Den svenska bostadsmarknaden har de senaste åren haft en växande trend och trycket påbostäder har under en längre period varit högt. Priserna har stadigt ökat, framför allt iStockholmsregionen. Flera faktorer har medverkat till de stigande bostadspriserna och allt flerregleringar har införts för att dämpa prisutvecklingen. Dessa regleringar har satt högre krav påbolånetagare och det är numera svårare att få ett bostadslån beviljat med statens och bankernasnya kriterier. Redan innan införandet av mer utvidgade regleringar var möjligheten förungdomar att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden svår. De nya regleringarna har försvårat situationenytterligare då de främst omfattar nya låntagare, vilket i många fall är ungdomar som vill köpasin första bostad.I en jämförelse mellan Sverige och Norge avseende den yngre målgruppen visar statistik på attfler unga äger sitt boende i Norge jämfört med i Sverige. Vid en närmare analys av de olikamarknaderna finns flertalet anledningar till varför statistiken skiljer sig åt. Den utmärkande ochhögst intressanta skillnaden är att det i Norge finns ett speciellt utformat bosparsystem,Boligsparing for ungdom, för just ungdomar med avsikt att främja bosparande hos unga.I detta arbete har en mer ingående analys gjorts av det norska Boligsparing for ungdom ochvidare undersökning på hur den svenska bostadsmarknaden, inriktat på den yngre målgruppen,skulle komma att påverkas genoms ett införande av motsvarande bosparssystem i Sverige.Dessutom har en analys gjorts över hur ungas möjlighet att finansiera en bostad kan komma attförändras genom att införa ett subventionerat bosparsystem. Vidare innehåller arbetet hur densvenska bostadsmarknaden kan bli mer lättillgänglig för unga och vilka åtgärder som behövsför att ungdomar ska få möjlighet att välja den boendeform de vill ha. / The Swedish housing market has grown during the past few years and the demand for propertieshas been high for quite some time. The prices have steadily increased, especially in theStockholm region. Several factors have contributed to the increased house prices andregulations have been introduced to dampen price developments. These regulations have puthigher demands on mortgage lenders. And it is now more difficult to get a mortgage loangranted with the new criteria set by the state and the banks. Even before the introduction ofmore extended regulations, youths’ possibility to enter the housing market was difficult. Theopportunity for youths has been further aggravated as a result of the regulations that mainlytarget new lenders, which in many cases are young adults wanting to buy their first property.In a comparison between Sweden and Norway regarding youths’ ability to enter the housingmarket, statistics show that more young adults have bought their own properties by a youngerage in Norway than in Sweden. When analyzing the countries’ different housing markets, wehave found several reasons for the statistics to differ. One distinct and very interestingdifference is that there is a specially developed saving system for youths in Norway calledBoligsparing for ungdom, with the intention of promoting youths’ saving.In this study, a closer analysis has been made of the Norwegian saving system and furtherinvestigation into how the Swedish housing market, targeting youths, would be affected by theintroduction of the corresponding saving system in Sweden. In addition, an analysis has beenmade regarding if Swedish youths’ opportunity to finance a housing will be affected byintroducing a subsidized saving system. Furthermore, this study will focus on how the Swedishhousing market could become more accessible to young adults and needed measures to enableyouths to choose the type of housing they want.

<p>The social determinants of health are the social and economic conditions in which people live that determine their health and housing is a determinant of health. The home holds important significance to individuals as it offers protection and privacy from the surrounding physical and social conditions, aids in the development of relationships, and is the centre of family life. However, many individuals are not able to experience the benefits stemming from an acceptable home.</p> <p>This thesis explores the socio-economic aspects of housing through the transitional experiences of individuals moving from the private market level housing into rent-geared-to-income housing. The aim was to offer a descriptive account of individuals who have moved into social housing from private market housing and to find which of the dimensions of housing (physical conditions, psychological benefits, social environment and financial dimensions) most definitely contribute to individuals' everyday lives, health and well-being.</p> <p>Through the use of in-depth interviews, this cross-sectional research study involves 12 individuals paying rent-geared-to-income and living in social housing in Hamilton, Burlington and Oakville, Canada.</p> <p>Individuals reported several improvements to the different dimensions of housing that can influence health. Better housing conditions did improve their general and mental health. Individuals reported a greater sense of security, autonomy and self-identity. Social interactions and support were more commonly experienced and individuals did feel a decrease in the burden of rent. The most substantial changes were living in a less stressful environment and the financial security of social housing.</p> <p>This thesis shows that securing social housing had an influence on participants' everyday lives, health and well-being. The findings may contribute to literature on the impacts of affordable housing on lower-income individuals’ health and well-being. Additionally, the findings have important housing policy implications for addressing affordable housing.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

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The subsidized island biogeography hypothesis proposes that nutrient subsidies, those translocated from one ecosystem to another, can indirectly influence species richness on islands by directly increasing terrestrial productivity. However, the lack of a formal statistical model makes it difficult to assess the strength of the hypothesis. I created a formal subsidized island biogeography model to determine how nutrient subsidies, in addition to area and distance from mainland, influence tree species richness. My model showed that an increase in terrestrial nitrogen abundance results in a decrease of tree species richness. Soil and plant δ 15N values were higher than expected and it is likely that nutrient subsidies from the marine environment are responsible for 15N enrichment. However, the range of observed nitrogen abundance is similar to inland coastal-zone forests, indicating that islands are similarly nitrogen deprived and may not be receiving enough nutrient subsidies to alter productivity. Tree species decline may therefore be more strongly related to the environmental conditions leading to patterns of nitrogen abundance rather than the abundance of nitrogen itself. Additionally, I proposed that bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are vectors of nutrient subsidies, depositing nutrient-rich guano at nest sites, which could alter soil chemistry and vegetation composition. In an exploratory study of seven nest sites, I found higher soil phosphorous at eagle nest sites relative to control sites (~ 33% higher). Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient in coastal temperate forests, additions help to alleviate chlorosis and slow growth especially when paired with nitrogen. Higher potassium concentration also occurred on eagle-inhabited islands but was not associated specifically with current nest sites, perhaps reflecting differential persistence of macronutrients in the soil. Despite expectations, soil δ 15N abundance was not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. Total soil nitrogen was also not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. There were no significant differences between vegetation composition at eagle nest sites and reference sites, but reference sites tended to be dominated by shrub species. Additionally, I proposed that bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are vectors of nutrient subsidies, depositing nutrient-rich guano at nest sites, which could alter soil chemistry and vegetation composition. In an exploratory study of seven nest sites, I found higher soil phosphorous at eagle nest sites relative to control sites (~ 33% higher). Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient in coastal temperate forests, additions help to alleviate chlorosis and slow growth especially when paired with nitrogen. Higher potassium concentration also occurred on eagle-inhabited islands but was not associated specifically with current nest sites, perhaps reflecting differential persistence of macronutrients in the soil. I expected to observe elevated nitrogen isotope signatures (δ 15N) given bald eagles’ position in the trophic web and the potential for volatilization of guano but soil δ 15N abundance was not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. Total soil nitrogen was also not statistically higher at eagle nest sites. There were no significant differences between vegetation composition at eagle nest sites and reference sites, but reference sites tended to be dominated by shrub species / Graduate

The goal of the graduation theses was to point out the impact of legislative changes to accounting of the specific nonprofit organization and to analyze an implementation of new revising legislation from 2010 until 2014 into practice. It was also focused on the related regulations in connection with economy of selected accounting entities with the focus on a specific subsidized organization. The specific subsidized organization is Městský dům kultury Sokolov, incorporated by municipal authorities, which is the center of cultural events in the town Sokolov. In the theses it was outlined, how the legislative changes are projected into practice in this specific subsidized organization. The theses also concentrates on the specifics of accounting and on the process of bookkeeping in the chosen subsidized organization and on its ways of financing and reporting. In the conclusion several measures were proposed, which mainly relate to the legislation, also to outflows of financial funds and finally recommendations related to a supplementary activity were proposed.

Submitted by Eduardo Pavinato Olimpio (epolimpio@gmail.com) on 2015-02-11T11:13:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Eduardo_Pavinato_Olimpio_v2.pdf: 909989 bytes, checksum: 77a7740bfe398788f777f020fb78522c (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Eduardo, Seu trabalho foi rejeitado, pois você deve aguardar o recebimento da ficha catalográfica, que será enviada pela biblioteca. Encaminhei um e-mail com divergências na formatação para que você corrija e quando você receber a ficha catalográfica, deverá fazer a nova submissão de seu trabalho. Peço verificar todo o conteúdo, pois constam páginas em branco (ex: página 28, 48, 58...) com isso você deve corrigir também o seu sumário. Att Renata. on 2015-02-11T15:41:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Eduardo Pavinato Olimpio (epolimpio@gmail.com) on 2015-02-12T22:39:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-12T22:49:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-13T12:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) teseconsolidada.pdf: 888609 bytes, checksum: 707b8184fbf6bf378198a5f1c1d3f9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-12 / Neste trabalho apresentamos um modelo DSGE de pequena escala com economia fechada para estudar os efeitos de um aumento do crédito subsidiado e de uma política fiscal expansionista sobre as decisões de política monetária. O modelo, construído com base na literatura nacional e internacional, é constituído por uma economia fechada, com formação de hábito dos consumidores, firmas atuando em um mercado de competição monopolística (NEISS; NELSON, 2003) e rigidez de preços a la Calvo (CHRISTIANO; EICHENBAUM; EVANS, 2005). O governo é inserido no modelo através da autoridade monetária, que segue a Regra de Taylor definida por Vasconcelos e Divino (2012), e através da autoridade fiscal, que segue uma meta de superávit primário como em Castro et al. (2011). Por fim, o volume de investimento financiado por crédito subsidiado e a taxa deste crédito são definidos exogenamente pela autoridade fiscal, afetando sua restrição orçamentária. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a política fiscal expansionista é mais importante que o aumento do subsídio ao crédito para o aumento da taxa de juros real neutra. Estes efeitos, porém, explicam pouco da variância das variáveis macroeconômicas quando comparados aos choques de demanda e de produtividade. Além disso, o modelo mostra evidências de um caráter inflacionário recente da política monetária no Brasil. / In this work we present a small-scale DSGE model with closed economy in order to study the monetary effects caused by an increase of the subsidized credit and an expansionary fiscal policy. The model is developed over several works on the Brazilian and international literature is based on a simple model of a closed economy with households consumption habit formation and firms acting in a monopolistic competitive maket (NEISS; NELSON, 2003) and Calvo price rigidities (CHRISTIANO; EICHENBAUM; EVANS, 2005). The government is inserted through a monetary rule defined by Vasconcelos e Divino (2012) and through the fiscal authority via a primary surplus rule as in Castro et al. (2011). Finally, the amount of investment financed with subsidized credit and its interest are exogenously defined by the fiscal authority, affecting its budget constraint. Our results suggest that an expansionary political is more important than the increase of the credit subsidy in their effects on the neutral real interest rate. However, these effects have less relevance on the variance of the macroeconomic variables when compared to the effects of a demand or technology shocks. Moreover, the model evidences the inflacionary character of the recent monetary policy in Brazil.

Models of public family support by cash benefits. Comparative study of models in the Czech Republic, Finland and United Kingdom This thesis is a comparative study of different models of welfare available for the family unit in the Czech Republic, Finland and in the United Kingdom. It considers many different aspects, and in the first two chapters looks at what characterizes a family, the social strcutures that influenced the formation of the family unit, and existing European principles which formed the basis upon which family assistance was modeled. These principles are divided into solidarity, citizenship, corporate, and liberal. The ensuing chapters discuss family politics within the individual states. Chapters are divided into parts such as historic, present and organization of public family policy. Public welfare in the Czech Republic focuses on low-income households and distributing income assistance from public funds. In Finland family welfare is focused mainly on ensuring the healthy development development of children, which is made possible through financial assistance, family leave and programs offering help for families. In Great Britain, public policy is geared towards relief for the poor, which occurs through tested financial support for the family unit. The practical section of the thesis...

[pt] Esta dissertação documenta e analisa os empréstimos concedidos pela Finep entre 2004 e 2017. São respondidas as seguintes questões: Qual a magnitude dos subsídios? Como têm evoluído? Como variam entre indústrias e regiões? Na amostra analisada, o valor médio dos subsídios implícitos nos empréstimos é de 8,6 milhões, sendo maior para contratos com taxas de juros pré-fixadas: 10,9 milhões de reais, ou 21,5 porcento do valor presente dos empréstimos. Para os empréstimos pósfixados, indexados pela TJLP, o subsídio médio é menor, mas ainda assim relevante: 2,6 milhões de reais ou 11,7 porcento do valor presente dos empréstimos. Tanto os valores dos empréstimos quanto os subsídios concedidos foram substancialmente elevados a partir de 2008, atingindo seus picos entre 2013 e 2014. As indústrias de transformação e as regiões Sudeste e Sul tem sido as maiores beneficiárias. / [en] This dissertation documents and analyses the loans granted by Finep between 2004 and 2017. The following questions are answered: What is the magnitude of the subsidies? How have they evolved? How do they vary among industries and regions? In the analyzed sample, the average value of implicit subsidies per loan is 8,6 million reais, higher for contracts with pre-fixed interest rates: 10,9 million reais, or 21,5 percent of the loans present value. For post-fixed loans, indexed to the TJLP, average subsidy is lower, but still significant: 2,6 million reais or 11,7 percent of the loans present value. Both the amount of the loans and the subsidies were substantially increased from 2008, reaching peaks between 2013 and 2014. Transformation industries and the Southeast and South regions have been the biggest beneficiaries.

The Pueblo of Laguna in New Mexico maintains a tribal scholarship program to assist students in their pursuit of higher education. This research was initiated to assess from the graduates' perspective how effectively the tribe utilized its subsidized academic capital. The purpose of the study was to identify obstacles, incentives, distractions, or alternative opportunities that Laguna college graduates encountered on their academic paths that influenced their perceptions about working for the tribe. Several challenges were identified that if addressed could profoundly benefit the tribe by increasing the retention of tribal graduates for the professional roles for which they were academically trained. A mixed methods research design was employed to examine why graduates educated with considerable assistance from their tribe were not working for their tribe in the capacity for which they earned degrees. Within this study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to gather, report, and interpret the data. The combined use of a survey as the quantitative method and interviews as the qualitative method provided a balanced view of the perceptions of the Laguna graduates. An analysis of both sets of data indicated that several significant rifts existed between the arenas of tribal professional employment opportunities, college level academic attainment, and the existing secondary school system. Conversely, notions of tribal student loyalty and an intense desire to contribute to community were confirmed. Based on the findings, it was recommended that several critical decisions regarding the future of the Pueblo's higher education priorities be made. Further, it was recommended that the tribe increase their efforts to capitalize on the intrinsic community connectedness demonstrated by the Laguna graduates.