To buy, subdivide and apply for a building permit regarding a property are three common property related processes. One way to improve a country's system is to compare it with another. The countries can then benefit from the outcome. Such comparisons are common in countries where laws and society are largely comparable to each other. In this study, the Swedish and the Iraqi systems are presented and then compared with each other. Sweden and Iraq differ from each other in many ways. Iraq has a larger and more densely inhabited population, a much lower standard of living and have been victims of dictatorship for over 50 years. The country can be described as divided with different conditions. Kurdistan in the north is a peaceful haven with great potential of development, while everyday life for people in other parts of the country consists of violence and misery. In the essay, I have explained how the two countries' legislative interpret the term "property". Among other things, the impact of religion and the possibility of joint properties are described. To make a comparison possible, where the term cannot be interpreted differently depending on the country, the study formed a viable common term. The Iraqi processes are less developed in comparison to the Swedish. The buying process in Iraq is a complex procedure where several instances have to give its approval, while the subdividing process seems rather simple. Shortcomings for the building permit process include the fact that the society in general is undeveloped. Things that are taken for granted in the western world, such as water and electricity cannot be taken for granted in the same way in Iraq. Another phenomenon that is not as widespread in Sweden is corruption. In Sweden regulations and bylaws are respected to most and bribery is not common, according to studies. In Iraq, almost everything is made easier, including the aforementioned processes, through a wide network of contacts and bribery. A priority is made, where bribes can lead to the processing time being reduced and employees are given an incentive to work harder and more efficiently. / Att köpa, stycka av och ansöka om bygglov för en fastighet är tre vanliga fastighetsanknutna processer. En väg till förbättring av ett lands system är att jämföra det med ett annat så att landet sedan ska kunna dra nytta av resultatet. Sådana jämförelser är vanligt förekommande för länder vars lagstiftning och samhällsutveckling till stor del är jämbördiga. I denna studie presenteras de svenska och irakiska systemen för att därefter jämföras med varann. Sverige och Irak skiljer sig från varandra på många sätt. Irak har en större befolkningsmängd, är mer tätbefolkat och har en mycket sämre levnadsstandard än Sverige och har letts av en diktator i över 50 år. Landet kan beskrivas som splittrat med olika förutsättningar. I Kurdistan i norr ligger en fredlig oas med stor utvecklingspotential, medan vardagen i övriga delar av landet kantas av våldsdåd och elände. I  uppsatsen  har  jag  redogjort  för  hur  de  båda  ländernas  lagstiftning  tolkar  begreppet "fastighet".  Bland  annat  beskrivs  inverkan  från  religion  och  möjlighet  till  samfällda fastigheter. För att en jämförelse ska kunna ske, där begreppet inte tolkas olika beroende på land, framställs en för studien gångbar gemensam benämning. De irakiska processerna är inte lika utvecklade i jämförelse med de svenska. Köpprocessen i Irak vittnar om en komplicerad procedur där flertalet instanser måste ge sitt godkännande, medan avstyckningsprocessen motsatsvis verkar för simpel. Bygglovsprocessens brister ligger främst i att samhället i överlag är outvecklat. Saker som tas för givet i väst, som exempelvis vatten och elektricitet är inte alls lika självklart i Irak. Ett annat fenomen som inte är lika utbrett i Sverige är korruption. I Sverige respekteras reglementen och stadgar till allra högsta grad och mutor är inte vanligt förekommande enligt undersökning.  I  Irak  underlättas  det  mesta,  inklusive  nämnda  processer,  via  ett  brett kontaktnät och mutor. En prioritering sker, där mutor kan leda till att tidsåtgången minskar och där anställda får ett incitament till att arbeta hårdare och mer effektivt.

In 2004 a new law that allowed the formation of 3D - real estate, ie properties that are limited in both the vertical and horizontal direction and consists of a closed volume. The introduction of 3D buildings were met good by both construction companies and individuals, but in the early years after the introduction the extent of land holdings became lower than expected. In several of the metropolitan municipalities, including Stockholm and Malmö, they plan for 3D - properties already in the plan phase, while the private sphere of the property owners have not been as active. The reason is believed to be that 3D subdivisions are considered cumbersome and complex. It is therefore relevant to examine 3D subdivisions closer since it is not used to the extent that is possible while it at the same time is forecast to become an increasingly common phenomenon. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find common dominators for completed 3D subdivisions which separates commercial and residential premises with a focus on Stockholm. A study has been conducted on eight properties through interviews with the responsible land surveyor, property owners and exploration of each objects subdivision act. The study will answer four questions: How suitability conditions in the 3rd chapter of Real property law have been met, what factors influenced whether the residential or premises was parceled off, what requirements the property owner had about the subdivision and finally the problems that arose during the subdivision. In the information that emerged during the interviews could be observed that the consideration of the appropriateness of the terms of Real Property Law is always a judgment according to law, but that depends on the specific property and its conditions. The surveyor must make a personal assessment of whether the property meets the reasoning behind the bill about the introduction of 3D properties and assessment can therefore be different depending on the property. It is also difficult to know whether the surveyors assessments leads to properties that are appropriate and functioning since 3D properties are a relatively new phenomenon and there is no practice for the surveyors to refer their decisions to. In the study of factors that influenced the choice of a cut in the subdivision it appeared that the part that would be left was split off. When subdivisioning premises it was mainly housing associations who wanted subdivide and then sell the premises so that the association could accomplish better tax benefits. Regarding the subdivision of homes it was mainly commercial factors since it was considered better to sell a purely residential building without premises. The choice of a cut was also affected by the commercial activity carried out in the property – such as telecom stations or commercial – property owners with important installations or operating units chose to subdivide the parts of the property that the business was not dependent on. Respect the wishes of the owner clear links could been drawn between that the properties where it conducted any kind of commercial activity had greater requirements on the design of the real estate cooperation. It also showed that to the greatest possible extent it was desired to achieve independence between the subdivided parts. Finally the problems raised during the subdivision were studied and it appeared that the boundaries are considered problematic and time-consuming in a 3D subdivision. It was also difficult to determine what features would consist of easements and community premises and how the percentage figures for these would be distributed. Building Collaboration has thus also had a significant role here and is something that can be experienced problematic. / År 2004 infördes en ny lagstiftning som möjliggjorde bildande av 3D-fastigheter, det vill säga fastigheter som är begränsade i både vertikalt och horisontellt led och utgörs av en sluten volym. Införandet av 3D-fastigheter bemöttes bra hos både företag och privatpersoner men under de första åren efter införandet blev omfattningen av fastighetsbildningen lägre än den förväntade. Hos flera av storstadskommunerna, bland annat Stockholm och Malmö, planeras det för 3Dfastigheter redan vid framtagandet av nya översikts- och detaljplaner medan den privata sfären av fastighetsägare inte varit lika aktiva. Anledningen tros vara att 3D-avstyckningar anses vara krångliga och komplexa. Det är därför relevant att undersöka 3D-avstyckningar närmare då det inte används i den grad som är möjlig samtidigt som det förutspås bli ett allt vanligare fenomen. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därför att finna gemensamma nämnare för genomförda 3D-avstyckningar som separerar lokaler och bostäder med fokus på Stockholm. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på åtta stycken fastigheter genom intervjuer med ansvarig lantmätare, fastighetsägare samt undersökning av varje objekts förrättningsakter. Studien besvarar fyra frågeställningar: Hur lämplighetsvillkoren i 3:e kapitlet Fastighetsbildningslagen har blivit uppfyllda, Vilka faktorer som har påverkat huruvida lokalen eller bostäderna styckades av, Vilka önskemål hade fastighetsägaren i förrättningen samt vilka problem som uppstod under förrättningen. I den information som framkom under intervjuerna kunde det observeras att vid hänsynstagande till lämplighetsvillkoren i FBL är det alltid en bedömning enligt lag men som beror av den specifika fastigheten och dess förutsättningar. Lantmätaren måste göra en personlig bedömning huruvida fastigheten uppfyller de resonemang som propositionen bakom införandet av 3D-fastigheter för och bedömningen kan således vara olika beroende på fastighet. Det är även svårt att veta huruvida lantmätarens bedömningar leder till fastigheter som fungerar i praktiken då 3D-fastigheter är ett relativt nytt fenomen och det finns ingen praxis för dem att hänvisa sina beslut till. Vid studie av faktorer som påverkat valet av styckningsdel framgick det att den del som skulle överlåtas avstyckades. Vi avstyckning av lokaler var det främst bostadsrättsföreningar som ville avstycka och överlåta dessa för att kunna bli äkta bostadsrättsföreningar. När det gällde avstyckning av bostäder var det främst affärsmässiga faktorer då det ansågs bättre att försälja en renodlad bostadsfastighet utan lokaler. Valet av styckningsdel påverkades även av den affärsmässiga verksamhet som bedrevs i fastigheten - exempelvis telekomstationer eller handelsverksamhet – fastighetsägare med viktiga installationer eller driftenheter valde att avstycka de delar av fastigheten som verksamheten inte var beroende av. Avseende önskemål från fastighetsägaren kunde tydliga samband dras mellan att fastigheter där det bedrevs någon form av affärsmässig verksamhet hade större önskemål angående utformning av fastighetssamverkan. Det framgick även att i största möjliga mån önskades det att oberoende mellan styckningslotten (3D) och stamfastigheten (2D) uppnåddes. Till sist studerades vilka problem som uppstått under förrättningarna och där framgick det att gränsdragning anses problematiskt och tidskrävande vid en 3D-avstyckning. Det var även svårt att avgöra vilka funktioner som skulle utgöras av servitut och gemensamhetsanläggningar och hur andelstalen för dessa skulle fördelas. Fastighetssamverkan har således även här en betydande roll och är något som kan upplevas problematiskt.

The threefold question researched herein is: (1) What are the extent and potential economic consequences of land parcelization in Klickitat County?, (2)What are the political and social costs of parcelization?, and (3) What measures today are, or could be, used to ameliorate the land use conflict? These are answered by studying the various aspects of the problem, including the historic land use change, legal mechanisms which regulate livestock grazing and land parcelization; taxation; the economic-effect upon livestock production; crime and social conflict; costs to county services; and environmental impacts. The geography of the change itself is depicted on several maps.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20703号 / 工博第4400号 / 新制||工||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 乾 晴行, 教授 安田 秀幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Splines are a common mixed-initiative technique for road generation. A designer draws the shape of the curve but the mesh can be procedurally generated along the spline. This relationship improves the workflow of building roads in virtual environments and video games without taking away all of the control of the designer. Whilst this technique is useful when building single roads such as race tracks, it unfortunately struggles when dealing with more complex road networks that feature intersections. These intersections struggle with overlapping meshes and flickering textures without a straightforward solution. This problem significantly limits the usefulness of spline tools when generating roads. This paper aims to solve part of this problem by suggesting a method for detecting intersections in splines that support procedural mesh generation.

2000 nya hus i Tallkrogen Tallkrogen i söderort, Stockholm är ett egnahemsområde byggt på 30-talet. Via små förändringar i många steg har området och husens egenskaper förändrats och husen har gått från en generell utgångspunkt till en strävan mot individualitet. Genom dessa stegvisa förändringar har en långsam töjning av vad platsen tillåter utvecklat området om än dolt under en form av bevarande av egna hem rörelsen.  Hur kan den gradvisa utveckling som skett i Tallkrogen agera generator för expansion? Hur skulle rum, hus och översiktsplan gestalta sig i en nytolkning av området sprunget ur den utveckling som skett sedan området byggdes?  Genom att knyta an till Tallkrogens DNA föreslår projektet två nya hus på en tomt i Tallkrogen. Storasyster och Lillebror. En mutation som med tiden skulle kunna komma att påverka hela området och senare bli 2000 nya hus. / 2000 new houses in Tallkrogen Tallkrogen, just south of Stockholm, is an Egnahemsrörelsen (own home movement) area built in the 1930’s. Through small changes in many steps, the area and the characteristics of the houses have gradually changed; from a general point of view to a movement towards individuality. Through this evolution, a slow stretching of what the area allows has developed Tallkrogen, though hidden under a form of conservation of the own home movement. How can the gradual development that occurred in Tallkrogen act as a generator for expansion? How would rooms, houses and the master plan take shape in a new interpretation of the area, originated from the development that has taken place since the area was built? By connecting to the DNA of Tallkrogen and furhter elaborate on the existing evolution, the project proposes two new houses on a plot in Tallkrogen. Big Sister and Little Brother. A mutation that could affect the entire area and eventually become 2000 new houses in the future.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosalia Brasil Ribeiro.pdf: 7575543 bytes, checksum: 2d18e8ce05632ca3c70db4d98fa194ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-31 / In the course of their civilizatory process, human groupings have been able to account for different answers as to places for the fulfillment of their physiological needs, their disposal and sanitation. The purpose of the present dissertation is to examine this issue and to study public restrooms in the central area of the city of S?o Paulo (City Hall s S? Subdivision) and their users, specifically workers not based in the area those who carry out some kind of economic activity in the streets. Personal hygiene is the expression used for the physiological functions of defecating, urinating and personal cleaning. As a fundamental right, a citizen s health entails his/her total physical, mental and social wellbeing and is based on the definition of human needs and their fulfillment, a role that is assigned to the representatives of the public authority. In order to evaluate the performance of such a role the evolution of habits and customs related to personal hygiene is studied as well as the solutions found in the course of times to dispose of and treat human wastes. The discussion is on the social transformations derived from the industrialization process and the emergence of a working class which starts to occupy the urban fabric under insalubrious spaces and conditions, giving rise to the dissemination of epidemic diseases and the damaging of the social body, forcing the State to take over the people s health. In S?o Paulo, the lack of timing of public policies with the socio-economic and cultural development of the population as well as the fast growth of the city result in a metropolis of extreme contrasts in terms of infrastructure, income distribution and access to education, health, work, housing, and transportation. These contrasts can be identified in the field research carried out with 360 workers not based in the central area of the city, in an effort to delineate the solutions they found to satisfy their personal hygiene when not in their houses. From the analysis of the management of the public restrooms services, offered by the municipal authorities, in public grounds of the city center, and from the experience of previous managers, and especially those from the Subway Railway, due to the similarity with this study in relation to location, demand and utilization of their restrooms, we try to characterize the existing challenges for the improvement of the ways to provide these services. / No decorrer do seu processo civilizat?rio, os agrupamentos humanos d?o conta de respostas diversas ? quest?o dos locais de satisfa??o das necessidades fisiol?gicas, de seu escoamento e saneamento. Esta monografia tem por escopo o exame desse tema e como objeto de estudo os sanit?rios p?blicos em logradouros da ?rea central da cidade de S?o Paulo (Subprefeitura S?) e seus usu?rios, especificamente os trabalhadores sem base fixa aqueles que exercem alguma atividade econ?mica nessas vias. A express?o higiene pessoal ? usada para as fun??es fisiol?gicas de defeca??o e mic??o e a??es de asseamento. Como direito fundamental, a sa?de implica o completo bem-estar f?sico, mental e social do cidad?o e baseia-se na defini??o das necessidades humanas e sua satisfa??o, papel este atribu?do aos representantes do poder p?blico. Para avaliar o desempenho desse papel, estuda-se a evolu??o dos h?bitos e costumes relacionados ? higiene pessoal e as solu??es encontradas ao longo dos tempos para escoar e tratar os dejetos humanos. Discorre-se sobre as transforma??es sociais advindas do processo de industrializa??o e do surgimento de uma classe oper?ria que passa a ocupar o tecido urbano em condi??es e espa?os insalubres, originando a dissemina??o de doen?as epid?micas e preju?zos ao corpo social, o que for?a o Estado a assumir a sa?de do povo. Em S?o Paulo, o descompasso das pol?ticas p?blicas com o desenvolvimento socioecon?mico e cultural da popula??o e o crescimento acelerado da cidade gera uma metr?pole de contrastes extremos em termos de infra-estrutura, distribui??o de renda e acesso ? educa??o, sa?de, trabalho, moradia e transporte. Tais contrastes podem ser identificados na pesquisa de campo realizada com 360 trabalhadores sem base fixa da regi?o central da cidade, em que se procura delinear as solu??es por eles encontradas para satisfa??o da higiene pessoal fora da resid?ncia. A partir da an?lise da gest?o dos servi?os de sanit?rios p?blicos em logradouros do centro da cidade, oferecidos pelo poder municipal, e do conhecimento da experi?ncia de outros gestores, especialmente do Metr?, em virtude da similaridade com este estudo em rela??o ? localiza??o, demanda e utiliza??o dos seus sanit?rios, busca-se caracterizar os desafios existentes para melhoria dessa presta??o de servi?os.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Carneiro Amin.pdf: 23355416 bytes, checksum: e344b7af18e6ef4ded609c558c16fd88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / The research aims to understand and analyze the urban projects and the approval process of recently installed land subdivision, developed along Highway Dom Pedro I, in Campinas / SP. More specifically, we intend to verify the role of urban design in the consolidation of models and types of housing development, urban design and aspects related to it, directly or indirectly, such as urban legislation, the role of public and private agents, and the impact of the development on the consolidated urban fabric, among others. Through case study of implemented projects, from the mutual comparison between approved project and constructed reality, we intend to identify and analyze design practices that mediate the implementation of types of land subdivision, especially those that are characterized by control or restriction of access. / A pesquisa pretende compreender e analisar os projetos urban?sticos e o processo de aprova??o de parcelamentos do solo recentes, implantados ao longo da Rodovia Dom Pedro I, no munic?pio de Campinas/SP. Mais especificamente, pretende-se verificar o papel do desenho urbano na consolida??o de modelos e tipologias de loteamento; o projeto urban?stico e os aspectos a ele relacionados, direta ou indiretamente, tais como a legisla??o urban?stica, a atua??o dos agentes p?blicos e privados e o impacto dos empreendimentos sobre o tecido urbano consolidado, entre outros. Por meio do estudo de caso de empreendimentos implantados, a partir do cotejamento entre projeto aprovado e realidade constru?da, busca-se identificar e analisar as pr?ticas de projeto que intermedeiam a implanta??o de tipologias de parcelamento do solo, em especial as que apresentam como caracter?stica o controle ou restri??o de acesso.

The vertex coloring problem is a classic problem in graph theory that asks for a partition of the vertex set into a minimum number of stable sets. This thesis presents our studies on three vertex (re)coloring problems on graphs and on a problem related to a long-standing conjecture on subdivision of digraphs. Firstly, we address the convex recoloring problem in which an arbitrarily colored graph G is given and one wishes to find a minimum weight recoloring such that each color class induces a connected subgraph of G. We show inapproximability results, introduce an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation that models the problem and present some computational experiments using a column generation approach. The k-fold coloring problem is a generalization of the classic vertex coloring problem and consists in covering the vertex set of a graph by a minimum number of stable sets in such a way that every vertex is covered by at least k (possibly identical) stable sets. We present an ILP formulation for this problem and show a detailed polyhedral study of the polytope associated with this formulation. The last coloring problem studied in this thesis is the proper orientation problem. It consists in orienting the edge set of a given graph so that adjacent vertices have different in-degrees and the maximum in-degree is minimized. Clearly, the in-degrees induce a partition of the vertex set into stable sets, that is, a coloring (in the conventional sense) of the vertices. Our contributions in this problem are on hardness and upper bounds for bipartite graphs. Finally, we study a problem related to a conjecture of Mader from the eighties on subdivision of digraphs. This conjecture states that, for every acyclic digraph H, there exists an integer f(H) such that every digraph with minimum out-degree at least f(H) contains a subdivision of H as a subdigraph. We show evidences for this conjecture by proving that it holds for some particular classes of acyclic digraphs. / O problema de coloração de grafos é um problema clássico em teoria dos grafos cujo objetivo é particionar o conjunto de vértices em um número mínimo de conjuntos estáveis. Nesta tese apresentamos nossas contribuições sobre três problemas de coloração de grafos e um problema relacionado a uma antiga conjectura sobre subdivisão de digrafos. Primeiramente, abordamos o problema de recoloração convexa no qual é dado um grafo arbitrariamente colorido G e deseja-se encontrar uma recoloração de peso mínimo tal que cada classe de cor induza um subgrafo conexo de G. Mostramos resultados sobre inaproximabilidade, introduzimos uma formulação linear inteira que modela esse problema, e apresentamos alguns resultados computacionais usando uma abordagem de geração de colunas. O problema de k-upla coloração é uma generalização do problema clássico de coloração de vértices e consiste em cobrir o conjunto de vértices de um grafo com uma quantidade mínima de conjuntos estáveis de tal forma que cada vértice seja coberto por pelo menos k conjuntos estáveis (possivelmente idênticos). Apresentamos uma formulação linear inteira para esse problema e fazemos um estudo detalhado do politopo associado a essa formulação. O último problema de coloração estudado nesta tese é o problema de orientação própria. Ele consiste em orientar o conjunto de arestas de um dado grafo de tal forma que vértices adjacentes possuam graus de entrada distintos e o maior grau de entrada seja minimizado. Claramente, os graus de entrada induzem uma partição do conjunto de vértices em conjuntos estáveis, ou seja, induzem uma coloração (no sentido convencional) dos vértices. Nossas contribuições nesse problema são em complexidade computacional e limitantes superiores para grafos bipartidos. Finalmente, estudamos um problema relacionado a uma conjectura de Mader, dos anos oitenta, sobre subdivisão de digrafos. Esta conjectura afirma que, para cada digrafo acíclico H, existe um inteiro f(H) tal que todo digrafo com grau mínimo de saída pelo menos f(H) contém uma subdivisão de H como subdigrafo. Damos evidências para essa conjectura mostrando que ela é válida para classes particulares de digrafos acíclicos.