organisent ce travail. D’une part, l’existence ou non d’un impact net sur les acquis scolaires des pratiques d’étude faisant appel aux camarades. Ensuite, la présence probable des influences sous la forme des « transferts des capitaux » entre élèves différemment dotés et déclarant pratiquer l’entraide. Enfin, les relations qui s’avèrent visibles entre ces pratiques et des dimensions telles que le bien-être à l’école ou le concept du soi académique, mais aussi, entre ces dernières et les acquis scolaires. Une séquence d’analyses est entreprise visant à donner des bases robustes aux éventuelles réponses à ces questions. Entre autres, différentes séries d’analyses de régression hiérarchique et par quantiles ont été conduites sur quatre disciplines scolaires. Les principaux résultats de recherche indiquent, d’un côté, que les interactions entre élèves sont assez répandues en milieux scolaire (entre 22% et 41% en moyenne), mais leur proportion varie d’une discipline à l’autre et selon la direction qui prend l’aide. Plus encore, ces interactions sont significativement liées aux résultats scolaires. A conditions comparables, les élèves académiquement faibles gagnent à être aidés par leurs camarades, quelque soit la discipline concernée. En même temps, les élèves qui aident leurs camarades montrent toujours un profil académique fortement associé à des gains de score assez importants. D’un autre côté, on trouve que les élèves possédant plus de capital culturel ont, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, de plus fortes chances de déclarer aider leurs camarades. Enfin, les analyses confirment que les interactions entre élèves sont, de manière importante et significative, liées aux sentiments de bien-être à l’école et au concept de soi académique. La construction d’indices pertinents pour ces derniers est, d’ailleurs, discutée. Différents résultats secondaires ont été aussi produits et discutés, notamment la confirmation, pour la première fois dans le cas chilien, des hypothèses associées au paradigme BFLPE (Marsh, 1987). Ces résultats sont discutés dans leurs probables conséquences en termes de politique éducative, notamment dans le cadre des systèmes éducatifs à forte ségrégation sociale et scolaire. / This Thesis addresses the issue of peer-effects in the context of school. From analysis of a large database produced by a Chilean national study (SIMCE 2004), this work investigates the mechanisms through which pupils with different levels of scholastic, human and cultural capital influence each other. These influences seem present for a diverse range of school outcomes, including academic achievement. Drawing on the literature produced by different disciplinary approaches —sociology, economics, social psychology and education— the study focuses on ways of identifying and measuring peer-effects. The presence of subjective dimensions capable of reflecting, in part, the school experience of pupils is also taken into consideration. Beside, those dimensions are connected both with peers presence and peer interactions. In addition, the thesis re-examines the existing literature on the Chilean school system, including its social and academic segregation and its relationship with the voucher system. Within this framework, three main points of interrogation organize this work. First, whether study practices which involve peer assistance have a clear impact on standardized school test scores. Second, the likely presence of influences, —in the form of “capitals transfers”— between pupils with different backgrounds who practice peer assistance. Finally, the visible relationships between peer assistance and feelings of well-being at school or academic self-concept, but also, between the latter and school achievement. A sequence of analysis was undertaken out to provide robust foundations for possible answers to those questions. Among other things, different sets of hierarchical and quantile regression analysis were conducted in four school subjects. The main research findings show, on the one hand, that peer assistance between pupils is fairly widespread in the school context (between 22% and 41% in average) but its prevalence varies according to the subjects and the directionality of the assistance. Further, those peer assistance is significantly related at school achievement. In all subjects and at similar conditions, poor achievers benefit from help by their classmates. At the same time, those that help their classmates always showed a strong academic profile related to the higher and greater gains in test scores. In the other hand, we find that pupils with more cultural capital, all other things held constant, are more likely to report help other pupils. Finally, this research confirms that the relationship peer assistance and feelings of school well-being and academic self-concept is large and significant. Several secondary findings were also produced and discussed, including confirmation, for the first time in Chilean case, of the hypothesis associated with the paradigm BFLPE (Marsh, 1987). Those results are discussed with regard for their probable consequences in terms of educational policy, particularly in systems with high academic and social segregation.