Microbial succession, composition and ecological distribution within the gastro-intestinal tract are critical areas of study since commensal bacteria have been shown to affect animal health and development. A series of experiments were conducted to determine whether altered microbial succession in neonatal animals would modulate the development and health of pigs later in life. An initial experiment in conventional pigs was conducted to establish the early postnatal microbial succession profile and to identify early colonizing bacterial species. Culture-independent analysis of digesta and mucosal microbiota showed distinct variation between the proximal and distal gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) indicating that fecal or distal gut profiles cannot be used to predict succession in the upper GIT. Temporally, Clostridium spp. were found to be most prevalent in the GIT microbiota of the neonatal pig up to 0.5 d of age, accompanied by a high abundance of Escherichia and Shigella spp. These genera were transiently displaced by Streptococcus spp. followed by a preponderance of Lactobacillus spp. between 3 and 20 d of age. Subsequently, a “snatch-farrow” model was employed to modulate early postnatal microbial succession and investigate the effects on postweaning microbial composition. Pigs were collected into sterile towels directly from the vaginal canal and transferred to a sterile isolator environment for the first 4 days. Pigs were either inoculated with sow feces or not at 1 d of age resulting in significant differences in fecal microbial profile at 4 days of age, prior to removal from isolators. Analysis using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) of intestinal microbiota at 28 d of age did not show significant clustering or variation in diversity indices for either group during the 4-d postnatal isolator phase. However, enumeration of selected taxa using quantitative PCR did indicate significant treatment differences in postweaning microbiota. Despite these results, this approach was rejected for further use as the protocol provided only moderate control of early postnatal colonization and variation and unpredictability of the timing of natural farrowing contributed to significant litter effects. Finally, a gnotobiotic monoassociation model was used investigate the effects of modulating early postnatal microbial succession on postweaning physiology, microbial composition and mucosal gene expression. Twenty-four cesarean-section derived piglets were monoassociated for the first 4 days of life with either L. mucosae (L), S. infantarius (S), C. perfringens (C) or E. coli (E). Pigs from treatments E and L animals showed the highest growth rate during the conventional rearing period (7-28 d of age). Monoassociation with different bacterial species during the first 4 d of life resulted in significant changes in postweaning microbial composition in small intestine and colon as assessed by quantitative PCR, although TRFLP did not identify unique clustering by treatment or variation in diversity. L. mucosae was the only inoculant species with significant variation, with a reduction in the colonic mucosa at 28 days of age. Monoassociation with L. mucosae was also associated with increased nutrition related gene expression in small intestine. Pigs monoassociated with E. coli had low expression of microbial sensing (TLR2 and 4), NFkappaB complex genes and mucins at 28 d of age. This study clearly showed that controlled early microbial succession in neonatal pigs altered post-weaning commensal microbiota composition, postweaning physiology and host gene expression in small and large intestine. The findings suggest the importance of peri-natal management and feeding strategies in promoting postweaning health and performance.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

The study discusses the role of a wet nurse regarding the protection of a child in ancient Egypt. There is evidence of the phenomenon of the wet nurse dating from the Old Kingdom’s Pyramid texts, depictions in tombs from the New kingdom, to contracts between the wet nurse and her employer from the Late Period. They were most frequent in royal and elite families and made it possible for the mother to participate in social activities without worrying about feeding her baby, as well as being a symbol for economic wealth.  Wet nurses have been found depicted in funerary contexts, holding ritual protective objects, and been mentioned in protective spells targeted towards children. This shows that the wet nurse had a part in the protection of a child and the intention behind this study is to discuss her participation in it and what it involves. The sources used in this study are to contain two subjects to be of relevance: wet nurse and the protection of a child, which lead to a restricted amount of material to analyse. The material studied contains of amulets, serpent staffs, three apotropaic wands, depictions from two graves and one protective spell. The analysis resulted in a conclusion claiming that the practice of protection is a part of the wet nurse’s occupation and were practiced with at least an apotropaic wand. Moreover, the depiction of her holding apotropaic wands in funerary contexts representing rebirth shows that the wet nurse is present and offering protection in the events of a child’s birth.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_wb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 382776 bytes, checksum: b9a5da34efa76c5fda4dbd1931e49444 (MD5) / Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do grupo genético do bezerro no comportamento de mães e suas crias. Usaram-se 24 vacas Nelore paridas e seus bezerros, dos quais oito eram Nelores, oito ½Simental ½Nelore, e oito ½Red Angus ½Nelore. Avaliaram-se as medidas de freqüência e duração das mamadas, tempo de pastejo e ruminação dos bezerros e vacas. Os bezerros puros mamaram mais freqüentemente que os mestiços (3,51 vs. 3,17 vezes/dia), porém com menor duração de mamada (7,37 vs 7,80 minutos). A freqüência de mamadas, duração de cada mamada e tempo total de mamadas diminuíram com o aumento na idade do bezerro. Nos bezerros, pastejo e ruminação aumentaram com a idade; porém, nas vacas, aumentou o tempo de pastejo e diminuiu o de ruminação com o passar dos dias. Os bezerros mestiços pastaram, em média, 18 minutos a mais que os puros, e os machos, 16 minutos a mais que as fêmeas. Os bezerros machos ruminaram, aos 40 dias de idade, 25 minutos a mais que as fêmeas, mas esta diferença diminuiu com a idade e desapareceu por volta dos 220 dias. As mães de mestiços ruminaram, em média, 10 minutos a mais que as mães dos puros. O comportamento da mãe e de sua cria é influenciado pelo grupo genético desta última. / The objective was to evaluate the effect of a calf's genetic group on the behavior of dam and calf. We used 24 Nellore dams and their calves, of which eight were Nellore, eight were ½Simmental ½Nelore and eight ½Red Angus ½Nellore. Grazing and rumination times, as well as suckling frequency and time, were measured. The straightbred calves suckled more often than the crossbreds (3.51 vs. 3.17 times/day), but their suckling lasted less time (7.37 vs 7.80 minutes). Suckling frequency, suckling length and total time spent suckling decreased as calf age increased. Calf grazing and rumination time increased with age; however, the cows’ grazing time increased and rumination time decreased as the days postpartum went by. The crossbred calves grazed, on the average, 18 minutes longer than the crossbreds, and the males grazed 16 minutes longer than the females. The male calves grazed, at 40 days of age, 25 minutes longer than the females, but this difference decreased as they grew up and disappeared around 220 days. The dams of crossbreds ruminated, on the average, 10 minutes longer than the dams of straightbreds. In conclusion, dam and calf behavior are influenced by the calf's genetic group.

Resumo: Conhecer o comportamento dos bubalinos é importante para estabelecer práticas de manejo que favoreçam o bem-estar e bom desempenho produtivo. Com os objetivos de descrever o comportamento de búfalos nas primeiras horas após o parto e investigar as causas de falhas na primeira mamada, foram observadas 42 búfalas e seus bezerros, em três propriedades produtoras de leite. Os registros foram realizados nas primeiras horas após o parto, utilizando-se amostragem focal e coleta contínua em partos ocorridos de agosto de 2007 a novembro de 2008. As variáveis consideradas para búfalas foram: Tempo deitada (TD); Tempo de contato com a cria (TCC); Tempo de contato com a cria nos primeiros 30 min. (TCC30), Tempo em outras atividades (TOA) e Tempo sem atividade aparente (TSAA). Para os bezerros: Latências para ficar em pé (LP), para tentar mamar (LTM) e para mamar (LM). Bezerros filhos de búfalas com problemas no aparelho mamário tiveram dificuldade em obter o colostro. Nos partos com falha na mamada as mães passaram mais tempo deitadas, sem atividade aparente e cuidaram menos do bezerro (TCC30). A latência do bezerro para ficar em pé afetou TD da mãe. As búfalas primíparas dedicaram-se menos ao bezerro nos primeiros 30 min. que as de duas ou mais crias. A interferência de outras búfalas (INTERF30) diminuiu o tempo que a mãe cuidou da cria (TCC30) nos primeiros 30 min. As variáveis LTM e LM tiveram efeito de TCC30. Sugere-se o cuidado no manejo de búfalas primíparas e de úberes pendulosos e/ou tetos grossos e compridos. O ambiente necessita ser mais estudado a fim de que sejam diminuídas a interferências de outras búfalas no relacionamento búfala-bezerro. / Abstract: Knowing the bubalines behavior is important to stablish management practics in impruve the welfare as well the productive performance. Aiming describe bufaloes behavior at the first hours after birth and investigate causes of first suckling missing, 42 female bufaloes in conjunction with its calves were observed in three dairy farms. Registers were done at the first hours after birth, using a focal and continuous sampling colecting in births happened from August 2007 to November 2008. The variables considered to the bufaloes were: Laytime (LT); Calves' Time Contact (CTC); Calves' Time Contact at the 30-first minutes (CTC30); Time in Other Activities (TOA) and Time in Apparent Leisure (TAL). To the calves: Stand up Latency (SL), to Try suckling (TSL) and to suckling (SL). Calves which mother had mamal aparel problems had difficulty in obtain the colostrum. In missedsuckling births mothers spent higher time laid, with apparent leisure and took care less of their calves (CTC30). The calf latency to stand up affected mother's LT. The primipare buffaloes took less care to their calves in the firsts 30 minutes than the multiparous. The other buffaloes interference (INTERF30) minimize the CTC30. The TSL and SL had the CTC30's effect. It is suggested the primipare buffaloes and pendant udders and/or thick and long teats require carefull manegement. The environment needs more studies in order to minimize the other buffaloes interference in the buffalo-calf relationship. / Orientador: Humberto Tonhati / Coorientadora: Luciandra Macedo de Toledo / Banca: Evaldo Antonio Lencione Titto / Banca: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:57:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_dn_me_jabo.pdf: 592600 bytes, checksum: f6939d288d49b1a4a3f589b1a565688d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Conhecer o comportamento dos bubalinos é importante para estabelecer práticas de manejo que favoreçam o bem-estar e bom desempenho produtivo. Com os objetivos de descrever o comportamento de búfalos nas primeiras horas após o parto e investigar as causas de falhas na primeira mamada, foram observadas 42 búfalas e seus bezerros, em três propriedades produtoras de leite. Os registros foram realizados nas primeiras horas após o parto, utilizando-se amostragem focal e coleta contínua em partos ocorridos de agosto de 2007 a novembro de 2008. As variáveis consideradas para búfalas foram: Tempo deitada (TD); Tempo de contato com a cria (TCC); Tempo de contato com a cria nos primeiros 30 min. (TCC30), Tempo em outras atividades (TOA) e Tempo sem atividade aparente (TSAA). Para os bezerros: Latências para ficar em pé (LP), para tentar mamar (LTM) e para mamar (LM). Bezerros filhos de búfalas com problemas no aparelho mamário tiveram dificuldade em obter o colostro. Nos partos com falha na mamada as mães passaram mais tempo deitadas, sem atividade aparente e cuidaram menos do bezerro (TCC30). A latência do bezerro para ficar em pé afetou TD da mãe. As búfalas primíparas dedicaram-se menos ao bezerro nos primeiros 30 min. que as de duas ou mais crias. A interferência de outras búfalas (INTERF30) diminuiu o tempo que a mãe cuidou da cria (TCC30) nos primeiros 30 min. As variáveis LTM e LM tiveram efeito de TCC30. Sugere-se o cuidado no manejo de búfalas primíparas e de úberes pendulosos e/ou tetos grossos e compridos. O ambiente necessita ser mais estudado a fim de que sejam diminuídas a interferências de outras búfalas no relacionamento búfala-bezerro. / Knowing the bubalines behavior is important to stablish management practics in impruve the welfare as well the productive performance. Aiming describe bufaloes behavior at the first hours after birth and investigate causes of first suckling missing, 42 female bufaloes in conjunction with its calves were observed in three dairy farms. Registers were done at the first hours after birth, using a focal and continuous sampling colecting in births happened from August 2007 to November 2008. The variables considered to the bufaloes were: Laytime (LT); Calves’ Time Contact (CTC); Calves’ Time Contact at the 30-first minutes (CTC30); Time in Other Activities (TOA) and Time in Apparent Leisure (TAL). To the calves: Stand up Latency (SL), to Try suckling (TSL) and to suckling (SL). Calves which mother had mamal aparel problems had difficulty in obtain the colostrum. In missedsuckling births mothers spent higher time laid, with apparent leisure and took care less of their calves (CTC30). The calf latency to stand up affected mother’s LT. The primipare buffaloes took less care to their calves in the firsts 30 minutes than the multiparous. The other buffaloes interference (INTERF30) minimize the CTC30. The TSL and SL had the CTC30’s effect. It is suggested the primipare buffaloes and pendant udders and/or thick and long teats require carefull manegement. The environment needs more studies in order to minimize the other buffaloes interference in the buffalo-calf relationship.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was carried out in order to evaluate the milk yield and composition from ewes of two genetic groups, as well as the influence of milk yield on performance, carcass characteristics and live weight components of nursling lambs maintained exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum LAM.). It was evaluated twelve Texel x Ile de France crossbred ewes (beef crossbred ewes) and twelve Texel (1/4) x Ile de France (1/4) x Lacaune (1/2) ewes (dairy crossbred ewes). It was included in this study only single delivered lamb and their mothers, totalizing 24 lambs from the same Sulffolk ram. The animals (ewes and lambs) were maintained throughout the experimental period in annual ryegrass in continuous grazing system with variable stocking rate. The estimation of milk yield was performed weekly. Milk samples were collected for laboratory analysis of protein, fat, density, acidity and lactose. There was a difference (P<0.05) among genotypes for milk yield (g/day), with a quadratic effect over time. Milk composition variables were not affected by treatments. The lambs were slaughtered when reaching 28 kg body weight. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the genotype of the lambs neither to the average daily weight gain nor to slaughter age. Also, there was no effect of genotype (P<0.05) on farm weight, body condition and leg length. Concerning carcass traits, only the empty body weight was affected by treatments. The gastrointestinal tract was higher (P<0.05) for lamb sons of beef crossbred ewes. Therefore, it can be inferred that the higher milk production by dairy crossbred ewes did not influence the carcass of their lambs, but induces a slower development of gastrointestinal tract of these animals comparing to lambs from the beef crossbred ewes. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção e a composição centesimal do leite de ovelhas de diferentes grupamentos genéticos, assim com a influência da produção de leite no desempenho, características de carcaça e componentes do peso vivo de cordeiros lactentes mantidos exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum LAM.). Avaliaram-se 12 ovelhas do cruzamento alternado entre as raças Texel x Ile de France e 12 ovelhas F1 provenientes do cruzamento entre as raças Texel x Ile de France (!) x Lacaune (!). Em ambos os tratamentos as fêmeas eram paridas de cordeiros simples, totalizando 24 cordeiros de cruzamento industrial, machos não castrados e fêmeas, filhos de reprodutor da raça Suffolk. Os animais (ovelha + cordeiro) permaneceram durante todo o período experimental em pastagem cultivada de azevém anual, em sistema de pastejo contínuo com lotação variável. A estimativa da produção de leite foi realizada semanalmente. Amostras do leite foram coletadas para análises laboratoriais dos teores de proteína, gordura, densidade, lactose e acidez. Foi observada diferença (P<0,05) entre os genótipos para a produção de leite (g/dia), demonstrando um comportamento quadrático. Para as variáveis da composição do leite não foi encontrada diferença entre os tratamentos. Os cordeiros foram abatidos ao atingir 28 kg de peso corporal em jejum. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do genótipo dos cordeiros para o ganho de peso médio diário e nem para idade ao abate. Nas características corporais in vivo houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P<0,05) para o peso vivo de fazenda, condição corporal e comprimento de posterior. Quanto as características de carcaça, somente o peso de corpo vazio diferiu entre os tratamentos. O trato gastro-intestinal foi maior (P<0,05) para os cordeiros filhos das ovelhas cruza carne. Pode-se inferir que a maior produção de leite pelas ovelhas cruza leite não influenciou nos rendimentos de carcaça de seus cordeiros, mas sim no desenvolvimento mais lento do trato gastro-intestinal destes animais em relação ao cordeiros provenientes das ovelhas cruza carne.

The importance of this thesis lies in finding about the current state of pain assessment and palliation at neonatal and infant wards of selected hospitals, in finding out about the extent of use of standardized rating scales for pain, in identifying the obstacles in pain assessment and non-pharmacological pain palliation, and particularly in the development of a standard for pain assessment and pain palliation for neonatal and infant hospital wards.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliandro_Ostapachen.pdf: 456635 bytes, checksum: 34bc017b7ec1271a02e2edb2dac65a1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / The challenge of keeping the properly development in the Holstein breeders of reposition (HPB) in the initial stages of creation, depends on both the feed management as well the health condition. The management of heifer s creation, during suckling in collective stalls, with automatic feeders enables the search for new nutritional protocols associated to the transfer of the passive immunity (TIP) which are both determining factors to the success of the livestock. Aiming the evaluation of the influence of the IgG serum in the weight gain of heifers during suckling and after their first year of life, it was conducted an experiment with 45 Holstein heifers distributed in three collective stalls equipped with automatic feeders where the heifers were undergone to three different suckling protocols. These protocols were denominated as: treatment one, with the daily provision of 4 liters of milk replacer at ease; treatment two, with the daily provision of 6 liters of milk replacer at ease; and treatment three with the daily provision of milk replacer at ease. All the heifers began the experiment on their fifth day of life and the concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), was at least 10 mg/dL, with a variation around 13,4 and 43,7 mg/dL. The experimental period of suckling, in all the treatments was fixed in 55 days and all the animals were weaned on their sixth day of life. The heifers had their weight gain checked weekly. After weaned, all the heifers were conducted to a single collective lot and handled under the same feeding conditions until their first year of life. The feeding management in the post-weaning had a daily ingestion of 2kg of supplement divided in 2 meals during the period of 10 months. During this period, they also had Tifton straw at ease and free access to pickets with Tifton grass. After the weaning, the measurement of the body weight of the heifers was taken in monthly intermissions. The experimental design used was totally randomized (DIC). All the data were evaluated by statistics analysis of the linear correlation of Pearson, analysis of variance ANOVA and submitted to the Tukey's average test at 5% and a paired t-test at 5% of significance. Regarding to the performance in the weight gain, there was no influence of the IgG concentration in the weight gain to the weaning and neither in the weight gain after the heifers were one year old. The evaluation of the weight gain occurred between the treatments and disregarding treatments. When dealing with the performance and taking only the suckling protocol, it has been found that the treatments 2 and 3 have shown a higher weight gain at weaning , but the efficiency in weight gain after the heifer's first year was higher in treatments 1 and 3. It was concluded that since the minimum serum concentration of IgG is 10mg/dL, there is no interference of this parameter about the weight gain at weaning and during the first year of life of the heifer. The milk consumption at ease ensures a better weight gain of animals compared to the animals with controlled milk consumption / O manejo de criação de bezerras na fase de aleitamento em baias coletivas equipadas com alimentadores automáticos possibilita a busca por novos protocolos nutricionais que, associados à transferência da imunidade passiva (TIP), representam fatores determinantes para o sucesso da criação. Com o objetivo de se avaliar a influência da concentração sérica de IgG no desempenho ponderal de bezerras em fase de aleitamento e após um ano de vida, 45 bezerras da raça Holandesa foram distribuídas em três baias coletivas equipadas com alimentadores automáticos e submetidas a três diferentes protocolos de aleitamento (Tratamentos experimentais) denominados de 4L, tratamento que teve o fornecimento de quatro litros diários de sucedâneo lácteo; 6L, tratamento com o fornecimento de seis litros diários de sucedâneo lácteo; e AL, tratamento com fornecimento ad libitum de sucedâneo lácteo. O fornecimento de concentrado para todos os animais foi a vontade. As bezerras entraram no experimento com cinco dias de idade e concentração de imunoglobulina G sérica (IgG), variou entre 13,4 e 43,7 mg/dL. O período experimental de aleitamento em todos os tratamentos foi fixado em 55 dias sendo que os animais foram desmamados aos 60 dias de idade. As bezerras tiveram seu ganho de peso aferido semanalmente. Após o desmame todas as bezerras foram conduzidas para um único lote coletivo e manejadas sob as mesmas condições alimentares até completarem um ano de vida. O manejo alimentar dos 65 dias aos 12 meses de vida contou com a ingestão de 2 Kg de concentrado diário divido em duas refeições, feno de Tifton à vontade, e, acesso contínuo à piquetes de pastoreio com grama Tifton. Após o desmame, a mensuração do peso corporal das bezerras foi feita em intervalos mensais. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), os dados foram avaliados através da análise estatística de correlação linear de Pearson, análise de variância ANOVA e submetidas ao teste de média de Tukey a 5%, e teste t pareado a 5% de significância. Com relação ao desempenho em ganho de peso, não houve influência da concentração de IgG no ganho de peso ao desmame e também no ganho de peso após um ano de vida. As avaliações de ganho de peso aconteceram entre os tratamentos e desconsiderando-se os tratamentos, com o objetivo de encontrar o efeito apenas da concentração de IgG sobre o ganho de peso, porém, o resultado foi o mesmo para ambas as avaliações. Quanto ao desempenho e o protocolo de aleitamento, verificou-se que os tratamentos 6L e AL foram superiores no ganho de peso ao desmame, porém a eficiência em ganho de peso após um ano de vida foi maior nos tratamentos 4L e AL. Conclui-se que desde que a concentração sérica mínima de IgG seja de 10 mg/dL, não há interferência deste parâmetro sobre o ganho de peso no desmame e durante o primeiro ano de vida da novilha. O fornecimento de leite a vontade garante melhor ganho de peso aos animais em relação ao fornecimento controlado