Comparison of American and Czech financial system followed by analyses and investment strategy for selected institutions.

Révélées au grand jour à partir de l’année 2007, par leur implication dans la crise des subprime puis parleur rôle procyclique dans celle des dettes souveraines, les agences de notation ont été l’objet d’uneattention toute particulière du législateur qui se devait d’assurer l’intégrité des marchés et de restaurer laconfiance des investisseurs au lendemain d’un véritable cataclysme financier. Conflits d’intérêts, opacité,méthodologies défaillantes, crédibilité équivoque, comportements anti-concurrentiels, les critiquesadressées à l’encontre de l’oligopole, dominant l’industrie de notation, étaient nombreuses. L’adoptionsuccessive de dispositifs règlementaires n’a pu permettre un affranchissement de l’influence de cepouvoir privé économique, dont l’enracinement règlementaire date du lendemain de la GrandeDépression de 1929 et le développement est étroitement lié à celui de la titrisation. Bien au contraire, lesnouvelles règlementations qui auraient dû encadrer «l’activité» plutôt que les «structures» n’ont eu, aucoté de certaines initiatives louables, eu pour effet principal que la consécration d’un régime spécial.Même les affronts à l’ordre public économique n’ont été que rarement lavés par une justice qui setrouvait, sauf rares exceptions, en manque d’armes adéquats et par un régulateur encore trop balbutiant.Rattrapés par des enjeux en constante mutation, les quelques acquis liés à la transparence et au contrôledes agences de notation tendent déjà à être remis en cause. Le législateur, quant à lui, semble déjà êtrepassé à autre chose, et ce, alors que point à l’horizon des nouveaux marchés de nouvelles bulles oùagissent encore les agences de notation. / As a result of their involvement in the subprime crisis and pro-cyclical role in the sovereign debt crisis,the credit rating agencies have been, since 2007, subject to the specific attention of the lawmaker whichhad to ensure integrity of the financial market and restore investors’ confidence in the aftermath of a realfinancial cataclysm. The criticisms against the oligopoly that dominates the rating industry were manyand include, inter alia, conflict of interest, opacity, deficient methodologies, lack of credibility and anticompetitivebehaviours. The successive adoption of regulatory and legislative measures was not enoughto achieve emancipation from the influence of this economic private power which maintains rootswithin the market regulatory framework since the aftermath of the Great Depression of 1929 and whosedevelopment is closely linked to securitization. Instead, the new regulations that should have governedan “activity” rather than “structures” have, alongside some commendable initiatives, resulted in theconsecration of a specific regime. Even the violations of the economic public order were rarely punishedby a justice which, except for anecdotic cases, was missing adequate legal weapons to address thosesituations or by a regulator still too immature. However, due to an environment constantly changing, thefew benefits obtained in terms of the rating agencies’ transparency and control, are already in the processof being jeopardised. The lawmaker seems to have moved on to other topics, while on the horizonappear new bubbles in new markets where rating agencies are very active.

When purchasing a home, buyer considerations include price of the home, credit rating, mortgage type, and lending agency. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the loan options successful business leaders consider when shifting loan lending from prime mortgage loans to subprime mortgage loans. Systems theory formed the conceptual framework for the study. A purposive sample of 20 participants from Gwinnett County, Georgia completed semistructured interviews and described their personal experiences. Data analysis incorporated van Kaam's technique to code and cluster information into topics. The following themes emerged from the analysis indicating what these business leaders considered when they established subprime mortgage loans: (a) creditable subprime mortgage lending, (b) preferred subprime mortgage type, (c) length of the approval process, (d) pressures and limited options, and (e) the benefits of a subprime mortgage. The findings indicated these creditworthy subprime borrowers received better loans options. Findings also showed that subprime mortgage borrowers preferred fixed rate mortgages, creditworthiness determined the extent of their subprime process, the number of first time homebuyers increased, and mortgage borrowers with credit problems preferred subprime mortgage loans. The information from this study could assist mortgage borrowers looking for loan options and mortgage lenders looking to build stronger relationships with the borrowers and communities they serve. Implications for positive social change include the possibility to lower foreclosures in Gwinnett County, Georgia and increase the mortgage knowledge of future borrowers.

No description available.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-16T17:27:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Tavares de Laforet Padilha.pdf: 601583 bytes, checksum: cc2dd58ff1eb4143113dfc818ed9c270 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T17:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Tavares de Laforet Padilha.pdf: 601583 bytes, checksum: cc2dd58ff1eb4143113dfc818ed9c270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Nenhuma / Diversos estudos têm pesquisado sobre estrutura de capital e os fatores determinantes que influenciam no nível de endividamento das empresas. Variáveis internas das empresas como tamanho, rentabilidade, tangibilidade, risco, crescimento, liquidez e market to book value, assim como fatores externos como PIB, taxa de juros, taxa de câmbio, renda per capita, inflação e carga fiscal, foram estudadas por diversos autores como possíveis fatores determinantes da estrutura de capital. Todavia, pouco esses estudos conseguiram resultar em consenso pelos autores. Durand (1952) e Modigliani e Miller (1958, 1963) foram os pioneiros nas pesquisas sobre estrutura de capital das empresas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar sobre a estrutura de capital e seus determinantes de empresas de cinco países latino-americanos, sendo eles Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México, assim como os analisar os impactos da crise Subprime de 2008 na forma como estas empresas captaram recursos, através de dívidas ou de capital próprio. Para isto, utiliza-se o modelo de regressão com dados em painel, onde foi incluído na equação dados de 231 empresas entre os anos de 2003 e 2013. No modelo estimou-se a equação utilizando estimativas com técnicas específicas de efeitos fixos e aleatórios para decisão do modelo de regressão, realizando testes de Hausman, Wald e do log verossimilhança para avaliar a consistência das variáveis incluídas no modelo. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo confirmam as relevâncias das variáveis tamanho, rentabilidade, tangibilidade, risco, liquidez, market to book value e impostos na determinação do grau de endividamento das empresas. / Several studies have investigated the capital structure and the determinants that influence the level of indebtedness of companies. Internal variables of companies such as size, profitability, leverage, risk, growth, liquidity and market to book, as well as external factors such as GDP, interest rate, exchange rate, per capita income, inflation and tax burden, have been studied by several authors as potential determinants of capital structure. These studies, however, have not resulted in consensus by the authors. Durand (1952) as well as Modigliani and Miller (1958, 1963) were pioneers doing research on companies' capital structure. The objective of this study is to investigate the capital structure and its determinants in companies located in five Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, as well as analyze the impact of the 2008 Subprime crisis in the way these companies raised funds, through debt or equity. For this purpose, it is used the regression model with panel data, which included in the equation data of 231 companies between the years 2003 and 2013. In the model estimated the equation using the estimates with specific techniques of fixed and random effects regression model decision, performing Hausman, Wald and log likelihood tests to evaluate the consistency of the variables included in the model. The results of this study confirm the relevance of variable size, profitability, leverage, risk, liquidity, market to book value and taxes in determining the degree of indebtedness of companies.

Many analysts believe that problems in the U.S. housing market initiated the 2008–2010 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination and securitization that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the thesis, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), SOR mortgage insurers (SOMIs), trustees, underwriters, credit rating agencies (CRAs), credit enhancement providers (CEPs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). Furthermore, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned agents and banks are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of subprime SORs' risk and profit as well as their valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete–time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as mortgage losses. In addition, we show how high loan–to–value ratios due to declining housing prices curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 3 investigates the securitization of subprime mortgages into structured mortgage products such as subprime residential mortgage–backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). In this regard, our discussions focus on information, risk and valuation as well as the role of capital under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. Our research supports the view that incentives to monitor mortgages has been all but removed when changing from a traditional mortgage model to a subprime mortgage model. In the latter context, we provide formulas for IB's profit and valuation under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. This is illustrated via several examples. Chapter 3 also explores the relationship between mortgage securitization and capital under Basel regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under the Basel II paradigm where risk–weights vary. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of RMBSs, RMBS CDOs as well as capital under Basel regulation. Furthermore, we investigate subprime RMBSs and their rates with slack and holding constraints. Also, we examine the effect of SMC–induced credit rating shocks in future periods on subprime RMBSs and RMBS payout rates. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 4 explores issues related to subprime data. In particular, we present mortgage and securitization level data and forge connections with the results presented in Chapters 2 and 3. The work presented in this thesis is based on 2 peer–reviewed chapters in books (see [99] and [104]), 2 peer–reviewed international journal articles (see [48] and [101]), and 2 peer–reviewed conference proceeding papers (see [102] and [103]). / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Many analysts believe that problems in the U.S. housing market initiated the 2008–2010 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination and securitization that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the thesis, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), SOR mortgage insurers (SOMIs), trustees, underwriters, credit rating agencies (CRAs), credit enhancement providers (CEPs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). Furthermore, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned agents and banks are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of subprime SORs' risk and profit as well as their valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete–time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as mortgage losses. In addition, we show how high loan–to–value ratios due to declining housing prices curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 3 investigates the securitization of subprime mortgages into structured mortgage products such as subprime residential mortgage–backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). In this regard, our discussions focus on information, risk and valuation as well as the role of capital under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. Our research supports the view that incentives to monitor mortgages has been all but removed when changing from a traditional mortgage model to a subprime mortgage model. In the latter context, we provide formulas for IB's profit and valuation under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. This is illustrated via several examples. Chapter 3 also explores the relationship between mortgage securitization and capital under Basel regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under the Basel II paradigm where risk–weights vary. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of RMBSs, RMBS CDOs as well as capital under Basel regulation. Furthermore, we investigate subprime RMBSs and their rates with slack and holding constraints. Also, we examine the effect of SMC–induced credit rating shocks in future periods on subprime RMBSs and RMBS payout rates. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 4 explores issues related to subprime data. In particular, we present mortgage and securitization level data and forge connections with the results presented in Chapters 2 and 3. The work presented in this thesis is based on 2 peer–reviewed chapters in books (see [99] and [104]), 2 peer–reviewed international journal articles (see [48] and [101]), and 2 peer–reviewed conference proceeding papers (see [102] and [103]). / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The subprime mortgage lending practices from 1995 to 2007 were disproportionately concentrated on minority and low income neighborhoods of the United States. Despite the negative effects of subprime loans, these loans are regaining popularity. The purpose of this phenomenological research study was to bridge the gap in knowledge about their effect on African American women by exploring the home buying knowledge and behaviors of African American women between 2004 and 2007 in a southern state. Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of planned behavior served as the theoretical framework of this study, which explored factors that motivated African American women to buy a home, how the type of subprime loan used was identified, their knowledge of subprime loans, their experience of buying a home, and their postpurchase experience of becoming a homeowner. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and semistructured interviews with a snowball sample of 20 participants. Data were analyzed using the phenomenological method of thematic coding. Findings indicated that participants believed they were taken advantage of by realtors and loan servicers, were mostly unaware about the type of subprime loan used to purchase their homes, and later found out about the problems with subprime loans after conducting their own research. The implications for positive social change are directed at policymakers to focus attention and resources on understanding and addressing the experiences of African American women by expanding access to prime lending markets, better regulating subprime lending terms more effectively, and empowering African American women to be knowledgeable and vigilant about the drawbacks of subprime mortgages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto da Silva.pdf: 1447192 bytes, checksum: 7f99b454c4f76ae9c8a5421fa5972370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / This research has as objective to show the evolution of International the Financial System, as the institucional environment of century XXI consists at the beginning and as the sistêmica crisis of 2008 occurred. To show the evolution of International the Financial System, we realized a historical survey since the period of the standard-gold, passing for the period between wars, the system of regulation of Bretton Woods that created the BIRD, responsible for the provision of credits destined to the retaken one of investments and the FMI that would be a regulating organism to assist countries in difficulties in its rockings of payments. We show that the System of Bretton Woods represented a successful attempt of regulating International the System Financial that almost guaranteed the diverse countries three decades of growth and economic stability. With the end of the System of Bretton Woods, international the monetary relations had more passed not to be governed by rules or agreement involving exchange adjustments or creation of international liquidity, of this form in 1973, all the countries had started to adopt the regimen of flexible exchange, starting point for an exchange and monetary instability. This research searchs to analyze as if it held International the Financial System from the occured deregulation with the end of Bretton Woods and which its paper in the recent deflagrated sistêmica crisis in 2008 in the United States. In this meantime, we show that this crisis brought proposals of economists, multilateral governments and institutions with intention to promote reforms ample that can regulate International the System Financial of form to attenuate the crises / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mostrar a evolução do Sistema Financeiro Internacional, como se constitui o ambiente institucional no início do século XXI e como ocorreu a crise sistêmica de 2008. Para mostrarmos a evolução do Sistema Financeiro Internacional, realizamos um levantamento histórico desde o período do padrão-ouro, passando pelo período entre guerras, pelo sistema de regulação de Bretton Woods que criou o BIRD, responsável pela provisão de créditos destinados à retomada de investimentos e o FMI que seria um organismo regulador para auxiliar países em dificuldades em seus balanços de pagamentos. Mostramos que o Sistema de Bretton Woods representou uma tentativa bem-sucedida de regular o Sistema Financeiro Internacional que garantiu a diversos países quase três décadas de crescimento e estabilidade econômica. Com o fim do Sistema de Bretton Woods, as relações monetárias internacionais passaram a não ser mais governadas por regras ou entendimento envolvendo ajustes cambiais ou criação de liquidez internacional, dessa forma, em 1973, todos os países passaram a adotar o regime de câmbio flexível, ponto de partida para uma instabilidade cambial e monetária. Esta dissertação busca analisar como se comportou o Sistema Financeiro Internacional a partir da desregulamentação ocorrida com o fim de Bretton Woods e qual o seu papel na recente crise sistêmica deflagada em 2008 nos Estados Unidos. Neste interim, mostramos que essa crise trouxe à tona propostas de economistas, governos e instituições multilaterais com o intuito de promoverem reformas amplas que possam regular o Sistema Financeiro Internacional de forma a atenuar as crises

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Paiva Ramos.pdf: 3156910 bytes, checksum: d8e80b3328302d33926342206d99d174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / From the outbreak of the subprime crisis on, the international economy started to deteriorate. Due to the uncertainties about the evolvement of the crisis, a preference for liquidity emerged, leading the economic agentes to seek netter and safer assets. As a consequence, most of the main economies registered noticeable decrease in their activities and a higher unemployment rate. Within this situation, the Brazilian economy was also strongly affected. However, by taking a set of anticyclical measures, the federal Brazilian government´s action was decisive to promptly reverse the negative impacts and lead the Brazilian economy to growth and to a decrease in unemployment. Based on the post-keynesian approach, this study aims not only to analyse the set of anticyclical measures taken by the Brazilian government as a response to the subprime crisis but also to examine the economic performance from 2007 to 2010 / A partir da eclosão da crise do subprime, o cenário internacional entrou em franca deterioração. Devido às incertezas acerca dos desdobramentos dessa crise, iniciou-se uma maior preferência pela liquidez, levando os agentes econômicos a uma corrida para adquirir ativos mais líquidos e seguros. Como consequência, grande parte das principais economias registrou uma forte retração no seu nível de atividades e elevação do desemprego. Nesse cenário, a economia brasileira também foi fortemente impactada. Entretanto, a atuação do governo federal brasileiro, através de um conjunto de medidas anticíclicas, foi decisiva para rapidamente reverter os impactos negativos e conduzir a economia brasileira para uma trajetória de crescimento com diminuição do desemprego. Desta forma, a partir de uma abordagem pós-keynesiana, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o conjunto de medidas anticíclicas adotado pelo governo federal brasileiro como resposta à crise do subprime e também examinar o desempenho econômico brasileiro de 2007 a 2010