De nos jours, les objets virtuels sont devenus omniprésents. On les trouve dans de nombreux domaines comme le divertissement (cinéma, jeux vidéo, etc.), la conception assistée par ordinateur ou encore la réalité virtuelle. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à la modélisation d'objets 3D dans le domaine de la création artistique. Ici, la création d'images riches nécessite de faire appel à des modèles très détaillés et donc extrêmement complexes. Les surfaces de subdivision, traditionnellement utilisées dans ces domaines, voient leur complexité croître rapidement lorsqu'on ajoute des détails, et la gestion de la connectivité du maillage de contrôle devient trop contraignante. Une approche standard pour gérer la complexité de tels modèles est d'utiliser des représentations différentes pour la forme générale de la surface et les détails. Cependant, ces détails sont représentés par des cartes matricielles qui ne possèdent pas la plupart des avantages des représentations vectorielles, et cela complexifie certaines tâches, comme par exemple l'animation. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux nouvelles représentations vectorielles, la première pour les surfaces de base, la deuxième pour les détails. Nous utilisons pour cette dernière une représentation vectorielle appelée images de diffusion permettant de créer des variations lisses à l'aide d'un ensemble réduit de contraintes. Cela nous permet de représenter aussi bien la géométrie que la couleur ou d'autres paramètres nécessaires au rendu de façon purement vectoriel, en conservant des contrôles de haut niveau. Notre première contribution est une représentation de surfaces, baptisée LS3, issue de la combinaison entre surfaces de subdivision et -point set surfaces. Cette approche réduit notablement les artefacts des surfaces de subdivision aux alentours de sommets dits extraordinaires, qui sont connus pour poser problème. Nous présentons une analyse numérique des propriétés de ces surfaces, qui tend à montrer que du point de vue de la continuité elles se comportent au moins aussi bien que les schémas de subdivision linéaires traditionnels. Notre deuxième contribution est un solveur pour les images de diffusion dont le principal avantage est de produire en sortie une autre représentation vectorielle légère et très rapide à évaluer. Nous illustrons la force de note solveur sur de nombreux exemples difficiles ou impossibles à réaliser avec les méthodes précédentes. Pour conclure, nous montrons comment combiner nos deux contributions pour obtenir une représentation de surface entièrement vectorielle capable de représenter des détails sans avoir à manipuler la connectivité d'un maillage.

For nearly thirty years, the Subdivision Control Act of 1967 (SCA) was the state statute that governed land division in Michigan. The SCA allowed for an indiscriminant pattern of large lot, rural land division that challenged, if not destroyed, viable land resource production. In 1996, the Michigan Legislature passed the Land Division Act (LDA), which repealed and replaced the title and certain sections of the SCA. The LDA attempts to eliminate many of the results that the former statute had on rural land by establishing fewer division before platting is required and offering incentives to retain greater percentages of the parcel being partitioned. This research examines the current efficiency of the incentives, to retain 60% or more of the original parcel, in Eaton and Montmorency counties, which represent two scenario locations. The findings reveal that the incentives have not been utilized in Montmorency County and minimally utilized in Eaton County. Those unplatted land divisions that utilized the incentives, commonly referred to as "bonus" parcels, are located in rural regions, with predominantly agricultural land cover, in proximity to urbanized areas. The results indicate that the incentives under the LDA have been minimally applied and have not yet helped retain significant portions of resource productive land in Michigan. / Department of Urban Planning

Nous nous intéressons à la modélisation de formes complexes de type structures arborescences, formes lacunaires ou surfaces rugueuses. Ces formes sont intéressantes de par leurs propriétés physiques particulières :objets légers, économie de matière, résistance mécanique, absorption acoustique importante. Les modèles basés sur le concept de la géométrie fractale permettent de générer de telles formes et notamment les formes auto-similaires. A partir des travaux de Barnsley sur les systèmes itérés de fonctions, Tosan et al, ont proposé une extension, Boundary Controled Iterated Funcions Systems (BCIFS) pour contrôler plus facilement les formes et faciliter leur description. Nous nous intéressons aux propriétés différentielles des formes décrites par BCIFS. Nous proposons une définition plus générale d'espace tangent qui permet de caractériser le comportement de cas non-classiquement différentiables.Nous montrons que l'étude du comportement différentiel peut alors se faire simplement par analyse des valeurs propres et vecteurs propres généralisés des opérateurs de subdivision. Il devient alors possible de contrôler ces propriétés différentielles. Nous présentons une application de nos résultats, en proposant une méthode pour construire des raccords entre deux structures définies par des processus de subdivision différents. Cette méthode est appliquée pour la construction d'un raccord entre une surface de subdivision de Doo-Sabin(schéma dual) et une surface de subdivision de Catmull-Clark (schéma primal)

Image coding is studied, with the work consisting of two distinct parts. Each part focuses on different coding paradigm. The first part of the research examines subband coding of images. An optimization-based method for the design of high-performance separable filter banks for image coding is proposed. This method yields linear-phase perfect-reconstruction systems with high coding gain, good frequency selectivity, and certain prescribed vanishing-moment properties. Several filter banks designed with the proposed method are presented and shown to work extremely well for image coding, outperforming the well-known 9/7 filter bank (from the JPEG-2000 standard) in most cases. Several families of perfect reconstruction filter banks exist, where the filter banks in each family have some common structural properties. New filter banks in each family are designed with the proposed method. Experimental results show that these new filter banks outperform previously known filter banks from the same family. The second part of the research explores normal meshes as a tool for image coding, with a particular interest in the normal-mesh-based image coder of Jansen, Baraniuk, and Lavu. Three modifications to this coder are proposed, namely, the use of a data-dependent base mesh, an alternative representation for normal/vertical offsets, and a different scan-conversion scheme based on bicubic interpolation. Experimental results show that our proposed changes lead to improved coding performance in terms of both objective and subjective image quality measures.

The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) gave councils a mandate and an obligation to promote sustainability. Along with this it also introduced an expectation that the environment will be better managed than previously. Evidence shows that the environment is continuing to be degraded. This is especially evident in the coastal environment where in the early 2000s there has been unprecedented development pressure. The addition of the Local Government Act in 2002 (LGA) has strengthened councils’ sustainability mandate by stipulating a sustainable development approach and supporting processes and principles. Because the RMA and LGA have a similar sustainability directive there has been a push to utilise the compatible strengths that the LGA offers to enhance the outcomes achieved through RMA decisions, therefore, integrating and aligning the LGA and RMA. This research used case studies, including interviews, to examine how councils use their RMA and LGA mandates in coastal development decisions. The research found that currently there is little integration of the LGA’s requirements and sustainability direction in RMA coastal subdivision decisions. The case study analysis showed that using the principles and processes in the LGA and also a council’s policies, strategies, and plans other than RMA documents would provide up to date policy direction and contextual information that would be useful for RMA decisions and could provide a more sustainable outcome if used. The case studies identified a significant number of barriers to achieving sustainability through the RMA, including that much of the policy direction in RMA planning documents is not considered in deliberations. A number of these barriers are also likely to reduce attempts to integrate and align the LGA and RMA, unless they are addressed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 16, 2009). Thesis advisor: Patricia Freeland. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

The performance and safety assessment of geo-structures is strongly affected by uncertainty; that is, both due a subjective lack of knowledge as well as objectively present and irreducible unknowns. Due to uncertainty in the non-linear variation of the matric suction induced effective stress as a function of the transient soil-atmosphere boundary conditions, the unsaturated state of the subsoil is generally not accounted for in a deterministic slope stability assessment. Probability theory, accounting for uncertainties quantitatively rather than using "cautious estimates" on loads and resistances, may aid to partly bridge the gap between unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering practice. This research investigates the effect of uncertainty in soil property values on the stability of unsaturated soil slopes. Two 2D Finite Element (FE) programs have been developed and implemented into a parallelised Reliability-Based Design (RBD) framework, which allows for the assessment of the failure probability, failure consequence and parameter sensitivity, rather than a deterministic factor of safety. Utilising the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM), within a Monte Carlo framework, multivariate cross-correlated random property fields have been mapped onto the FE mesh to assess the effect of isotropic and anisotropic moderate heterogeneity on the transient slope response, and thus performance. The framework has been applied to a generic slope subjected to different rainfall scenarios. The performance was found to be sensitive to the uncertainty in the effective shear strength parameters, as well as the parameters governing the unsaturated soil behaviour. The failure probability was found to increase most during prolonged rainfall events with a low precipitation rate. Nevertheless, accounting for the unsaturated state resulted in a higher slope reliability than when not considering suction effects. In a heterogeneous deposit failure is attracted to local zones of low shear strength, which, for an unsaturated soil, are a function of both the spatial variability of soil property values, as well as of the soil-water dynamics, leading to a significant increase in the failure probability near the end of the main rainfall event.

Linha de pesquisa: Pol?tica, cultura e sociedade. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-20T19:32:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) sanmil_manoel_costa_cruz.pdf: 15836756 bytes, checksum: c351e9950e558fcde03a055c19ce3de9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-23T12:47:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) sanmil_manoel_costa_cruz.pdf: 15836756 bytes, checksum: c351e9950e558fcde03a055c19ce3de9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T12:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) sanmil_manoel_costa_cruz.pdf: 15836756 bytes, checksum: c351e9950e558fcde03a055c19ce3de9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O presente trabalho visa analisar como se deu o parcelamento do solo urbano da cidade de Diamantina-MG at? o ano de 2011. Parte-se do pressuposto que tais questionamentos s?o essenciais para a compreens?o dos atuais contornos da cidade, bem como dos passivos ambientais herdados ao longo dos anos, como a irregularidade fundi?ria. Teve-se como expectativas: (i) que seria poss?vel mapear a evolu??o do tra?ado urbano de Diamantina a partir do s?culo XVIII at? 2011, ano do atual Plano Diretor; (ii) que seria poss?vel caracterizar a situa??o f?tica aparente em que se encontra grande parte dos terrenos da cidade, at? 2011, ano do Plano Diretor vigente. (iii) que seria poss?vel compreender o processo e indicar sugest?es para o melhor desenvolvimento da Fun??o Social da Cidade, em m?dio e longo prazo, bem como para garantia do direito de moradia. Com base nessa problem?tica, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi norteado por outros que se fazem presentes, a saber: 1) Compreender as bases da pol?tica urbana nacional; 2) Entender e analisar como ocorre o exerc?cio do direito de moradia frente ?s possibilidades legais; 3) Verificar as condi??es sociais da popula??o da cidade de Diamantina, a partir de dados governamentais, principalmente os referentes aos anos 2000 e 2010 e 4) Averiguar como se deu a fiscaliza??o por parte do poder p?blico, principalmente o municipal, da referida ?rea de estudo. Nesse sentido para a concretiza??o da pesquisa optou-se pela abordagem metodol?gica empirista, dado que se pretende explicar somente a face observ?vel da realidade (MARTINS & THE?PHILO, 2009, p. 39). Al?m disso, optou-se pela utiliza??o dos m?todos quantitativos e qualitativos, uma vez que o primeiro foi utilizado para trabalhar os dados quantificados, obtidos de fontes governamentais como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica (IBGE), e o segundo, para analisar e interpretar aspectos comportamentais do fen?meno estudado. Tamb?m se mostrou salutar a utiliza??o de conceitos jur?dicos, os quais foram imprescind?veis para resolu??o de problemas no ?mbito do Direito (LAKATOS & MARCONI, 2011, p. 254). Assim, visando conhecer melhor a estrutura fundi?ria e se chegar a resultados mais precisos sobre a realidade da ocupa??o do solo urbano da cidade de Diamantina-MG, optou-se por cruzamentos de dados por meio da utiliza??o dos Sistemas de Informa??es Georreferenciadas (SIG) para a confec??o dos mapas. O trabalho encontra-se dividido em tr?s cap?tulos. A primeira etapa se concentra nos aspectos legais relativos ao Direito Urban?stico, tais como suas caracter?sticas e compet?ncias, objetivos norteadores e seus dispositivos legais (Estatuto da cidade, Plano Diretor, Lei de parcelamento do solo, entre outros), a fim de fornecer os suportes para compreens?o da pol?tica urbana. Na sequ?ncia, o 2? cap?tulo possui um enfoque mais hist?rico, geogr?fico e social. Em seguida, o 3? cap?tulo buscou fazer a discuss?o dos resultados, ou seja, uma s?ntese entre o que se observou sobre o parcelamento urban?stico do solo da cidade, o direito de moradia e a fun??o social da cidade. Espera-se que este trabalho elucide algumas d?vidas sobre o parcelamento do solo urbano da cidade de Diamantina-MG, bem como auxilie na formula??o de pol?ticas p?blicas para uma melhor utiliza??o do espa?o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Humanas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The presente study aims analyze how it came to land sudivision in Diamantina, Minas Gerais. It is assumed that those questions are essential to the modern shape of the city such as the environmental liabilities inherited as time passed and irregular land ownership. There was a theory (i) that it could be possible to map urban layout of Diamantina dating back to XVIII century up to 2011, year of the current development plan, (ii) it would be possible to describe the ground truth where most of plots of land are located until 2011, year of current development plan, (iii) it would be possible to understand this process and give suggestions for improving social duty of Diamantina, in short and long terms as well as to warrant the rights of housing. Based on this problems the goal of this research was guided through other existing ones, to know (1) understanding national urban politics; (2) understanding and analyzing how housing rights work inf face to legal possibilities; (3) check social condition of Diamantina-MG habitants relying on governmental data, mainly those referring to years 2000 and 2010 and (4) checking out how public supervision was done, mainly municipal supervision of the mentioned areas studied during the analyzed period. To realize this research we opted for the empiricist methodology, because this work's intention is just to explain what can be observed (MARTINS & THE?PHILO, 2009, p. 39). And we opted for the quantitative and qualitative methodology to analyze data given by governmental sources like IBGE and analyze and to interpret behavioral factors we also used jurisdictional concepts which are indispensable to solve problems in the law area (LAKATOS & MARCONI, 2011, p. 254). So, trying to know better about land ownership structure and get to accurate results about the reality of urban ground occupation in Diamantina, we crossed data using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for confection of the maps. It is subdivided in three chapters. The first one con concentrates on legal aspects related to urban rights, such as its features and obligations, quiding lines and legal devices (city statute, development plan, land subdivision, etc.) to provide support to urban politic comprehension, following, the 2nd chapter makes a summary of the urban shape's development in Diamantina observing different historical periods in local and global scale to better understand the features which marked its occupation, next, the 3rd chapter tried to discuss the results, a summary about what was observed about land subdivision, housing rights and social issue of Diamantina. We hope to clarify some questions about land subdivision in Diamantina and provide better comprehension about public policy for better use of space.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-19T14:56:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelcristinarodrigues.pdf: 5299241 bytes, checksum: e68caa3f2b617f1a36f4b6befedc2530 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T15:54:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelcristinarodrigues.pdf: 5299241 bytes, checksum: e68caa3f2b617f1a36f4b6befedc2530 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T15:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelcristinarodrigues.pdf: 5299241 bytes, checksum: e68caa3f2b617f1a36f4b6befedc2530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / O objetivo dessa dissertação é examinar o efeito da legislação de parcelamento do solo na implantação de Espaços Públicos (EPs) em Juiz de Fora, considerando o tamanho, a distribuição e a destinação das áreas doadas à Prefeitura no processo de loteamento do solo. Além disso, a pesquisa observou sob os mesmos aspectos, as características atuais das praças e demais Espaços Livres Públicos (ELPs) de permanência da cidade, e quais as possíveis destinações para essas áreas. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento documental das leis urbanas, que se referiram aos Lotes Públicos (LPs), no período de 1896 a 2014 e um levantamento das plantas que compõem o processo de loteamento do solo no mesmo período, a fim de identificar os terrenos doados à Prefeitura de Juiz de Fora. Dada a obtenção desses dados foi possível criar associações das exigências legais com a formação dos Espaços Públicos em diferentes períodos. Com o objetivo de entender melhor a influência das legislações no desenho urbano, foi também analisado os aspectos das praças e parques atuais da cidade. Conclui-se que a legislação urbana atua diretamente na reserva do solo para a implantação dos equipamentos públicos, porém suas exigências, restritas ao tamanho desses terrenos, deixam a cargo da gestão administrativa as definições de distribuição, localização e destinação sem diretrizes claras quanto a esses temas. Constatou-se ainda que a cidade possui uma baixa densidade de ELPs acessíveis a poucos minutos de caminhada e que os ELPs de maior influência foram construídos em terrenos adquiridos fora do processo de loteamento do solo. / The goal of this dissertation is to examine the effect of land subdivision legislation in the implementation of public spaces in Juiz de Fora, considering the size, distribution, and destination of the areas donated to the city in the land subdivision process. Furthermore, this research observed, under the same aspects, the current characteristics of squares and the public open spaces (POS) in the city, which is one of the possible destinations for these areas. For this, it was made a documentary survey of the urban laws, that referred to the public lands (LP), carried out between 1896 and 2014 and a survey of the subdivision map that compose this portioning process in this same period, in order to identify the lands donated to Juiz de Fora city. Through these data, it was possible to create associations of legal requirements with the formation of public spaces in different periods. In order to understand better the influence of the legislations on the urban design, the aspects of the city's current parks and squares were also analyzed. It is concluded that urban legislation acts directly on the land reserve for the implementation of public facilities, but its requirements, restricted to the size of these lands, leave to the administrative management the definitions of distribution, location, and destination without clear guidelines regarding these themes. It was also verified that the city has a low density of ELP that may be reached in a few minutes walking and that the most influential ELPs were constructed in lands acquired outside the land subdivision process.

Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes et de la dynamique de sous-structuration des grains pendant la deformation des matériaux polycristallins. Pour cela, des experience in situ en synchrotron et des acquisitions EBSD ont été menées afin d’étudier les comportements des grains individuels d’un polycrystal d’Aluminium déformé plastiquement. Une éprouvette d’un alliage Al-0.1%Mn a été déformée en traction in situ et analysée par microscopie 3D par diffraction des Rayons-X (3DXRD). Une nouvelle méthode de dépouillement a été développée pour determiner les axes de désorientation intragranulaires et les distributions d’orientation, grâce à l’analyse de l’élargissement azimutal des taches de diffraction. La technique EBSD a été appliquée pour obtenir des cartographies de désorientation des grains individuels d’une éprouvette déformée en traction. Trois acquisitions ont été réalisées sur la même région d’intérêt à l’état non déformé et après l’application des deformations 1% et 5%. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure comprehension de la formation et de l’évolution des gradients d’orientations intragranulaires, et son ten bon accord avec les modèles théoriques pré-existants. Aussi, la caractérisation de la sous-structuration des grains et de la deformation intragranulaire a été réalisée grâce à la technique K-map. La deformation était très hétérogène avec des valeurs élevées de compression et de traction à l’intérieur des grains et en proximité de deux joints de grains, respectivement. La distribution de la norme des vecteurs de diffraction a montré que les dislocations sont à l’origine de la deformation. / This work aims to improve the understanding of grain sub-structuration mechanisms and dynamics during deformation of polycrystals. For this purpose, in situ synchrotron experiments and EBSD acquisitions were coupled to study the response of single grains of an Al-0.1%wt.Mn polycrystal during tensile deformation. The specimen deformed in situ at the synchrotron was analyzed by 3DXRD. A new method provided a grain-by-grain analysis of the intragranular misorientation axes and their orientation distribution, through the investigation of the azimuthal broadening of diffraction spots. The 3DXRD results were cross-checked by classical EBSD analysis. Three acquisitions were carried out over the same region of interest at the undeformed state and after the application of 1% and 5% strain. Thanks to the available spatial resolution, the EBSD results allow for a better comprehension of the creation and dynamics of intragranular orientation gradients, and are in good agreement with pre-existing theoretical models. In addition, the characterization of grain sub-structuration and intragranular strain was performed through a novel X-Ray scanning technique, the K-map. The strain was found to be very heterogeneous with high compressive and tensile values in the grain interior and near two grain boundaries, respectively. Dislocations were found to be at the origin of deformation.