Dans le contexte de la mise au point de dispositifs photovoltaïques efficaces, bon marché et respectueux de l’environnement, la synthèse d’oxydes métalliques semi-conducteurs tels que SnO2, Zn2SnO4 et WO3 de morphologies et textures diverses a été développée afin d’élaborer des photoanodes poreuses pour cellules solaires à colorant. D’après les études réalisées par différentes méthodes (MEB, MET, DRX et BET), les matériaux obtenus présentent des caractéristiques texturales, morphologiques et structurales appropriées pour l’application visée. Des cellules solaires à colorant ont donc été réalisées à partir de ces oxydes, puis différents paramètres influençant leurs performances ont été optimisés afin d’améliorer l’efficacité de la conversion photovoltaïque. Notamment l’influence positive de différents traitements des photoanodes (i.e. solution aqueuse de TiCl4 ou traitement à l’eau) sur les rendements de conversion énergétique et la stabilité des dispositifs a été démontrée. Ainsi, des performances comparables ou supérieures à l’état de l’art ont été atteintes pour les systèmes à base de SnO2. Ces performances ont ensuite été interprétées en déterminant les processus électroniques et ioniques ayant lieu dans ces cellules par différentes méthodes physiques (mesures de tension de seuil et de décroissance de circuit-ouvert, spectroscopie d’impédance). Enfin, des électrodes réalisées à partir de WO3 déposé sur substrats flexibles ont démontré des propriétés électrochromes très prometteuses ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de l’affichage. / In the context of the development of efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly photovoltaic devices, the synthesis of metal-oxide semiconductors such as SnO2, Zn2SnO4 and WO3 with various textures and morphologies have been developed in order to achieve nanoporous photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. According to studies carried out by different characterization methods (SEM, TEM, XRD and BET), the resulting materials show interesting features for the expected application. Dye solar cells were then fabricated from photoanodes processed with these oxides and several parameters influencing their performance were optimized to improve the overall conversion efficiency. In particular, the beneficial effect of different treatments of the photoanodes (ie aqueous TiCl4 or water treatment) on the power conversion efficiency and the stability of the devices has been evidenced. Thus, state-of-the art or, even, record efficiencies were reached in the case of SnO2-based systems. These performances were then rationalized by determining the electronic and ionic processes occurring in these devices by various physical methods (threshold voltage and open-circuit photovoltage decay measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Finally, electrodes based on WO3 and deposited on flexible substrates have shown very promising electrochromic properties, which opens up new prospects in the field of smart displays.

La maîtrise de la communication et de l'information est un atout primordial dans les stratégies de pouvoir, qu'elles soient militaires, politiques ou commerciales. Celui qui est capable de transmettre l'information plus vite prend l'avantage sur les autres. Tel est le moteur de la croissance et du progrès dans le domaine des télécommunications. L'omniprésence grandissante des dispositifs communicants témoigne de l'expansion exponentielle qu'a connu ce domaine depuis les premières communications sans fil. À l'époque du all-in-one, la multiplication des applications au sein d'un même appareil nécessite l'utilisation de composants toujours plus performants et petits . Au cœur de ces systèmes, les filtres ont une importance grandissante. Dans un environnement spatial, les contraintes de fiabilité et d'encombrement sont particulièrement drastiques. Le choix des matériaux est par ailleurs limité, ce qui réduit les possibilités d'innovation. Cependant, l'amélioration de la précision et de la fiabilité dans les technologies de fabrication ouvre de nouvelles perspectives d'innovation et d'amélioration des composants. Ces travaux ont ainsi été motivés par ce souci d'apporter toujours plus de performance et de fiabilité, pour un encombrement moindre en tirant profit du potentiel offert par l'association du concept SIW et de la technologie LTCC. Les résultats mettent à jour de sérieuses dispersions technologiques. Cependant, le potentiel de l'association SIW/LTCC est démontré, et les difficultés rencontrées sont surmontables. Les filtres SIW en technologie LTCC présentent donc des atouts pour s'imposer comme une alternative sérieuse aux solutions existantes. / Control of communication and information is a key asset in the strategies of power, whether military, political or commercial. Whoever is able to transmit information faster takes advantage of others. This is the engine of growth and progress in the field of telecommunications. The growing ubiquity of communicating devices demonstrates the exponential growth experienced by this area since the first wireless communications. At the time of all-in-one, multiple applications within a single device requires the use of ever more powerful and small components. At the heart of these systems, filters are becoming increasingly important. In a space environment, reliability constraints and space are particularly dramatic. The choice of materials is also limited, which reduces the possibilities of innovation. However, the improvement of accuracy and reliability in manufacturing technologies opens new opportunities for innovation and improved components. This work has been motivated by the desire to bring more performances and reliability, a smaller footprint by taking advantage of the potential offered by combining the concept SIW and LTCC. The results update serious technological dispersions. However, the potential association SIW / LTCC is shown, and the difficulties are surmountable. SIW filters in LTCC therefore have advantages for itself as a serious alternative to existing solutions.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / Our research work is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, synthesis of substituted phenolic compounds including halogenated di- and trihydroxybenzenes, aminophenols, and substituted di-tert-butylphenols, their redox potential, laccase oxidation, and mosquito anti-larval activities are discussed. The synthesized substituted phenols were found to be the substrates but not the inhibitors of laccase. An inverse correlation between the oxidation potential and the laccase oxidation efficiency of halogenated hydroxybenzenes and aminophenols was established. However, substituted di-tert-butylphenols were found to have anti-larval activities in mosquitoes resulting in the death of the larvae just before reaching pupation. Among the di-tert-butyl phenols studied, water insoluble, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenol (16), 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanal oxime (14), and 6,8-di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene (17) caused the mortility of 98%, 93%, and 92% of Anopheles gambiae larvae in the concentration of 182 nM, 3.4 µM, and 3.7 µM, respectively. In particular, compound 16 had similar anti-larval activities as compared to MON-0585, an anti-larval agent reported by Monsanto in the 70’s. In the second chapter, inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation by substituted quinolines (PQs) is inverstigated. PQ compounds such as N-(3-aminopropyl)-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(3-(trifluormethyl)phenoxy)quinolin-8-amine (PQ1), N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-4-methyl)-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)quinolin-8-amine (PQ11), and 6-methoxy-4-methyl-N-(quinolin-4-ylmethyl)-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)quinolin-8-amine (PQ15) were found to inhibit PKC phosphorylation with IC50 values of 35 nM, 42.3 nM, and 216.3 nM respectively, among which PQ1 and PQ11 were found to be potent PKC inhibitors as comparable to that of staurosporine (IC50 = 33 nM). In chapter three, the tissue distribution of PQ1 and PQ11 in normal C57BL/6J mice and the effect of PQ1 on the normal tissues of mice were investigated. Substituted quinolines, PQ1 and PQ11 were distributed in the tissues in concentrations that were more than 40 folds of their effective dose. PQ1 and PQ11 were also found to penetrate the blood brain barrier and collect in the tissue in significant amounts. The administration of PQ1 and PQ11 had no effect in the normal behavior of the animals indicating no short term adverse effects. PQ1 was found to increase the expression of survivin, an anti-apoptotic factor and decrease the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8, pro-apoptotic proteins. These studies suggests that PQ1 might have anti-apoptotic activities in normal cells, in contrast to the role of PQ1 in cancer cells where it has demonstrated to induce apoptosis. The study also indicated that PQ11 was better metabolized from the tissues over time as compared to PQ1.

Leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) é uma neoplasia hematológica maligna associada à atividade tirosinoquinase da oncoproteína BCR-ABL1. A maioria dos casos de LMC é tratada com sucesso com inibidores tirosinoquinase de BCR-ABL1, mas uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes desenvolve resistência ao fármaco. Estudos recentes indicam que a célula-tronco leucêmica é resistente ao tratamento com imatinibe. A identificação de outras proteínas que cooperam com as vias de sinalização BCR-ABL1 podem indicar novos alvos terapêuticos. Os substratos do receptor de insulina (IRS) têm emergido como proteínas importantes na fisiopatologia de neoplasias sólidas e hematológicas. Um inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, foi desenvolvido e mostrou resultados promissores em estudos pré-clínicos com tumores sólidos. A associação constitutiva de IRS1 com BCRABL1 e o efeito antineoplásico resultante do silenciamento espefício de IRS1 em células K562 BCR-ABL1+ suportam a hipótese deste trabalho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da inibição farmacológica de IGF1R-IRS1/2 no fenótipo de células hematopoéticas leucêmicas BCR-ABL1+ utilizando células primárias, células K562 e modelos murinos. IRS1, mas não IRS2, apresentou-se menos expresso em amostras de medula óssea de pacientes com diagnóstico de LMC quando comparadas às amostras de células hematopoéticas normais (p<0,0001). NT157 reduziu a formação de colônias de células primárias de pacientes com LMC, mas não de células hematopoéticas de indivíduos saudáveis. Em células K562, o tratamento com o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduziu a viabilidade e proliferação celular e induziu apoptose (p<0,05), inibiu a fosforilação de IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K e ERK1/2, aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor CDKN1A, FOS e JUN e reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes MYC e BCL2 (p<0,05); a inibição específica de IRS1 através de lentivírus, mas não de IRS2, reduziu a viabilidade celular (p<0,05). Em células murinas Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCRABL1T315I, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induziu apoptose e reduziu ativação de ERK1/2 in vitro. Na dose de 50mg/kg/dia, NT157 intraperitoneal e/ou imatinibe por gavagem falharam em reduzir o crescimento tumoral in vivo em modelo de tumor alográfico induzido por células Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCR-ABL1T315I. Em modelo animal de leucemia induzido por transplante de células hematopoéticas transduzidas com BCR-ABL1: (i) o tratamento com NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, combinado com imatinibe 100mg/kg/dia por gavagem, reduziu significativamente o peso do baço, e preveniu a perda de peso comparado com veículo (p<0,05); apenas a monoterapia com imatinibe prolongou a sobrevida dos animais, (ii) o tratamento com NT157 70mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, e/ou imatinibe 70mg/kg/dia por gavagem não teve impacto no peso do baço e na variação do peso corporal; o tratamento com imatinibe em monoterapia ou combinado com NT157 prolongou a sobrevida dos animais (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2 representa uma droga potencialmente eficaz no tratamento da LMC, especialmente em casos de resistência com mutação BCR-ABL1 T315I. A avaliação da eficácia do inibidor farmacológico NT157 em modelos animais de LMC exige ajustes nos modelos murinos utilizados no presente estudo, melhor entendimento da farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética do composto e ajustes no esquema terapêutico utilizado. / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy associated with the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Most cases of CML are successfully treated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but a significant percentage of patients develop resistance. Recent studies indicate that leukemic stem cell is resistant to imatinib treatment. The identification of other proteins that cooperate with the BCR-ABL1 signaling pathway may indicate novel therapeutic targets. Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) have emerged as important proteins in the pathophysiology of solid and hematological neoplasms. A pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, has been developed and shown promising results in preclinical studies with solid tumors. The constitutive association of IRS1 with BCR-ABL1, and the antineoplastic effects resulting from IRS1-specific silencing in K562 BCR-ABL1+ cells, support the hypothesis of this work. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R-IRS1/2 on the phenotype of BCR-ABL1+ leukemia cells, using primary cells, K562 cell line and murine models. IRS1, but not IRS2, was downregulated in bone marrow samples from CML patients compared to bone marrow cells from healthy donors (p<0.0001). NT157 reduced colony formation of primary cells from CML patients but not from healthy donors. In K562 cells, treatment with the pharmacological inhibitor IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduced cell viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis (p<0.05), inhibited the phosphorylation of IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K and ERK1/2, increased expression of tumor suppressor genes CDKN1A, FOS and JUN, and reduced expression of oncogenes MYC and BCL2 (p<0.05); IRS1 silencing mediated by lentivirus, but not IRS2, reduced cell viability (p<0.05). In murine Ba/F3 BCRABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induced apoptosis and reduced ERK1/2 activation in vitro. At 50mg/kg/day, NT157 intraperitoneally and/or imatinib orally, failed to reduce tumor burden in vivo in an allographic tumor model induced by Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells . In an animal leukemia model induced by transplantation of BCR-ABL1-transduced hematopoietic cells : (i) treatment with NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, combined with imatinib 100mg/kg/day per gavage, significantly reduced spleen weight, and prevented weight loss compared to vehicle (p<0.05); only imatinib monotherapy prolonged survival (p<0.05), (ii) treatment with NT157 70 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, and/or imatinib 70 mg/kg/day per gavage had no impact on spleen weight and body weight; treatment with imatinib alone or combined with NT157 prolonged survival (p<0.05). In conclusion, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2 represents a potential effective drug in CML therapy, especially in cases of resistant BCR-ABL1 T315I mutation. The evaluation of the NT157 pharmacological efficacy in CML animal models requires adjustments in the murine models used in the present study, better understanding of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the compound and adjustments in the therapeutic scheme used.

O alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS), principal componente na formulação de detergentes e outros agentes de limpeza, é despejado constantemente em corpos de água em função da precariedade dos sistemas de tratamento de origem doméstica em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. A principal motivação do presente estudo foi verificar a remoção do sabão em pó com o emprego de diferentes co-substratos em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF). O RALF foi preenchido com areia como material suporte e operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 15 horas durante 247 dias. Substrato sintético simulando esgoto sanitário foi utilizado, cuja composição incluía solução de sais, bicarbonato de sódio, sabão em pó comercial, extrato de levedura e co-substratos como sacarose e/ou etanol. A operação do reator foi dividida em cinco fases: (1) imobilização da biomassa em circuito fechado; (2) etapa I com sacarose e etanol (50/50%), sem adição de sabão em pó e circuito aberto; (3) etapa II com sacarose e etanol (50/50%) e 6,8 ± 2,1 mg/L de LAS em circuito aberto; (4) etapa III com sacarose e etanol (50/50%) e 14,3 ± 1,5 mg/L de LAS em circuito aberto; (5) etapa IV com apenas sacarose como co-substrato e 16,4 ± 2,5 mg/L de LAS em circuito aberto. Para todas as etapas, obteve-se remoção média de DQO superior a 78 ± 8,4%, para 590,2 ± 76,2 mg/L afluente. Houve aumento de eficiência de remoção com acréscimo de sabão em pó em torno de 12% entre a etapa I e as demais etapas; estas juntas apresentaram média de 597,7 ± 83,1 mg/L de DQO afluente. A remoção média de LAS foi de 37,7 ± 13,7% para 12,4 ± 8,4 mg/L afluente. Por meio da análise estatística não foi possível determinar o nível de importância dos co-substratos na remoção de DQO e LAS. Verificou-se remoção de 39,4% de LAS, sendo 30,6% referente à degradação biológica e 8,8% à adsorção. Populações microbianas diferentes foram observadas nas diferentes etapas por meio de análise de DGGE. Microrganismos pertencentes aos filos Proteobacteria (72%), Acidobacteria (3%), Synergistetes (3%), Bacteroidetes (6,3%) e Firmicutes (6,3%) foram identificados no biofilme do material suporte da última etapa. A maioria das seqüências foi relacionada à família Rhodocyclaceae cujos membros são capazes de degradar compostos aromáticos. / Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), main component in detergent formulation and others clean products, is constantly released in aquatic environment in face of precarious domestic wastewater treatment facilities presents in developing countries like Brazil. The main reason of this study was to verify the powder soap removal through the use of different co-substrates in anaerobic fluidized bed biological reactor (AFBBR). The AFBBR was filled with sand as support material and operated with 15 hours of hydraulic time retention (HTR) over 247 days. It was utilized synthetic sewage which composition included salt solution, sodium bicarbonate, commercial powder soap, yeast extract and co-substrate as sucrose and/or ethanol. The operation of reactor was divided in following steps: (1) biomass immobilization phase in close circuit; (2) stage I with sucrose and ethanol (50/50%) without powder soap addition in open circuit; (3) stage II with sucrose and ethanol (50/50%) and 6,8 ± 2,1 mg/L of LAS in open circuit; (4) stage III with sucrose and ethanol (50/50%) and 14,3 ± 1,5 mg/L of LAS in open circuit; and (5) stage IV with only sucrose as co-substrate and 16,4 ± 2,5 mg/L of LAS in open circuit. For all stages, it was obtained up 78 ± 8,4% average COD removal with 590,2 ± 76,2 mg/L influent. There was a increase of COD removal around 12% with powder soap addition among stage I and following stages, these last ones, together, had 597,7 ± 83,1 mg/L of average COD influent. The LAS removal was 37,7 ± 13,7% with 12,4 ± 8,4 mg/L of LAS influent. Using statistic analysis, it is not possible to define the level of co-substrates importance in COD and LAS removal. Through mass balance, it was verified 39,4% of LAS removal, with 30,6% from biological degradation and 8,8% from adsorption. Diverse microbial populations were observed from different stages by DGGE analysis. It was identified microorganisms relating to Proteobacteria (72%), Acidobacteria (3%), Synergistetes (3%), Bacteroidetes (6,3%) and Firmicutes (6,3%) phila in biomass support material from last stage. Most of sequences were closed to Rhodocyclaceae family which members are capable to degrade aromatic compounds.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem o propósito de relatar o desenvolvimento de um sensor planar eletroquímico com três eletrodos para o monitoramento de nitrito e seus interferentes (ácido úrico, ácido ascórbico e paracetamol). Para tal, no procedimento experimental é descrito o desenvolvimento do aparato extracorpóreo (mini-bomba compressora, válvulas solenóides e cela de análise). Esse é acoplado a um sistema de Análise por Injeção em Fluxo Automatizada (do inglês, Flow-injection Analysis) FIA-automatizada. Este trabalho também descreve a fabricação dos sensores em substrato de alumina, o processo de limpeza padrão dos eletrodos, o processo de obtenção dos eletrodos de referência em HCl (0,1 mol L-1) e ativação eletroquímica da superfície do eletrodo de trabalho com H2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1). Em seguida, é mostrada a estabilização dos eletrodos de referência Ag/AgCl em solução salina contendo cloretos, o estudo da secagem dos eletrodos em temperatura ambiente com exposição à luz e a caracterização dos mesmos por três métodos distintos, a saber: i) teste de reversibilidade (corrente redox vs. potencial); ii) variação do potencial com o tempo (coeficiente de degradação termodinâmica) e iii) variação do potencial com a concentração de cloretos. Também, apresenta-se a caracterização da área efetiva exposta do eletrodo de medição (trabalho) e os resultados da deposição de 1-2 Diaminobenzeno (DAB) como polímero seletivo. Além disso, são apresentados os resultados e discussões dos pseudo-eletrodos (recoberto ou não com Náfion® 117). Um ponto relacionado, a histerese associada à irreversibilidade dos eletrodos de referência resultou da ordem de 40 mVAg/AgCl Náfion® 117. Os potencias termodinâmicos observados foram da ordem de 100 ± 6 mVAg/AgCl Náfion® 117 para pseudo-eletrodo de referência sem e com Náfion® 117. Depois, foi realizado um estudo criterioso dos potenciais de resposta ao nitrito e aos interferentes por meio da técnica de DPV (do inglês, Differencial Pulse Voltammetry). Para evitar degradação acelerada (corrosão) do polímero sobre o eletrodo de trabalho, optou-se por realizar as medições com potencial igual a 0,50 VAg/AgCl Náfion® 117. Nessa condição, apresenta-se a monitoração de nitrito por FIA-automatizada na faixa de concentração de 50 a 250 mol L-1. Os resultados para a medição de nitrito mostraram que o sensor planar eletroquímico amperométrico desenvolvido é promissor, pois esse apresentou ótimo desempenho de reprodutividade (99,66%), sensibilidade (90 microA mol-1 L mm-2), seletividade (0,32%), repetitividade (91,28%) e estabilidade (15 ± 0,3 pA). / In this Master of Science, it has been developed an electrochemical planar sensor defined with three electrodes for nitrite measuring and its interferents (uric acid, ascorbic acid and paracetamol). In the experimental procedure, it is shown the development of an extracorporis set up (mini-pump, solenoid valves and analysis cell) which is coupled to a system of Flow-injection Analysis (FIA). This work also describes the sensor fabrication using alumina substrates, the standard cleaning of the electrodes, the process to obtain Ag/AgCl reference electrodes in HCl (0.1 mol L-1) and electrochemical activation of the working-electrode surface with H2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1). Following, it is shown the study of drying for electrodes at room temperature with exposition to room light and their characterization using three different methods: i) reversibility test (redox current vs. potential); ii) variation of the potential with the time (thermodynamics degradation coefficient) and iii) variation of the potential with the chloride concentration. Also, it is presented the characterization of the effective exposed area of the working electrode and the results of the deposited 1-2 Diaminobenzene (DAB) is presented as a selective polymer. In addition, the results and discussions of the pseudo-reference (recovered or not with Nafion® 117) are presented. Related to irreversibility is the hysteresis associated to the reference electrodes which resulted in the order of 40 mVAg/AgCl Nafion® 117. The observed thermodynamic potentials were of (100 ± 6) mVAg/AgCl Nafion® 117 for pseudo-electrodes recovered with Nafion® 117. Later on, a careful study of the response to nitrite and to its interferents was performed by means of the DPV technique (Differential Pulse Voltammetry). In order to avoid accelerated degradation (corrosion) of the polymer, measurements were performed at a potential of 0,5 VAg/AgCl Nafion® 117. In this condition, nitrite was monitored using the automatized-FIA (Flow Injection Analysis) for concentration in the range of 50 to 250 mol L-1. The results have shown that the planar amperometric sensor for nitrite measuring is usefull since it was observed excellent performance related to reproducibility (99.66%), sensitivity (90 microA mol-1 L mm-2), selectivity (0.32%), repetibility (91.28%) and stability (15.0 ± 0.3 pA).

De uma forma geral, animais ovíparos suprem sua prole somente com vitelo, composto principalmente por lipídios e proteínas. Em espécies de cecílias ovíparas e dermatófagas, as fêmeas mobilizam esses substratos energéticos para os ovários durante a vitelogênese e também utilizam esses mesmos compostos para a produção de uma pele mais espessa e nutritiva que servirá de alimento aos filhotes durante o cuidado parental. Em detrimento da grande importância do vitelo para o desenvolvimento de embriões e larvas, como apresentado, é curioso compreender como espécies ovíparas alocam parte da sua energia na produção de uma pele mais espessa, além de investirem na produção do vitelo. Desta forma, sendo as cecílias pouco conhecidas, é de grande importância entender os processos metabólicos e endócrinos envolvidos no armazenamento e na mobilização dos substratos energéticos ao longo do processo reprodutivo de machos e fêmeas, a fim de entender como ocorre o preparo das gônadas e da pele para a reprodução. Análises histológicas dos ovários e testículos foram realizadas, assim como a determinação de lipídios (e ácidos graxos dos fosfolipídios) e proteínas totais no fígado, músculo, gônadas, pele e plasma de machos e fêmeas de S. annulatus ao longo do ciclo anual. Além disso, a concentração plasmática dos esteróides gonadais (estradiol, testosterona e progesterona) foi também quantificada em ambos os sexos. De forma geral, oócitos em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram encontrados nos ovários. A espermatogênese de Siphonops annulatus apresentou um padrão cístico como visto para os outros anamniotas, sendo o testículo formado por lobos que variam em número e tamanho. Com relação aos substratos energéticos, observamos que existe uma clara tendência em maior acúmulo de lipídios e proteínas nas gônadas das fêmeas que foram coletadas durante o inverno, caracterizadas por um desenvolvimento oocitário mais avançado, com a presença de oócitos vitelogênicos, sendo o mesmo observado para os machos. Em relação aos ácidos graxos, foi encontrado um padrão normalmente observado para os demais vertebrados, com a fração polar dos tecidos composta principalmente por ácidos graxos polinsaturados n6 em ambos os sexos. Destaca-se nas fêmeas uma grande mobilização de ácidos graxos dos tecidos de reserva para os ovários, principalmente os ácidos graxos polinsaturados, que são de grande importância para a vitelogênese e embriogênese. Alterações dos substratos no tecido dérmico da fêmea também foram observadas na primavera e no verão, sugerindo a importância deste tecido na dermatofagia. As análises hormonais demonstraram poucas variações ao longo do ano para ambos os sexos, devido à grande variação individual. Contudo, os valores de estradiol, testosterona e progesterona tendem a ser maiores para as fêmeas no inverno e para os machos durante a primavera. Os dados sugerem que o processo reprodutivo em S. annulatus mantida em cativeiro envolveu um processo de reostase programada, pois mesmo não havendo condições ambientais ideais, as fêmeas e os machos apresentam uma memória metabólica capaz de prepará-los para a reprodução. No entanto, o ambiente proporcionado pelo cativeiro suprimiu a ocorrência das fases finais do ciclo reprodutivo, como ovulação e cópula, resgatando o clássico conceito de reostase reativa. / Usually, oviparous animals keep their offspring only with yolk that is composed mostly of lipids and proteins. In oviparous and dermatophagic caecilians species, the females mobilize these energetic substrates to the ovaries during the vitellogenesis and also use these compounds to produce a ticker and nutritive skin that will be used as food for the offspring during parental care. In detriment of the great importance of the yolk to development of the embryos and larvae, as presented, it is curious to figure out how oviparous species allocate part of its energy to produce a thicker skin, beyond from investing in the production of yolk. Considering that caecilians are poorly known, it is important to understand the endocrine and metabolic processes involved in the storage and mobilization of energetic substrates during the reproductive process of males and females, in order to comprehend how the gonads and skin become ready for reproduction. Histological analysis of ovaries and testes were performed, as well as, total lipids (and fatty acids from phospholipids) and protein in liver, muscle, gonads, skin and plasma of males and females of S. annulatus during the annual cycle. Additionally, the plasma concentrations of gonadal steroids (estradiol, testosterone and progesterone) were quantified in both sexes. In general, oocytes at different stages of development were found in the ovaries. The spermatogenesis of Siphonops annulatus presented a cystic pattern as seen for other anamniotas, and the testes were formed by lobes which vary in number and size. Considering the energetic substrates, there is a clear tendency to a greater accumulation of lipids and protein in the ovaries in females collected in the winter, that were characterized by a more advanced stage of oocyte development, with the presence of vitellogenic oocytes. The same was observed for the males. Regarding to fatty acids, it was found a pattern commonly observed for others vertebrates, with the polar fraction of the tissues composed mainly by n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in both sexes. It is important to highlight in females a great mobilization of fatty acids from the storages tissues to the ovaries, mainly the polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are of great importance for vitellogenesis and embryogenesis. Alterations in the energetic substrates of the dermal tissue of the female were also observed in spring and summer, suggesting the importance of this tissue in dermatophagy. The hormonal assays showed little variation throughout the year for both sexes, due to the large individual variation. However, the concentrations of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone have a clear tendency of being higher for females in the winter, and for males during the spring. The data suggests that the reproduction in S. annulatus maintained in captivity involved a programmed rheostasis process, because, even without the ideal environmental conditions, males and females presented a metabolic memory, that was enough to prepare the animals for reproduction. However, the environment provided by the captivity suppressed the occurrence of the final phases of the reproductive cycle, as ovulation and copulation, rescuing the classical concept of reactive rheostasis.

La cicatrisation de ligaments est un processus complexe qui consiste en la prolifération et la migration cellulaire, ainsi que la synthèse de la matrice extracellulaire. Ce phénomène est influencé par des facteurs biochimiques et/ou environnementaux. Les propriétés spécifiques des cellules ligamentaires permettrent de répondre aux facteurs de croissance et aux contraintes mécaniques. Le but de nos travaux a été de définir les conditions de reconstruction in vitro d’un tissu ligamentaire. Nous avons tenu compte d’une part des paramètres biochimiques, d’autre part des paramètres mécaniques afin d’étudier l’ensemble des facteurs agissant sur la synthèse d’un nouveau tissu. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré l’influence des facteurs de croissance, tels que le PDGF-AB et le TGF-b1 sur la prolifération et sur la synthèse de composants de la matrice extracellulaire (collagènes des types I et III). Il semble que ces deux facteurs de croissance aient une action, mais il n’agissent pas sur le même mode du point de vue temporel et mécanistique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la contrainte mécanique spécifique du ligament, l’étirement. Nous avons montré que l’action des contraintes mécaniques est essentielle pour la différentiation des cellules cibles et leur évolution en cellules ligamentaires, en promouvant la synthèse de molécules spécifiques, telles que la ténascine, et les collagènes. Cependant, bien que ces résultats, restent insuffisants pour la reconstruction d’un bio tissu, ils nous ont néanmoins permis de définir les protocoles à suivre pour la suite de ces projets d’ingénierie tissulaire / The process of ligament healing is complex, which consists of the proliferation and the cellular migration, as well as the synthesis of the extra cellular matrix. This process is influenced by the biochemical and/or environmental factors. The specific properties of the ligament cell permit their responses to growth factors and to mechanical stress. The aim of our work was to define the conditions of in vitro reconstruction of ligament tissue. We take into account the biochemical, as well as the mechanical parameters in order to study the factors acting on the synthesis of a new tissue. Firstly, we investigated the influence of the growth factors such as PDGF-AB and TGF-b1 on the cell proliferation and the matrix synthesis (collagens types I and III) respectively. It seems that these two growth factors act on the different mode on the temporal and mechanistic aspects. Secondly, we studied the effect of the specific mechanical stress the stretching on the ligament. It was showed that the action of the mechanical stretching was essential for the differentiation of the target cells and their evolution in the ligament cell, by promoting the synthesis of the specific molecules, such as tenascin, and collagens. Although these results remain insufficient for the reconstruction of neotissue, they allowed us to define the protocols to be followed for the projects of tissue engineering

[pt] O processo de manufatura de fitas adesivas geralmente envolve uma etapa de retirada dos solventes presentes na solução revestida e formação de uma camada de material semi- sólido sobre um substrato impermeável. Devido a alta espessura de adesivo requerida no produto final e a alta concentração de solventes característica da solução revestida, a secagem se torna, muitas vezes, o gargalo do processo produtivo. Ganhos de produtividade em linhas que podem produzir centenas de milhares de metros quadrados de fita adesiva por mês são importantes para viabilizar incrementos na oferta ou redução dos custos operacionais. Esta dissertação apresenta a análise do processo de secagem de soluções poliméricas revestidas sobre substratos impermeáveis através do desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático para representar os fenômenos de transferência de calor e massa. Também propõe uma metodologia para atingir ganhos de produtividade utilizando um programa computacional especialmente desenvolvido para simulação do processo de secagem. A utilidade da metodologia e da simulação é demostrada por um estudo de caso realizado na manufatura de fitas adesivas da 3M do Brasil. / [en] In the manufacturing process of adhesive tapes usually there is a step where the solvents of solution are evaporated in order to allow the formation of a semisolid layer of material over a suitable substrate. As the final product requires high coating weight and solvent concentration on adhesive solution is high as well, the drying becomes, most of the time, the constraint of the overall process. Productivity increase on machines that can produce hundred of thousands of square meters of adhesive tapes per month can represent additional sale volumes or possibility to reduce operating costs. This dissertation presents the analysis of drying process of polymeric solutions coated over impermeable substrates through the development of a mathematical model to represent the heat and mass transfer. It also proposes a methodology to achieve productivity increases using a computer code specially developed to simulate the drying process. The power of this methodology and of the computer- aided simulation is showed by a case study in the manufacturing department of adhesive tapes at 3M Brazil.

Leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) é uma neoplasia hematológica maligna associada à atividade tirosinoquinase da oncoproteína BCR-ABL1. A maioria dos casos de LMC é tratada com sucesso com inibidores tirosinoquinase de BCR-ABL1, mas uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes desenvolve resistência ao fármaco. Estudos recentes indicam que a célula-tronco leucêmica é resistente ao tratamento com imatinibe. A identificação de outras proteínas que cooperam com as vias de sinalização BCR-ABL1 podem indicar novos alvos terapêuticos. Os substratos do receptor de insulina (IRS) têm emergido como proteínas importantes na fisiopatologia de neoplasias sólidas e hematológicas. Um inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, foi desenvolvido e mostrou resultados promissores em estudos pré-clínicos com tumores sólidos. A associação constitutiva de IRS1 com BCRABL1 e o efeito antineoplásico resultante do silenciamento espefício de IRS1 em células K562 BCR-ABL1+ suportam a hipótese deste trabalho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da inibição farmacológica de IGF1R-IRS1/2 no fenótipo de células hematopoéticas leucêmicas BCR-ABL1+ utilizando células primárias, células K562 e modelos murinos. IRS1, mas não IRS2, apresentou-se menos expresso em amostras de medula óssea de pacientes com diagnóstico de LMC quando comparadas às amostras de células hematopoéticas normais (p<0,0001). NT157 reduziu a formação de colônias de células primárias de pacientes com LMC, mas não de células hematopoéticas de indivíduos saudáveis. Em células K562, o tratamento com o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduziu a viabilidade e proliferação celular e induziu apoptose (p<0,05), inibiu a fosforilação de IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K e ERK1/2, aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor CDKN1A, FOS e JUN e reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes MYC e BCL2 (p<0,05); a inibição específica de IRS1 através de lentivírus, mas não de IRS2, reduziu a viabilidade celular (p<0,05). Em células murinas Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCRABL1T315I, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induziu apoptose e reduziu ativação de ERK1/2 in vitro. Na dose de 50mg/kg/dia, NT157 intraperitoneal e/ou imatinibe por gavagem falharam em reduzir o crescimento tumoral in vivo em modelo de tumor alográfico induzido por células Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 e BCR-ABL1T315I. Em modelo animal de leucemia induzido por transplante de células hematopoéticas transduzidas com BCR-ABL1: (i) o tratamento com NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, combinado com imatinibe 100mg/kg/dia por gavagem, reduziu significativamente o peso do baço, e preveniu a perda de peso comparado com veículo (p<0,05); apenas a monoterapia com imatinibe prolongou a sobrevida dos animais, (ii) o tratamento com NT157 70mg/kg intraperitoneal, 3 vezes por semana, e/ou imatinibe 70mg/kg/dia por gavagem não teve impacto no peso do baço e na variação do peso corporal; o tratamento com imatinibe em monoterapia ou combinado com NT157 prolongou a sobrevida dos animais (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o inibidor farmacológico de IGF1R-IRS1/2 representa uma droga potencialmente eficaz no tratamento da LMC, especialmente em casos de resistência com mutação BCR-ABL1 T315I. A avaliação da eficácia do inibidor farmacológico NT157 em modelos animais de LMC exige ajustes nos modelos murinos utilizados no presente estudo, melhor entendimento da farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética do composto e ajustes no esquema terapêutico utilizado. / Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy associated with the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Most cases of CML are successfully treated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but a significant percentage of patients develop resistance. Recent studies indicate that leukemic stem cell is resistant to imatinib treatment. The identification of other proteins that cooperate with the BCR-ABL1 signaling pathway may indicate novel therapeutic targets. Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) have emerged as important proteins in the pathophysiology of solid and hematological neoplasms. A pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, has been developed and shown promising results in preclinical studies with solid tumors. The constitutive association of IRS1 with BCR-ABL1, and the antineoplastic effects resulting from IRS1-specific silencing in K562 BCR-ABL1+ cells, support the hypothesis of this work. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R-IRS1/2 on the phenotype of BCR-ABL1+ leukemia cells, using primary cells, K562 cell line and murine models. IRS1, but not IRS2, was downregulated in bone marrow samples from CML patients compared to bone marrow cells from healthy donors (p<0.0001). NT157 reduced colony formation of primary cells from CML patients but not from healthy donors. In K562 cells, treatment with the pharmacological inhibitor IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, reduced cell viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis (p<0.05), inhibited the phosphorylation of IGF1R, STAT3, STAT5, 4EBP1, P70S6K and ERK1/2, increased expression of tumor suppressor genes CDKN1A, FOS and JUN, and reduced expression of oncogenes MYC and BCL2 (p<0.05); IRS1 silencing mediated by lentivirus, but not IRS2, reduced cell viability (p<0.05). In murine Ba/F3 BCRABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2, NT157, induced apoptosis and reduced ERK1/2 activation in vitro. At 50mg/kg/day, NT157 intraperitoneally and/or imatinib orally, failed to reduce tumor burden in vivo in an allographic tumor model induced by Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1 and Ba/F3 BCR-ABL1T315I cells . In an animal leukemia model induced by transplantation of BCR-ABL1-transduced hematopoietic cells : (i) treatment with NT157 100mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, combined with imatinib 100mg/kg/day per gavage, significantly reduced spleen weight, and prevented weight loss compared to vehicle (p<0.05); only imatinib monotherapy prolonged survival (p<0.05), (ii) treatment with NT157 70 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 times per week, and/or imatinib 70 mg/kg/day per gavage had no impact on spleen weight and body weight; treatment with imatinib alone or combined with NT157 prolonged survival (p<0.05). In conclusion, the pharmacological inhibitor of IGF1R-IRS1/2 represents a potential effective drug in CML therapy, especially in cases of resistant BCR-ABL1 T315I mutation. The evaluation of the NT157 pharmacological efficacy in CML animal models requires adjustments in the murine models used in the present study, better understanding of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the compound and adjustments in the therapeutic scheme used.