O presente trabalho trata do problema de isolar zeros de polinômios complexos. Muitos algoritmos calculam zeros polinomiais, a partir de regiões iniciais disjuntas, cada uma contendo um único zero. Entretanto o problema de obter tais regiões ainda e alvo de estudo, uma vez que as soluções propostas ainda não são satisfatórias. A obtenção de regiões disjuntas, denominada de isolamento de raízes está diretamente relacionada com a contagem (enumeração) do número de raízes numa determinada região do plano complexo. Algoritmos para enumerar e isolar raízes de polinômios complexos são analisados, desenvolvidos e implementados. A proposta de uma modificação no método numérico de Wilf e realizada, na qual se usa basicamente Seqüências de Sturm e o principio do argumento da analise complexa. Um enfoque algébrico e dado para o algoritmo, visando enumerar zeros de forma exata dentro de um retângulo. Diversas melhorias foram introduzidas, principalmente no tratamento da presença de zeros nas fronteiras de um retângulo alvo de pesquisa. O desempenho do algoritmo proposto e avaliado tanto nos aspectos teórico como pratico, através da determinação da complexidade teórica e através de testes experimentais. A abrangência do algoritmo também e verificada, através da realização de testes com polinômios mal condicionados. Uma comparação deste algoritmo com um recente trabalho e também realizada, mostrando a adequação deles de acordo com o tipo de polinômio. / In this thesis, the problem of isolating polynomial complex zeros is treated. There are many algorithms to calculate polynomial zeros, having previously isolated regions, each containning only one zero. Despite of this, the problem of obtainning such regions is still unsatisfactory. This problem, called root isolation, requires number of root in a given region of the complex plane. Algorithms to enumerate and isolate complex polynomial roots are analised, developed and implemented. A modified Wilf method is given, in with Sturm Sequences and the principle of argument is used. An algebraic approach is given, with the aim to enumerate zeros inside a rectangle in an exact way. Several improvements are introduced, mainly to treat zeros on the boundary of the rectangle. The performance of this new algorithm is evaluated theoretical as well as practice point of view, by means experimental tests. The robustness of the algorithm is verified by means of tests with ill-conditioned polynomials. The algorithm proposed is compared with a recent paper, presenting the performance of both, according different polynomial classes.

O presente trabalho trata do problema de isolar zeros de polinômios complexos. Muitos algoritmos calculam zeros polinomiais, a partir de regiões iniciais disjuntas, cada uma contendo um único zero. Entretanto o problema de obter tais regiões ainda e alvo de estudo, uma vez que as soluções propostas ainda não são satisfatórias. A obtenção de regiões disjuntas, denominada de isolamento de raízes está diretamente relacionada com a contagem (enumeração) do número de raízes numa determinada região do plano complexo. Algoritmos para enumerar e isolar raízes de polinômios complexos são analisados, desenvolvidos e implementados. A proposta de uma modificação no método numérico de Wilf e realizada, na qual se usa basicamente Seqüências de Sturm e o principio do argumento da analise complexa. Um enfoque algébrico e dado para o algoritmo, visando enumerar zeros de forma exata dentro de um retângulo. Diversas melhorias foram introduzidas, principalmente no tratamento da presença de zeros nas fronteiras de um retângulo alvo de pesquisa. O desempenho do algoritmo proposto e avaliado tanto nos aspectos teórico como pratico, através da determinação da complexidade teórica e através de testes experimentais. A abrangência do algoritmo também e verificada, através da realização de testes com polinômios mal condicionados. Uma comparação deste algoritmo com um recente trabalho e também realizada, mostrando a adequação deles de acordo com o tipo de polinômio. / In this thesis, the problem of isolating polynomial complex zeros is treated. There are many algorithms to calculate polynomial zeros, having previously isolated regions, each containning only one zero. Despite of this, the problem of obtainning such regions is still unsatisfactory. This problem, called root isolation, requires number of root in a given region of the complex plane. Algorithms to enumerate and isolate complex polynomial roots are analised, developed and implemented. A modified Wilf method is given, in with Sturm Sequences and the principle of argument is used. An algebraic approach is given, with the aim to enumerate zeros inside a rectangle in an exact way. Several improvements are introduced, mainly to treat zeros on the boundary of the rectangle. The performance of this new algorithm is evaluated theoretical as well as practice point of view, by means experimental tests. The robustness of the algorithm is verified by means of tests with ill-conditioned polynomials. The algorithm proposed is compared with a recent paper, presenting the performance of both, according different polynomial classes.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta Tese, apresentamos a mecÃnica quÃntica nÃo-aditiva (MQNA), uma teoria desenvolvida a partir de primeiros princÃpios com o intuito de entender quais sÃo os efeitos da mÃtrica do espaÃo na teoria quÃntica. Em espaÃos nÃo-euclideanos, uma translaÃÃo de comprimento ∆x nÃo leva necessariamente uma partÃcula de uma posiÃÃo x para outra x + ∆x. O resultado dessa translaÃÃo depende da mÃtrica. Esse à o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento da MQNA. AtravÃs de uma redefiniÃÃo do operador translaÃÃo, obtivemos novas relaÃÃes de comutaÃÃo entre os operadores posiÃÃo e momentum e uma equaÃÃo tipo equaÃÃo de SchrÃdinger que descreve a evoluÃÃo temporal do estado da partÃcula. Mostramos que essa equaÃÃo, juntamente com certas condiÃÃes de contorno, pode ser vista como um problema de Sturm-Liouville, garantindo que as energias da partÃcula sÃo reais e que os autoestados da hamiltoniana sÃo ortonormais e formam uma base no espaÃo dos estados. Apesar dessas modificaÃÃes, mostramos que continuam vÃlidos o determinismo na evoluÃÃo temporal, o princÃpio da superposiÃÃo e a conservaÃÃo local e global da probabilidade. Em contrapartida, generalizamos o teorema de Ehrenfest, mostrando que, para os valores mÃdios das grandezas fÃsicas, a MQNA cai na mecÃnica clÃssica em um referencial nÃo inercial, e demonstramos a existÃncia de uma incerteza mÃnima diferente de zero no momentum. AlÃm disso, investigamos, tanto classicamente como quanticamente, os efeitos dinÃmicos da mÃtrica na evoluÃÃo temporal de uma partÃcula livre. Para realizar a simulaÃÃo quÃntica tivemos que adaptar a tÃcnica split operator para resolver numericamente a nova equaÃÃo de SchrÃdinger. Por fim, exploramos a possibilidade de mapearmos diversos problemas fÃsicos de naturezas distintas atravÃs do surgimento de um potencial efetivo, consequÃncia de uma simples mudanÃa de coordenadas. / In this thesis, we study the nonadditive quantum mechanics (NAQM), which is a theory developed from first principles in order to understand the effects of the space metric in the quantum theory. In non-Euclidean spaces, the translation of length ∆x does not necessarily take a particle from the position x to x + ∆x. The result of this translation depends on the metric. This is the starting point for the development of the NAQM. Through a redefinition of the translation operator, we obtain new commutation relations between the position operator and the momentum operator, and a SchrÃdinger-like equation which describes the time evolution of the state of a particle. We show that this equation, with appropriate boundary conditions, can be seen as a Sturm-Liouville problem, ensuring that the energies of the particle are real and that the eigenstates of the hamiltonian are orthonormal and form a basis in the space of the states. In spite of these modifications, we show the determinism in the time evolution, the superposition principle and the local and global probability conservation remain valid. On the other hand, we generalize the Ehrenfest theorem, showing that, for the average values of the physical quantities, the NAQM is identical to the classical mechanics in a non-inertial reference frame, and we demonstrate the existence of a nonzero minimum uncertainty for the momentum. Besides, we investigate, classically as well as quantically, the dynamical effects of the metric in the time evolution of a free particle. In order to perform the quantum simulation, we adapt the split operator technique to solve numerically the new SchrÃdinger equation. Lastly, we explore the possibility of mapping of several physical problems of different nature through the arising of an effective potential which appears due to a simple change of coordinates.

A análise desenvolvida no presente trabalho lida com o peculiar acesso do jovem Goethe à questão da subjetividade enquanto uma problemática que, em tempos modernos, traz todo um conjunto de dilemas e contradições em si. O tratamento da participação do autor no que é chamado de discurso moderno da subjetividade se dá, primeiramente, através da identificação de sua apropriação crítica de códigos culturais que lhe foram contemporâneos (como o Pietismo e a Empfindsamkeit), e, em um segundo momento, pela análise detida de seus dois romances do Sturm und Drang. A presente análise confronta, sobretudo, certas categorias tradicionalmente empregadas pela historiografia literária com o fim de generalizar um único modelo antropológico supostamente compartilhado por autores do Sturm und Drang isto é, o modelo do Genie e do indivíduo autônomo pertencente a uma época de crescente ênfase no ideal burguês de Bildung. Não apenas Goethe não compartilharia o mesmo entusiasmo de seus contemporâneos pelo individualismo enquanto valor em si, como também seus dois retratos romanescos desse individualismo sugerem a experiência moderna do Eu como uma entidade potencialmente autodefinidora como um aparato conceitual insuficiente, uma noção permeada por pressuposições metafísicas enganadoras que poderia e deveria ser reconsiderada. O famoso caso trágico de Werther, o indivíduo titânico para o qual não há lugar possível no mundo, é exemplar de tal insuficiência, e o fato de que Goethe continua a lidar com a imagem do ser à procura de seu cerne mais íntimo no romance seguinte, Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung, é tomado como prolongamento de sua participação no corrente discurso filosófico da subjetividade do final do século XVIII. Estes romances são aqui tomados, assim, como dois momentos distintos ainda que de certa forma complementares, ou ao menos coerentes em relação um ao outro do acesso goethiano à problemática. / The analysis developed in the present work deals with the peculiar way the young Goethe portrayed the experience of subjectivity as an issue which, in modern times, brings a whole set of dilemmas and contradictions within itself. The treatment of the author\'s participation in what is here called the modern discourse of subjectivity is developed, first off, through the identification of his critical appropriation of certain cultural codes contemporary to him (such as the Pietistic movement and the Empfindsamkeit), and, in a second moment, through a direct analysis of his two Sturm und Drang novels. The present analysis confronts, above all, certain categories that are traditionally employed by the German literary historiography with the ends of generalizing a single anthropological model supposedly shared by Sturm und Drang authors e.g., the model of the Genie and autonomous individual of an age of growing emphasis upon a bourgeois ideal of Bildung. Against this approach, my claim is that not only Goethe does not share the same enthusiasm held by his contemporaries toward individualism as a value in itself, as his two novelistic portrayals of it suggests the modern experience of the I as the potentially self-defining entity as an insufficient conceptual apparatus, a notion surrounded by deceitful metaphysical presuppositions which could and should be reconsidered. The well-known tragic case of Werther, the titanic subject to whom there could not be any space in the ordinary world, is exemplar of such an insufficiency, and the fact that Goethe continues dealing with the image of the self in search for his innermost core in his following novel, Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung, is taken as a completion of his participation in the ongoing philosophical discourse of subjectivity of the late eighteenth century. These novels are taken, therefore, as two different moments even though they end up being somewhat complementary, or at least coherent in relation to each other of the Goethian access to this issue.

Hier werden einige Ansätze dargestellt, um das Schadenspotential von Stürmen abzuschätzen. Dabei sollen auch Aussagen zur Größenordnung des Schadens bei sehr unwahrscheinlichen Ereignissen gemacht werden. Die Naturgefahr Sturm wird getrennt nach außertropischen Zyklonen und Tornados betrachtet. Im ersten Fall werden empirische Verteilungsfunktion und mittels einer Markov Methode erzeugte synthetische Windreihen zur Abschätzung extremer Windgeschwindigkeiten genutzt. Eine Abschätzung der Böen wird durchgeführt und der Schaden mit Hilfe einer einfachen Beziehung zwischen Böengeschwindigkeit und Schaden ermittelt. Für die Abschätzung des Schadens im Falle eines Tornados werden von Dotzek angegebene Wahrscheinlichkeiten für Tornados in Deutschland und die Definition einer Tornadointensitätsskala als Schadensfunktion verwendet. / Some conceptions were explained, to estimate the risk of storm caused damages. The amount of damage by unlikely events is assessed. The natural hazard storm is considered separately for extratropical cyclones and tornadoes. Empirical distribution functions and synthetic series of wind speeds generated by a Markov chain model are used to derive the extreme wind speeds for cyclones. An estimation of gust speeds are performed and a simple relationship between gust speed and damage is applied. The likelihood of tornadoes to occur in Germany provided by Dotzek and the definition of an intensity scale are used to estimate the damage in the case of tornadoes.

In this thesis, we study the inverse nodal problem and inverse spectral problem for various Sturm-Liouville operators, in particular, Hill's operators. We first show that the space of Schr"odinger operators under separated boundary conditions characterized by ${H=(q,al, e)in L^{1}(0,1) imes [0,pi)^{2} : int_{0}^{1}q=0}$ is homeomorphic to the partition set of the space of all admissible sequences $X={X_{k}^{(n)}}$ which form sequences that converge to $q, al$ and $ e$ individually. The definition of $Gamma$, the space of quasinodal sequences, relies on the $L^{1}$ convergence of the reconstruction formula for $q$ by the exactly nodal sequence. Then we study the inverse nodal problem for Hill's equation, and solve the uniqueness, reconstruction and stability problem. We do this by making a translation of Hill's equation and turning it into a Dirichlet Schr"odinger problem. Then the estimates of corresponding nodal length and eigenvalues can be deduced. Furthermore, the reconstruction formula of the potential function and the uniqueness can be shown. We also show the quotient space $Lambda/sim$ is homeomorphic to the space $Omega={qin L^{1}(0,1) : int_{0}^{1}q = 0, q(x)=q(x+1) mbox{on} mathbb{R}}$. Here the space $Lambda$ is a collection of all admissible sequences $X={X_{k}^{(n)}}$ which form sequences that converge to $q$. Finally we show that if the periodic potential function $q$ of Hill's equation is single-well on $[0,1]$, then $q$ is constant if and only if the first instability interval is absent. The same is also valid for convex potentials. Then we show that similar statements are valid for single-barrier and concave density functions for periodic string equation. Our result extends that of M. J. Huang and supplements the works of Borg and Hochstadt.

In this thesis, we study the Pokornyi's model of a Sturm-Liouville operator defined on graphs. The model, proposed by Pokornyi and Pryadiev in 2004, is derived from the consideration of minimal energy of a system of interlocking springs oscillating in a medium with resistance. Here the system of springs is defined as a graph $Gamma$ with edges $R(Gamma)={gamma_i:i=1,dots,n}$ and set of internal vertices $J(Gamma)$. Let $partialGamma$ denote the set of boundary vertices of $Gamma$. For each vertex ${f v}in J(Gamma)$, we let $Gamma({f v})={gamma_iin R(Gamma):~{f v}$ is an endpoint of $ gamma_i}$. The related eigenvalue problem of the model is as follows: egin{eqnarray*} -(p_iy_i')'+q_iy_i&=&lambda y_i,~~~~~qquad mbox{on}~gamma_i, y_i({f v})&=&y_j({f v}),~~~~~~~~forall {f v}in J(Gamma)~ mbox{and}~gamma_i,gamma_jin Gamma({f v}), sum_{gamma_iin Gamma({f v})}p_i({f v})frac{dy({f v})}{dgamma_i}+q({f v})y({f v})&=&lambda y({f v}),qquad ~~forall {f v}in J(Gamma), end{eqnarray*} equipped with Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions. This model is also a special case of some quantum graphs defined by Kuchment . par We shall derive the model and discuss the spectral properties. We shall also solve several Ambarzumyan problems on the model. In particular, we show that for a $n$-star shaped graph of uniform length $a$ with $p_iequiv1$, if ${frac{(m+frac{1}{2})^2)pi^2}{a^2}:min Ncup{0}}$ are Neumann eigenvalues, $0$ is the least Neumann eigenvalue, and $q_i({f v})=0$ for ${f v}in J(Gamma)$, then $q=0$ on $Gamma$.

This dissertation focuses on a novel approach for characterizing the mechanical behavior of an elastic body. In particular, we develop a mathematical tool for the estimation of residual stress field in an elastic body that has mechanical properties similar to that of the arterial wall, by making use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging techniques. This study is a preliminary step towards understanding the progression of a cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis using ultrasound technology. It is known that residual stresses play a significant role in determining the overall stress distribution in soft tissues. The main part of this work deals with developing a nonlinear inverse spectral technique that allows one to accurately compute the residual stresses in soft tissues. Unlike most conventional experimental, both in vivo and in vitro, and theoretical techniques to characterize residual stresses in soft tissues, the proposed method makes fundamental use of the finite strain non- linear response of the material to a quasi-static harmonic loading. The arterial wall is modeled as a nonlinear, isotropic, slightly compressible elastic body. A boundary value problem is formulated for the residually stressed arterial wall, the boundary of which is subjected to a constant blood pressure, and then an idealized model for the IVUS interrogation is constructed by superimposing small amplitude time harmonic infinitesimal vibrations on large deformations via an asymptotic construction of its solution. We then use a semi-inverse approach to study the model for a specific class of deformations. The analysis leads us to a system of second order differential equations with homogeneous boundary conditions of Sturm-Liouville type. By making use of the classical theory of inverse Sturm-Liouville problems, and root finding and optimization techniques, we then develop several inverse spectral algorithms to approximate the residual stress distribution in the arterial wall, given the first few eigenfrequencies of several induced blood pressures.

Issued also as diss., Munich. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-109).

Inaug.-diss.--Munich. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur-und ausgaben-verzeichnis": p. [7]-8.