Aircraft subsystems are key components in modern aircraft, the impact and significance of which have been constantly increasing. Furthermore, the architecture selection of these subsystems has overall system-level effects. Despite the significant effects of architecture selections, existing methods for determining the architecture, especially early in design, are similar to the use of traditional point solutions. Currently, aircraft subsystems are rarely examined during the conceptual design phase, despite the fact that this phase has a significant influence on aircraft cost and performance. For this reason, there is a critical need to examine subsystem architecture trades and investigate the design space during the conceptual design of an aircraft. Traditionally, after the aircraft conceptual design phase, subsystems are developed in a process that begins with the point selection of the architecture, then continues with its development and analysis, and concludes in the detailed development of the subsystems. The choice of the point design of the architecture to be developed can be made using simplified models to explore the design space. This method known as conceptual architecting is explored in this dissertation. This dissertation also focuses on bringing actuation subsystem architecture trades into conceptual design because of the significant cost impact of this design phase and the interdependence of vehicle sizing with the subsystems impact on the aircraft. The extent of these interdependencies is examined and found to be significant. As a result, this coupling must be captured to enable better informed decision making. A methodology to examine the design space of aircraft subsystem architectures during the conceptual design of aircraft, while incorporating this coupling, is presented herein and applied specifically to actuation architectures.

This thesis proposes some enhancements of the control and communication aspects of the implementation of a National Plan in any developing country. A cybernetic model for the viable system is used following the approach developed by Beer. Weaknesses of typical current practice are identified and a hierarchical organization, based on the model, is suggested as an alternative, in which all the systems implementing and monitoring the N. P. are considered as one single system, making its functions easier to recognize. Deficiencies, which are characteristic of the situation of developing countries, are identified and remedies are suggested to increase effectiveness. The model provides for the cybernetic principle of freedom, allowing the creation of autonomous subsystems with their own computational needs. A distributed system using micros, databases, and national communication networks, is described, which provides the requirements for realizing the suggested organization, together with packaged software to compensate for missing experience and know-how. The proposals are made in the form of a comprehensive package whose built-in complexity (sophistication) is very high. It is still effective even with inexperienced users but can take full advantage of their developing knowledge. This thesis includes listings and sample runs of some portions of the package which, for purposes of demonstration, have been implemented in dBASE II and an 8080 assembly program on an Intertec Superbrain QD microcomputer.

Submitted by Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (mebiotec.ufba@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T12:43:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Autorizada_Ana_Camila.pdf: 3305710 bytes, checksum: 21e3e0da4c2c81626cdb13b679acca0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-06-29T14:38:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Autorizada_Ana_Camila.pdf: 3305710 bytes, checksum: 21e3e0da4c2c81626cdb13b679acca0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T14:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Autorizada_Ana_Camila.pdf: 3305710 bytes, checksum: 21e3e0da4c2c81626cdb13b679acca0b (MD5) / FAPESB / A Caatinga é a única região natural exclusivamente brasileira, sendo, no entanto, a área menos conhecida dentre os demais biomas. Pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade microbiana da Caatinga e menos ainda sobre o potencial biotecnológico desta região, no que diz respeito, por exemplo, à bioprospecção enzimática. Um dos principais grupos de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico são as hidrolases, que catalisam a hidrólise de ligações covalentes da matéria orgânica e por isso podem ser aplicadas na conversão da biomassa vegetal, para a produção de biocombustíveis. Apesar das hidrolases representarem as principais enzimas com aplicações biotecnológicas para esse fim, outros grupos de enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de carboidratos (CAZymes) também detém um papel importante neste processo. O presente trabalho se propõe a utilizar a abordagem metagenômica para analisar amostras de água do rio Paraguaçu e amostras de solo de uma localidade da Chapada Diamantina, quanto à presença de enzimas potencialmente aplicáveis na bioconversão de biomassa vegetal. O DNA metagenômico extraído das amostras foi sequenciado pelo método shotgun e foram realizadas duas estratégias de anotação: a anotação pela tecnologia de subsistemas e a anotação baseada em regiões conservadas das sequências de CAZymes. Observou-se que o solo e a água apresentaram diferenças nos seus perfis taxonômicos e na distribuição dos subsistemas e das famílias de CAZymes que predominaram em cada ambiente. O subsistema de carboidratos foi o mais abundante no solo e o segundo com maior contribuição na água. Os subsistemas clustering-based e de aminoácidos e derivados também estiveram dentre os mais representativos nos dois ambientes. Em relação às classes de CAZymes, as glicosil hidrolases foram dominantes no solo (~44%) enquanto que as glicosil transferases foram mais frequentes na água (~50%). Em relação aos principais táxons associados às CAZymes, a classe Planctomycetia apresentou contribuição de 29% nas amostras de solo e Alphaproteobacteria contribuiu com 27% nas amostras de água. O mesmo não aconteceu ao analisar a estrutura da comunidade microbiana total, na qual Actinobacteria foi a classe dominante no solo e Betaproteobacteria na água. Os resultados encontrados indicam o potencial biotecnológico da Caatinga. Determinados grupos de enzimas identificados no solo e na água podem desempenhar atividades na degradação de substratos de interesse industrial, como o amido, o xilano, a lignina e outros compostos lignocelulósicos, tornando este bioma uma interessante fonte para bioprospecção. / The Caatinga biome is the only natural area exclusively Brazilian, however, it is the area with the lowest number of scientific studies among other Brazilian biomes. The available knowledge about microbial diversity of Caatinga is very limited and even less is known about the biotechnological potential of this region, with regards, for example, to the enzyme bioprospecting. One of the major enzyme groups of interest for biotechnological purposes are hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of covalent bonds existent in organic matter and, therefore, can be applied in the conversion of plant biomass to be used in biofuels production. Despite the fact that hydrolases are the main enzyme group with biotechnological application for this purpose, other groups of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (CAZymes) also have an important role in this process. The present study aims to use the metagenomic approach in order to analyze freshwater samples from Paraguaçu river and soil samples from one location of Chapada Diamantina, seeking to detect the presence of potentially applicable enzymes in bioconversion of plant biomass. The metagenomic DNA extracted from samples was sequenced through the shotgun sequencing method and two annotation strategies were performed: the annotation through subsystems technology and the annotation based on conserved domains of CAZyme sequences. It was observed that the soil and freshwater presented differences on their taxonomic profiles and in relation to the subsystems and CAZymes families prevailing in each environment. The Carbohydrates subsystem was the most abundant in soil and had great contribution in freshwater samples. Other subsystems such as Amino acids and Derivatives also had greater contribution in both sites. Regarding CAZymes classes, glycoside hydrolases were dominant in soil (~44%) and glycosiltransferases in freshwater (~50%). In relation to the main taxons associated with CAZymes, the Planctomycetia class had 29% contribution in soil samples and Alphaproteobacteria contributed with 27% in freshwater samples. Nevertheless, the same scenario was not observed when the structure of microbial community was analysed as a whole, in which Actinobacteria was the ruling class in soil and Betaproteobacteria in freshwater. This results indicate the biotechnological potential of Caatinga, since certain groups of enzymes found both in soil and freshwater samples may have activities in degrading substrates of industrial interest such as starch, xylan, lignin and other lignocellulosic compounds.

The number of users adopting cellular system technologies over the past years has been enormous. This rapid adoption is not comparable in any other technology. Additionally, this has meant that these users have (at least some of the time) the possibility of connectivity to others and to remote services (advanced data and voice services, such as video conferences, mobile TV, navigation, and location services). Increasingly there is no longer a clear boundary between the wide area cellular network and Internet services, as the wide area cellular network is evolving from circuit switched based technologies to an IP based system; hence these wide area cellular systems are simply becoming part of the Internet. This evolution has become a challenge for the telecommunication operators, who have been used to completely controlling their network services and billing. In an attempt to maintain this traditional role for telecommunication operators, telecommunication vendors have introduced the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). A system designed to enable telecommunication operators to be able to bill the user for all of the different services accessed through the wide area cellular network. The goal of such a system is to prevent the telecommunication operators from becoming a "bit pipe" (i.e., simply providing "commodity priced" connectivity). Another relevant change that has direct impact upon this project is the role of mobile handsets as gateways between sensor networks and other networks (especially the wide area cellular networks or Internet). This has lead to integrated solutions, such as the smart house concept, mobile health monitoring, and others. This thesis project is a collaboration between Ericsson Research and SUUNTO, in which we have implemented a system for monitoring a user’s heart rate via IMS. The system (has a special focus on sports activities, but it could easily be adapted for health care) is based on internetworking sensor networks, specifically a heart rate belt that transmits data wirelessly, with the IMS network through a mobile phone or a PC. The implemented service runs on top of the SIP Presence service. This project examines two alternatives. The first is a mobile scenario, in which a person is jogging outdoors, in this setting the sensor node communicates via the person’s mobile phone, through the IMS network to a monitoring application. The second scenario is more fixed; such as a gym environment, where the sensor node communicates with a personal computer which in turn publishes the data via IMS. Once the data has been published to the Presence and group management sever, an application server subscribed to the athlete’s Presence service will be notified. The people interested in viewing this data will be able to see it through any web-browser. It will even be possible to archive, and download the data for later use by other applications. The system is not optimized yet for a truly real-time communication, as the Presence service does not offer this as other technologies (RTP, SRTP or XMPP) do. There is a big delay difference between the mobile and the fixed solution. We can say that the fixed solution is almost a real-time system for transmitting low frequency data as heart rate information. This project is a first approach to a final high performance system. / Antalet användare som har fått tillgång till mobiltelefon under de senaste åren har varit enorm. Detta snabbt antagande är inte jämförbar med någon annan teknik. Dessutom innebär också detta att dessa användare har (åtminstone ibland) möjligheten till anslutning till andra och till avlägsna tjänster (avancerad data-och taltjänster, t.ex. videokonferenser, mobil TV, navigation och lokaliseringstjänster). Idags läget finns det inte längre en tydlig gräns mellan cellulära nätet och Internettjänster. Efter cellulära nätets utveckling från kretskopplad teknik till ett IP-baserat system, så håller dom cellulära systemem på att bli en del av Internet. Denna utveckling har blivit en utmaning för telekommunikationsföretag, som har varit vana att helt kontrollera sina nättjänster och fakturering. I ett försök att bevara denna traditionella roll för telekommunikationsföretag, har telekom-leverantörer infört IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Ett system som syftar på att kunna göra telekommunikationsföretagen kapabla till att debitera användaren för alla dem olika tjänsterna som han har tillgång till via deras cellulära nät. Målet med ett sådant system är att förhindra telekommunikationsföretagen från att bli en "bit pipe" (dvs bara ge prissatt konnektivitet). En annan betydelsefull förändring som har direkt inverkan på detta projekt är den roll som mobiltelefoner kan utföra som gateways mellan sensornätverk och cellulära nät eller Internet. Detta har påverkat flera integrerade lösningar, såsom smarta hus begrepp, mobil hälsoövervakning och andra. Denna examensarbetes projekt är ett samarbete mellan Ericsson Research och Suunto, där vi har implementerat ett system för övervakning av en användares hjärtslag genom IMS. Systemet (har en särskild inriktning på sport, men det kan lätt anpassas för hälso-och sjukvård) är baserad på Internetworking sensornätverk, särskilt en hjärtfrekvens bälte som överför data trådlöst till en mobiltelefon eller en dator, som sedan skickar ut datan via IMS-nätverket. Tjänsten genomförs ovan på SIP Presence service. Projektet undersöker två alternativ. Den första är en mobil scenario; exempelvis där en person joggar utomhus, vid ett sådant tillfälle kommunicerar sensorn noden genom personens mobiltelefon, via IMS-nätverk med en övervaknings application. Det andra scenariot är mer statiskt och ger inte samma rörlighet, denna lösning passar bättre in på gym activiteter eller liknande. I denna implementering kommunicerar sensorn noden med en persondator som i sin tur publicerar uppgifterna via IMS. När uppgifterna har publicerats hos Presence and group management (PGM) servern. En applikations server som är uppskriven på att få friidrottarens närvaro tjänst kommer att meddelas. De människor som intresserade av att se denna data kommer att kunna göra det via någon webbläsare. Det kommer även att vara möjligt att arkivera och hämta datan för senare en användning men andra tillämpningar. Systemet är inte optimerad ännu för en verkligt realtid, eftersom Presence service inte erbjuder detta ännu som andra tekniker (RTP, SRTP eller XMPP) gör. Det finns en stor fördröjning skillnad mellan den mobila och fasta lösningen. Vi kan säga att den fasta lösningen är nästan ett realtids-system för överföring av lågfrekventa uppgifter som hjärtslag information. Detta projekt är en första strategi för en slutlig högpresterande system.

<p>Razvijen je model za procenu rizika amonijaka u logistiĉkim podsistemima. Navedene su osnovne parametarske i neparametarske statistiĉke karakteristike akcidenata sa amonijakom po logistiĉkim podsistemima. Raspodele hospitalizovanih, nehospitalizovanih i nastradalih uĉesnika akcidenata imaju homogene zakone, zasnovane na Vejbulovoj raspodeli. Hospitalizovani preminuli uĉesnici su raspodeljeni po Binomnoj raspodeli. Najveći broj uĉesnika u akcidentu amonijaka je ustanovljen u logistiĉkom podsistemu proizvodnje, proseĉno 8,8750. Kritiĉan rizik amonijaka je ustanovljen u logistiĉkom podsistemu pretovara.</p> / <p>Ammonia risk assessment model in logistical subsystems has been developed. Basic parametric and non-parametric statistical characteristics of ammonia accidents by logistic subsystems are given. Distributions of hospitalized, non-hospitalized, and injured accident participants have homogeneous laws, based on the Weibull distribution. Hospitalized deceased participants were distributed by Binomial distribution. The largest number of participants in the ammonia incident was established in the logistics subsystem of production, with an average of 8.8750. Critical risk of ammonia is established in the logistic subsystem of reloading.</p>

No description available.

Due to time, cost, and environmental challenges, wood has become a more common building material even for more complex buildings. Implementing the concept of Level of Development (LOD) on timber structures could provide a tool for BIM collaboration that may save cost and time, and in the early stages mediate wood as an available building material. Studies explain that LOD enables a high level of content and clarity as well as improved control of the design process. As the concept of LOD heavily focuses on general BIM visualisation, existing research at the time of the study lacks descriptions of how to implement LOD for specific projects. The study aims to develop a framework that could provide the industry with a possible implementation concept that could be further developed on other building systems. The goal of the study is to present a framework of a possible LOD implementation on a timber building system with a detailed description focusing on the structural engineer’s role during the design process. From that the questions of how to apply LOD on different project types as well as what data characteristics vary between these project types will be answered. Stated in previous studies, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)A  is required for a successful design process is gained by utilising Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and is especiallyalso essential when working with LOD. LOD is defined as five stages: starting with 100, then 200, 300, 350, 400, and finally 500. For each level of a building system, element, or assembly, the vagueness of information decreases and is therefore visualised differently in a BIM model. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of current data and related work about the design process, LOD, and timber buildings. The framework is mainly built upon five theories, the IPD process, the MacLeamy curve, BIM use purposes, data vagueness determination, and data requirement for timber projects. An interview study was conducted where projects using Masonite Beam’s standardised I-joist system were studied and implemented usingg the framework. The resulting framework presents the percentage information vagueness of how mature the information for a given objects is for different data properties and of each LOD level. The analysis leads to the conclusion that if fulfilling three criteria, 1: Following the IPD process, 2: An effort process similar to MacLeamy, and 3: Utilising BIM, the timber system can be implemented on the framework. However, the closer the project meets the criteria the closer the vagueness values will relate to the framework. The project that utilises a highly standardised building system with predefined data presents even lower vagueness values than the framework. Due to varying scales of project complexities, the data properties that showed the most diverse results between the projects were material information, geometric shape, and element dimensions. The findings from the study could be of further use in another research whose authors defined detailed graphical LOD visualisation in a BIM collaborative environment. The concept is strongly dependent on defined vagueness values that the authors of the research did not focus on how to define, which this framework does. Finding theories that support the assumptions made during the analysis development of the framework is continuing work that could strengthen the framework and its reliability. / Med tid -, kostnad- och klimatutmaningar har trä blivit ett mer vanligt byggnadsmaterial även för komplexa byggnader. Implementering av konceptet Level of Devlopment (LOD) på träkonstruktioner kan förse byggnadsindustrin med verktyg för BIM- kollaboration som kan spara på både kostnader och tid, och i tidigt skede framhäva trä som ett möjligt byggnadsmaterial. Studier förklarar att LOD kan bidraförse med en hög klarhetsgrad för olika innehåll, men även förbättra kontrollen under designprocessen. Då LOD-konceptet är starkt fokuserad på generell BIM-visualisering förklarar inte funna studier LOD- implementering för specifika projekt. Studien avser att utveckla ett framework (struktur) som kan förse byggnadsindustrin med ett möjligt implementeringskoncept som vidare kan anpassas till andra byggnadssystem. Målet är att presentera ett framework av en möjlig LOD implementering för ett träbyggandssystem med en detaljerad förklaring utifrån byggnadskonstruktörens roll i designprocess. Från detta kan frågor om hur man kan använda LOD för olika projekttyper samt vilka olika typer av information som varierar mellan dessa projekttyper besvaras. Tidigare studier visar En lyckad designprocess erhålls vi nyttjandet av att Intergrated Project Delivery (IPD) är nödvändigt för att uppnå en lyckad designprocess, särskiltvilket även är essentiellt när man arbetar meddet kommer till LOD. LOD definieras av fem stadier som går: från 100, 200, 300, 350, 400 ochtill 500. För varje nivå minskas osäkerhetsvärdet för en viss information tillhörande ett byggnadssystem, element eller assmembly, och är därmed olika grafiskt visualiserad i en BIM- modell. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ analys av befintliga data and och relaterade studier inom designprocessen, LOD och träbyggnader. Frameworket är huvudsakligen uppbyggt på fem teorier: IPD- processen, MacLeamy- kurvan, användningssyften av BIM, informationsosäkerhetsbestämmelse samt data som behövs för träbyggnadsprojekt. En intervjustudie är utförd där projekt utförda med Masonite Beams standardiserade trä I-balkar av trä studerades och implementerades på frameworket. Det resulterande frameworket presenterar procentuella osäkerhetsvärden som beskriver i vilken grad informationen tillhörande ett objekt går att lita på för olika informationskategorier och för varje LOD- nivå. Analys leder till slutsatsen att om följande tre kriterium uppfylls; 1. Följer IPD- processen, 2. Liknande arbetskurva som MacLeamy, 3. Använder BIM, kan ett träsystem implementeras på frameworket användas för ett träsystem. Det visar sig att desto närmare ett projekt uppfyller kriterierna desto närmare visar sig osäkerhetsvärdena stämma överens med de värden som presenteras för enbart frameworket. Projektet med hög användning av standardiserat byggnadssystem och förbestämdt data påvisar till och med lägre osäkerhetsvärden än vad frameworket gör. På grund av varierade grad av projektkomplexitet visar datakategorierna; materialinformation, geometrisk form och elementdimensioner störst olikheter mellan projekten i resultatet. Resultatet skulle vidare kunna användas till en annan forskningsstudie vars författare definierat detaljerade grafiska LOD visualiseringar i en BIM-kollaborationsmiljö. Konceptet är starkt beroende av givna osäkerhetsvärden som författarna och studien inte fokuserade på att definiera, vilket detta framework gör. Vidare arbete som kan stärka frameworket är att hitta teorier som stödjer de antaganden som gjorts under frameworkets analytiska utvecklande.

La presente investigación plantea conocer cuáles son los subsistemas de recursos humanos a través de seis dimensiones basadas en el libro de Martha Alles “Dirección Estratégica de RRHH” y cuál es la percepción de los agentes respecto a los motivos de cese laboral existente en el sector de seguridad por medio de cinco dimensiones basadas en el libro de Mathis & Jackson “Human Resource Management”, limitándose este estudio a los agentes de seguridad. Para esta investigación se hizo una indagación cuantitativa de los posibles factores de percepción respecto a los motivos de cese laboral según el punto de vista del personal de seguridad de seguridad (en adelante referidos como agentes), es decir, por qué estos agentes cesarían de sus centros laborales en forma voluntaria. De esta forma, se pudo contrastar si los subsistemas de recursos humanos que aplicaban las diversas empresas de seguridad de la ciudad de Huánuco , dentro de sus estrategias de recursos humanos, mantienen una relación con los verdaderos motivos que inducen a los agentes a renunciar a su centro de trabajo, lo cual genera rotación de personal en el sector. A partir de esta premisa, la investigación estuvo basada en el estudio de 166 agentes de seguridad privada en la ciudad de Huánuco, adicional a lo expuesto, se ha encuestado y entrevistado a la plana gerencial (cinco empresas de seguridad de Huánuco). / The present research know about the human resources subsystems through six dimensions based on Martha Alles book "Strategic HR Management" and the security agent’s perception of the factors leading the employee turnover in the security sector this by five dimensions based on the book written by Mathis & Jackson "Human Resource Management". In that order, this study is limited to the security agents. For this, a qualitative investigation based on the perception of the factors leading the employee turnover was carried out according to the point of view of the security agents (hereafter referred to as agents), this means know the reasons why these agents leave their jobs. In this way, it was possible to verify if the human resources strategies applied by the various security companies in Huánuco were according with the real reasons why the agents leave their jobs, which leads to employee turnover in this industry. According to this premise, the research was based on the study of 166 agents who provide private security services in the city of Huánuco. In addition to the above, the management team of each security company (five security companies of Huánuco) has been surveyed. / Tesis

Demand responsive transportation is a variable route service of passengers or freight from specific origin(s) to destination(s) in response to the request of users. Operational planning of DRT system encompasses the methods to provide efficient service to the passengers and to the system operators. These methods cover the assignments of vehicles to transportation requests and vehicle routings under various constraints such as environmental conditions, traffic and service limitations. Advances in the information and communication technologies, such as the Internet, mobile communication devices, GIS, GPS, Intelligent Transportation Systems have led to a significantly complex and highly dynamical decision making environment. Recent approaches to DRT operational planning are based on "closed information loop" to achieve a higher level of automation, increased flexibility and efficiency. Intelligent and effective use of the available information in such a complex decision making environment requires the application of formal modeling and control approaches, which are robust, modular and computationally efficient. In this study, DRT systems are modeled as Discrete Event Systems using Finite Automata formalism and DRT real time control is addressed using Supervisory Control Theory. Two application scenarios are considered; the first is based on air-charter service and illustrates uncontrolled system model and operational specification synthesis. The automatic synthesis of centralized and modular supervisors is demonstrated. The second scenario is a mission critical application based on emergency evacuation problem. Decentralized supervisory control architecture suitable for accommodating the real-time contingencies is presented. Conditions for parallel computation of local supervisors are specified and the computational advantages of alternative supervisory control architectures are discussed. Discrete event system modeling and supervisory control theory are well established and powerful mathematical tools. In this dissertation, they are shown to be suitable for expressing the modeling and control requirements of complex and dynamic applications in DRT. The modeling and control approaches described herein, coupled with the mature body of research literature in Discrete Event Systems and Supervisory Control Theory, facilitate logical analysis of these complex systems and provide the necessary framework for development of intelligent decision making tools for real time operational planning and control in a broad range of DRT applications.

It is well established that methadone maintenance (MM) reduces but does not eliminate the self-administration of other illicit drugs. For those on MM, there is considerable variation in consumption patterns, route of heroin administration, additional non-opioid substances routinely administered and the clinical disorders associated with these patterns of use. While there is a large literature base documenting these phenomena, studies have been almost exclusively descriptive in nature, with little attempt to develop a theoretical model in which to understand such use. In the following thesis, a model proposed by Gray was tested, the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). This biopsychosocial model broadly describes two action tendencies; approach (Behavioural Activation System) and avoidance or withdrawal (Flight Fight Freeze System and the Behavioural Inhibition System). The model proposes that a heightened sensitivity to punishment underlies anxiety disorders. Conversely, a heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli may predispose some individuals to engage in highly rewarding behaviour and is associated with conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. According to the Joint Subsystems Hypothesis, these personality styles are mutually dependent, whereby BIS and BAS interact to influence reward mediated and punishment mediated behaviours. Based on Gray's model, this thesis tests whether opiate dependent individuals with heightened sensitivity to punishment are more likely to use anxiolytic drugs (such as benzodiazepines), and individuals with heightened reward sensitivity will show a preference for substances that have high reward potential (such as stimulants). At time one, the participant sample (N= 120) comprised 71 males (59%) and 49 females who were opioid dependent and recruitment took place over an eight-month period in two city opioid replacement clinics. A range of measures was administered to assess substance use, mood, anxiety and the personality dimensions of reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity, with substance use again measured at three months. Results of the first study suggested that a large proportion of the variance was accounted for by personality within the models. A total of 98 participants (81%) participated in the 12-week follow-up study. Sensitivity to punishment and reward significantly predicted drug preference. Although psychopathology symptoms were not able to moderate the relationship between personality and drug use, anxiety symptoms negatively mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and anxiolytic use, whereby the relationship became non-significant. In contrast, sensitivity to reward remained the strongest predictor of amphetamine use over antisocial characteristics. Individual differences were not able to predict treatment retention nor susceptibility to relapse during a 12-week initiation to a MM programme.