The larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is the most important pest of farm stored maize and cassava in Africa. This alien invasive species was introduced into the continent from Mesoamerica in the late 1970s and by 2008 had spread to at least 18 countries. In contrast to indigenous primary storage pests, LGB exists as on-farm and as wild populations, hence, sustainable control must target both environments. Biological control is especially attractive for wild populations to reduce early season grain store infestation, while cultural and chemical methods are useful to protect stored produce directly. Two populations of the predator Teretrius nigrescens Lewis were introduced into several African countries' as a biocontrol agent. It has shown long-term success and cost effective control in warm-humid areas. Control has however not been successful in cool and hot-dry zones. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible underlying genetic and ecological explanations for these observations and the possibility of joint use of molecular markers and ecological parameters in the development of sustainable control strategies. A 28-month baseline monitoring and recovery activity was done in from 2004 in five regions in Kenya along an east-westerly transect. Monitoring and live sample collection was also done in the original outbreak area in eastern Kenya. There was greater LGB flight activity in western Kenya (high potential maize production area) than the low potential areas. Very few T. nigrescens were recovered, solely in the eastern regions. LGB flight activity followed a seasonal pattern mostly related to changes in the relative humidity at 12:00, rainfall and dew point temperature but with a 3 - 4 week lag. A linear predictive model based on these factors predicted 27 % of the observed flight activity. The survival and predation of five strains of T. nigrescens were compared at eight temperature levels between 15 °C and 36 °C at low and high humidity. All the strains of T. nigrescens exerted a significant reduction of LGB population build-up between 21 °C and 33 °C with generally better performance under humid conditions. There was no evidence of T. nigrescens development at 15 °C. At 18 °C, T. nigrescens oviposition and development was observed but the effect on LGB did not differ significantly from the control. The KARI population was the least effective in preventing grain damage at lower temperatures, but performed better than other strains above 30 °C at low humidity conditions. There was no control at 18 °C and 36 °C under both high and low humidity conditions. Since the extent of genetic differentiation in T. nigrescens was unclear from prior studies, several molecular marker techniques were progressively used. The RAPD-PCR did not reveal any genetic diversity between geographical populations. A 1000bp region of the mitochondrial mtCOI gene revealed two distinct clades differing consistently at 26 segregating sites. The two clades can be identified by simple PCR-RFLP procedure using single or double sequential restriction with EcoR1, HincII, RsaI and DdeI digestion. However, the two lineages co-exist among the mid-altitude Central American populations. The internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 with some neighbouring coding sequences of the ribosomal DNA were cloned and sequenced. The spacer regions were so variable in length and sequence between T. nigrescens and related Histeridae species that direct sequence alignment was not meaningful. Within T. nigrescens, there was intragenomic variability of the spacer regions mostly involving insertions and deletions of variable tandem repeat units predominantly within the ITS regions. The short flanking coding (18S, 5.8S and 21S) regions were conserved across populations and six other Histeridae species. There was no significant secondary structure variation of the ITS regions among populations of T. nigrescens. Twenty-four novel variable microsatellite markers were developed and tested on the Honduras populations. Alleles per locus ranged between two and twelve with observed heterozygosity between 0.048 and 0.646. Six loci deviated significantly from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium and possibly had null alleles. The success of microsatellite amplification in outgroup species and variability of markers declined with an increase in the phylogenetic distance between the test species and T. nigrescens. Genotyping 432 individuals from 13 geographic populations revealed a comparatively higher genetic diversity in field populations. Partial isolation by distance and time was observed. Population bottlenecks were not detected, but recent expansion was evident in laboratory populations. Although five dominant genetic clusters were identified by Bayesian methods, meaningful hierarchical population structure was observed at between two and nine population groups (p < 0.01; 10,000 iterations). Biological control of the larger grain borer using T. nigrescens seems an important aspect of the sustainable integrated control approach of the pest. Ecological adaptations, appropriate release strategies and genetic diversity are all essential considerations in these efforts and could be responsible for the variable success already observed. There is some genetic differentiation between populations of T. nigrescens but, further studies would be necessary to ascertain the contribution of such diversity to its predatory performance. The effect of laboratory culturing in aggravating genetic drift should be accommodated to avoid loss of diversity during sampling, quarantine, rearing and release of the predator. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Little is known about the distribution of black corals in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Of thirty-nine species of black coral documented in the Western Atlantic, thirty have been previously documented by various studies in the Gulf of Mexico. This study proposes potential range extensions for four black coral species, including Stichopathes gracilis, Stichopathes semiglabra, Tanacetipathes paula, and Tanacetipathes spinescens, to include the Gulf of Mexico. The validation of in situ identifications of black coral species is evaluated, and recommendations for species identifications and species groupings are made. Black coral associated fauna are documented, supporting known associations and documenting potentially new associations and species. Habitat suitability models for the distribution of black coral species at selected banks in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico were generated. Presence-only models made using the MaxEnt modeling program were compared to presence-absence models made using Boosted Regression Tree modeling techniques. Presence-absence models were documented to have greater predictive accuracy than the presence-only models, which showed evidence of model overfitting. The model was projected to five similar salt-dome features in the region, highlighting extensive habitat for multiple black coral species in these unexplored habitats. This study presents habitat suitability maps as a testable hypothesis for black coral distribution in the mesophotic zone of this region.

There is growing global concern over the influence of road development on the conservation of biodiversity and on the functioning of ecosystems. Published reviews in the field of road ecology have identified that most research has examined the effects of roads linearly and have advocated for research at landscape scales. Among the many effects roads have, one of the most significant is the loss of animal life resulting from collisions with vehicles. Despite this, little is known of what toll this has on animal populations and how these impacts vary with scale. This stems from the perception that impacts are localised and that animals killed are typically considered common, and therefore not of great conservation concern. This thesis challenges this notion by showing that the impacts of fatalities can affect populations at landscape extents and that commonness is not a barrier to localised extinction risk. To achieve this I focus on the common wombat; an example of a common species for which road impacts have never been previously examined. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the importance of scale in quantifying road impacts and the debate surrounding common species persistence in road environments. Chapter 2 assesses habitat use of wombats in a road environment at a local scale. Results suggest that wombats select for roadside habitat and as a result populations could be under threat. Chapter 3 is a predictive model of wombat road fatalities which demonstrates the importance of incorporating habitat use in predictive fatality modelling. Through use of a spatially explicit population viability analysis, Chapter 4 demonstrates that roads, in conjunction with other threats can affect the persistence of a common species at a local scale. Chapter 5 is a landscape extent assessment of wombat habitat use, finding that increased effort should be employed in evaluating how reserves confer resilience to species from the impacts of roads and that habitat quality can dictate road-based fatality rates. Chapter 6 summarises the research presented in the thesis and suggests direction for future work, particularly the importance of evaluating the interplay between susceptibility and abundance on species vulnerability in road environments.

The growing need for reducing the negative impacts of climate change and ensuring a constant and environmentally friendly energy supply, led the way to the exploitation of renewable energy sources. Canada has already acknowledged this trend by incorporating more power from renewables on its energy mix. Similarly, Nova Scotia has started an ambitious energy program in which the substitution of most of the fossil fuels by wind energy, will play a significant factor. The purpose of this research is to investigate all suitable locations for wind energy development in the province of Nova Scotia, under the scope of minimizing environmental impacts, increasing social acceptance and maximizing energy production. This spatial analysis is performed through the combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The analysis of the province was based on the preferences of wind experts and administration authorities, which formed the weights assigned on eight (8) evaluation criteria. The extract of the relative weights was succeeded by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while their spatial dimensions were expressed by GIS software. The above procedure was possible through the application of a methodology where exclusion areas were found on the first place and the remaining areas were assessed on their level of suitability. The implementation of the GIS-MCDA methodological framework indicates that, despite the exclusion of a significant part of the province, there is still enough space to develop wind energy. The applied methodology and relevant results could be used as a Decision-Making tool by planning authorities, wind developers, and stakeholders.

The Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) in Louisiana is the principal distributary of the Mississippi River, and it contains the largest contiguous area of baldcypress-water tupelo swamp forests in North America. After designation of the ARB as a federal floodway following the destructive 1927 Mississippi River (MR) flood, it was extensively modified to accommodate a substantial portion of the MR flow (~30%) to mitigate flooding in southern Louisiana. The resulting reach to system scale modifications for regional flood mitigation, navigation, and hydrocarbon extraction have substantially altered the lateral connectivity between the AR and its floodplain wetlands, threatening the ecological integrity of this globally-important ecosystem. Multiple stakeholder groups agree that restoring flow connectivity is essential to maintaining the basin’s water quality and forest health, and several flow-connectivity enhancement projects (hereafter, project elements) have been proposed by the Atchafalaya Basin Program’s Technical Advisory Group within the Flat Lake Water Management Unit (FLWMU) study area to increase lateral hydrologic connectivity within the management unit and beyond. Additionally, a new flow prescription to improve floodplain habitat has recently been suggested for the ARB. Flow into the ARB is now regulated through the Old River Control Structure (ORCS; operational in 1963), and represents the opportunity for large-scale flow experiments to enhance a multitude of ecosystem services that have been degraded due to anthropogenic alteration. For this study, I compiled existing datasets and constructed a 1D2D hydraulic model to evaluate: 1) if the suggested flow prescription would have the desired inundation impacts; 2) whether the proposed project elements would improve lateral connectivity in the FLWMU; and 3) whether recommended project elements would increase the area suitable for baldcypress recruitment in the study area. To examine the first two research questions above, I examined two scenarios – a baseline scenario to examine current conditions (no restoration projects), and a full-implementation scenario, where all proposed project elements that could be examined at the model resolution were implemented. Comparison of the modeling results for the baseline scenario to the suggested flow prescription goals suggests the overbank discharge and the extreme low-flow targets would have the desired impacts of inundating and drying out of the majority of the FLWMU, respectively. Proxy indicators of enhanced flow connectivity suggest that proposed projects will improve water quality, especially at intermediate to high flow conditions, when ~90% of the FLWMU experiences improved drainage as indicated by higher rates of water surface elevation decrease and lower overall system water volume. The stated objectives of the project elements recommended by the Technical Advisory Group are to improve connectivity and water quality, but another important and related restoration goal for stakeholders includes baldcypress restoration. To examine the third objective, I used a model-derived proxy indicator of habitat improvement (depth reduction) at two key discharges, along with other ecological suitability factors, to determine areas most likely to support baldcypress recruitment. Here, I compared baseline conditions to two alternative restoration scenarios – 1) a targeted implementation scenario where 22 project elements were implemented, and 2) the full-implementation scenario, where all projects that could be examined at the model resolution were implemented. Suitable habitat area for both natural and artificial baldcypress recruitment increased under intermediate flow conditions but remained unchanged for higher discharge conditions. For the intermediate discharge scenario, the full-implementation scenario results in a 2 km2 increase in the class considered most suitable for natural baldcypress regeneration within the calculated recruitment band, and a decrease of ~16 km2 in the areas considered least suitable for the entire FLWMU study area. Coupled with the connectivity results, which indicate that nutrient-rich river water will be exchanged between main channels and the backswamp at a greater range of flows, it appears that project implementation alone will benefit baldcypress recruitment, especially artificial regeneration efforts. However, full project implementation coupled with large-scale flow modifications at ORCS would likely provide maximum benefit for baldcypress restoration efforts that seek to increase the area supportive of natural baldcypress regeneration.

Submitted by Aline Spaggiari Alcântara null (alineespagiari@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-23T18:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Aline_Spaggiari_Alcântara_com certificado.pdf: 709687 bytes, checksum: 8bb0eab1ed35f4e8f03e6b6857c24d46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-23T20:08:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alcantara_as_me_jabo.pdf: 709687 bytes, checksum: 8bb0eab1ed35f4e8f03e6b6857c24d46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T20:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alcantara_as_me_jabo.pdf: 709687 bytes, checksum: 8bb0eab1ed35f4e8f03e6b6857c24d46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os fatores que mais influenciam no rendimento de tração são as condições do solo, as dimensões dos pneus, sua relação peso/potência e o tipo de construção do pneu (radial/diagonal). O uso de pneus específicos para determinado tipo de superfície de rolamento permite aumentar seu desempenho operacional. Logo, o detalhamento dos pneus, uso da carga necessária sobre o rodado, associados aos estudos da compactação do solo, pode indicar melhores condições de trabalho e consequentemente redução do consumo de combustível. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a resistência mecânica à penetração do solo, recalque dos pneus e o consumo de combustível horário após o tráfego de dois tipos de pneus radiais traseiros (710/70R38 e 650/85R38) e dianteiros (600/70R28 e 600/65R28) combinados com quatro relações peso/potência do trator em área preparada para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento estatístico foi fatorial com parcelas subdivididas em blocos casualizado com quatro repetições, foi feita análise estatística pelo teste F e quando significativo foi realizado o teste Tukey a 5% probabilidade, para as interações entre tratamentos ajuste de regressão de maior expoente que apresentasse significância e mapas de isolinhas para melhor explicar o comportamento da variável. Os pneus e as relações peso/potência não interferiram na resistência mecânica do solo à penetração no presente trabalho. A compactação do solo aumenta conforme o aumento do número de passadas oferecendo maior resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, interferindo negativamente na camada 10 a 20 cm. Os mapas de isolinhas indicaram pontos de resistência do solo à penetração, que embora não críticos, mostram a importância da adequação dos tratores e seus equipamentos na redução da compactação do solo para melhor desenvolvimento da cultura a ser implantada. / The factors that most influence the yield of traction are soil conditions, tire size, weight / power relationship, and tire type (radial / diagonal). The use of specific tires for a certain type of rolling surface would increase their operational performance. Therefore, the characterization of the tire, use of the required load on the wheel associated with soil compaction studies, may indicate better working conditions and consequently reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical resistance to soil penetration, the area mobilized by the tires and the fuel consumption after traffic of two types of rear (710 / 70R38 and 650 / 85R38) and front (600 / 70R28 and 600 / 65R28) combined with four tractor weight / power relationship in an area prepared for sugarcane cultivation. The statistical design was a factorial with randomized blocks subdivided with four replicates, statistical analysis was performed by the F test and when significant the Tukey test was performed at 5% probability, for the interactions between treatments regression adjustment of higher exponent that presented significance and Maps to better explain the behavior of the variable. Tires and weight / power relationship did not interfere in the mechanical resistance of the soil to penetration in the present work. Soil compaction increases as the number of passes increases, giving the soil greater mechanical resistance to penetration, negatively interfering with layer 10 to 20 cm. The isoline maps indicated soil penetration resistance points, which although not critical, show the importance of the adequacy of the tractors and their equipment in the reduction of soil compaction for better development of the crop to be implanted.

The term "suitability" is understood as the correspondence between what a consumer expects and what he actually receives. In that sense, to clarify what is meant by "duty of suitability" it is necessary to analyze theconcept of "consumer” as well.However, when it comes to our consumer protection system, can we say it is protecting the reasonable consumer, the average consumer or the negligent consumer? In this regard, what are the implications of opting for the protection of one or the  other?  In this article, the author seeks to answer these questions through an analysis of national jurisprudence regarding consumer protection. / Se entiende por “idoneidad” la correspondencia entre lo que un consumidor espera y lo que en efecto recibe. En ese sentido, para dilucidar qué debe entenderse por “deber de idoneidad” no puede dejarse de analizar lo relativoal concepto de “consumidor”.Ahora bien, en nuestro sistema de protección al consumidor, ¿se protege al consumidor razonable, al consumidor promedio o al consumidor negligente? Al respecto, ¿cuáles son las implicancias de optar por la protección del uno o el otro? En el presente artículo, el autor busca responder a estas preguntas a través de un análisis de la jurisprudencia nacional deprotección al consumidor.

Goiás e Distrito Federal têm papel importante na cultura canavieira brasileira, da qual GO é o segundo maior produtor. Na definição de aptidão e de riscos climáticos a essa cultura, a ocorrência natural de altos déficits hídricos, como ocorre no centro-oeste do país, tem um efeito preponderante sobre a produtividade, sendo determinante na elaboração de zoneamentos agroecológicos e de riscos para a cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, com a finalidade de orientação de datas de plantio e uso de irrigação que minimizem esse efeito. Com o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento e aplicabilidade de índices de aptidão e de riscos climáticos, neste trabalho foram utilizadas séries climáticas de 13 localidades de GO e DF, para estimativa de três índices baseados no balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite-Mather calculado por três formas: climatológico médio e sequenciais (climatológico e de cultura), para dois tipos de solo. O índice de aptidão climática (APClima) considerou o déficit acumulado no ciclo de plantio fornecido pelo BH sequencial climatológico e o índice de satisfação da necessidade de água (ISNA) no período crítico da cultura, simulando-se períodos de cultivo com duração de 12 meses (cana-planta), com plantios no primeiro decêndio dos bimestres do ano. Outros, dois índices de risco (IRClima; IRCultura) originaram-se dos BHs sequenciais, utilizando valores acumulados de DEF para a definição de classes de aptidão (apta, marginal e inapta). Também foram utilizados fatores de ponderação e porcentagem de ocorrência das classes de aptidão, gerando-se 5 classes de risco (de muito alto a muito baixo). Na definição das classes foram usados limites de DEF em duas formas, uma, tradicionalmente usada com valores de 200mm e 400mm; e uma ajustada de acordo com valores estimados a partir de correlação dos DEF do BH médio com aqueles gerados pelos balanços sequenciais (DEFcorr). Os resultados mostraram a dificuldade da escolha do índice mais indicado, pois embora tenha-se o BH como base dos três, eles são usados de formas diferentes, além de haver diferenças conceituais entre os mesmos. Entretanto, duas conclusões gerais servem para os índices: a) quando comparados entre si e com mesma forma de cálculo de DEF, não foram observadas diferenças acentuadas nos índices quando se usou CAD 95 ou 125mm/m para cada um dos dois solos adotados; b) o uso de DEFcorr permitiu visualizar um número maior de localidades e janelas de plantio no ano em relação ao zoneamento agroecológico adotado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. O APClima mostrou-se interessante por permitir a indicação de necessidade de irrigação, seja de salvamento ou complementar, mas mostrou-se mais rígidos que os outro nessas indicações. Os índices originários dos BHs sequenciais (IRClima e IRCultura) levaram a cenários mais favoráveis, com o aumento de janela de plantio com menor risco por efeito de DEF, entretanto suas avaliações não incluem os efeitos da época de sua ocorrência, podendo subestimar os resultados do período seco do ano e demandando maiores estudos. A metodologia proposta no trabalho mostrou-se bastante interessante por permitir maiores informações, consideradas importantes para o planejamento de plantio na região. / The State of Goiás (GO) and Federal District (DF) have an important role in Brazilian sugarcane production, being the second largest producer in the country. In the case of risks and climate suitability to this crop, the natural occurrence of high water stress has major effect on yield, as occurs in the Midwest of the country, being decisive in the development of agro-ecological zoning and risks for sugarcane in the country. In order to understand and apply the climate suitability and risks indexes used in this study, climatic series of 13 localities of GO and DF have been utilized. Thus the Thornthwaite-Mather water balance (BH) was calculated in three ways: the normal climatological, the sequential climatological and the sequential of crop, for two types of soil. The climate suitability index (APClima) considered the cumulative water deficit DEF (potential minus actual evapotranspiration) in the crop cycle, provided by the sequential BH climatological and water requirement satisfaction index (ISNA) in the critical period of crop, simulating up growing seasons of 12 months, with plantations in the first ten days of each bimester of the year. Other two risk indices (IRClima; IRCultura) were originated from sequential BHs using accumulated DEF value to define the suitability classes. In the three indexes, both traditional limits of DEF (200mm and 400mm) as those estimated with adjusted values originated from correlation between the normal and the sequential balances (DEFcorr) were applied. The results showed the difficulty of choosing the best index because although they were based on the BH, there are conceptual differences between them. However, two general conclusions serve for the contents: a) when compared with each other, within the same form of DEF calculation, no pronounced differences have been observed when soil water holding capacity of 95 or 125mm/m was applied, on both types of soil; b) the use of DEFcorr allowed a greater number of localities and planting windows to have better indications, compared to the agro-ecological zoning adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. The APClima proved to be an interesting index, once it indicates the use of irrigation requirement, either saving or complementary, but it has shown to be more rigorous than the other indices. The indexes originated from sequential BHs (IRClima and IRCultura) led to more favorable scenarios, showing a longer planting window with less risk effect of deficit, although their ratings do not include the effects of the time of its occurrence, and could underestimate the results of dry season.

O tratamento anaeróbio de esgoto doméstico em combinação com a produção de biomassa de algas é considerado uma excelente alternativa para a remoção de nutrientes. O processo de separação sólido-líquido de microalgas continua sendo um grande desafio técnico e econômico. A ozonização seguida de flotação por dissolvido é uma alternativa interessante visando a separação de microalgas e, consequentemente, a remoção de nutrientes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo de um efluente de reator anaeróbio através do crescimento da microalga Chlorella sorokiniana em fotobiorreator tipo flat panel e investigar o uso da ozonização associada à flotação por ar dissolvido para o processo de separação sólido-líquido da microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. O efluente anaeróbio foi obtido a partir de um reator anaeróbio com leito de fibras flexíveis que trata esgoto doméstico sintético. As microalgas foram cultivadas em fotobiorreator flat panel com tempo de cultivo de cinco dias, sob condições controladas: intensidade de luz (196 &#956;mol m-2 s-1), fluxo de ar (0,2 vvm), temperatura (29 ± 1 °C) e fotoperíodo (12 horas com iluminação artificial e 12 horas no escuro). No final do período de cultivo, foram realizados ensaios para adequação da FAD e da ozonização, através da avaliação de parâmetros, tais como: dosagem de ozônio, dosagem de polímero, pH, tempos e gradientes de mistura rápida e floculação, velocidade de flotação e quantidade de ar necessária para flotação por ar dissolvido. O reator anaeróbio apresentou altas eficiências de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio: 63 ± 6% e 53 ± 8%, respectivamente. Ao final do período de cultivo das microalgas no fotobiorreator, as remoções de nitrogênio total dissolvido e fósforo total dissolvido foram de 52,1% e 31,8%, respectivamente. Analisando os resultados referentes à etapa de separação sólido-líquido, verificou-se que o pH não influenciou significativamente na eficiência do tratamento; altas velocidades de flotação (24 cm.min-1 e 36 cm.min-1) podem ser empregadas; a etapa de floculação não contribuiu para melhora do tratamento; e a ozonização não contribuiu significativamente para a melhora da eficiência do processo de separação sólido-líquido. / Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in combination with the production of algae biomass is an excellent alternative for nutrient removal. The process of solid-liquid separation of microalgae remains a major technical and economic challenge. Ozonization followed by flotation by dissolved air is an interesting alternative for the separation of microalgae and removal of nutrients. The objectives of this work were: to evaluate the nitrogen and phosphorus removal of an anaerobic effluent through the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana microalgae in a flat panel photobioreactor and to investigate the use of ozonation associated with dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the solid-liquid separation of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. The anaerobic effluent was obtained from a fixed-bed anaerobic reactor with flexible fibers. The microalgae were grown in a flat panel photobioreactor for five days, under controlled conditions: light intensity (196 mol &#956;m -2 s-1), Airflow (0.2 vvm), temperature (29 ± 1°C) and photoperiod (12 hours). At the end of the cultivation period, tests were carried out to adjust FAD and ozonization through the evaluation of parameters such as: ozone dosage, polymer dosage, pH, fast mixing and flocculation times and gradients, flotation velocity. The anaerobic reactor presented high efficiency of removal of COD and BOD, 63 ± 6% and 53 ± 8%, respectively. At the end of the microalgae culture period in the photobioreactor, the removal of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total dissolved carbon of the effluent from the anaerobic reactor were 52.1%, 31.8% and 66.2%, respectively. Analyzing the results concerning the separation step, it was verified that the pH did not influence the removal efficiencies, high flotation rates can be employed in the separation process, the flocculation step in the treatment was not necessary and ozonation didnt contributed to an improvement the solid-liquid separation process.

A Agricultura Familiar brasileira constitui uma categoria diversificada e heterogênea que congrega um conjunto plural de detentores de posse da pequena e média propriedade e que produz parte significativa dos alimentos que vão à mesa das pessoas. A agricultura familiar normalmente concentra-se em locais de maior incidência de pobreza rural e em terras de baixo potencial produtivo, que por vezes, apresenta alto valor para a conservação. Essas características conferem uma capacidade de adaptação dos sistemas de produção familiares frente às restrições do meio físico. Esse contexto faz com que a agricultura familiar torne-se o foco do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas específicas e de estudos acadêmicos e institucionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as principais características intrínsecas e extrínsecas da agricultura familiar através de avaliações das dinâmicas estabelecidas em torno da produtividade e do melhor aproveitamento das condições do meio físico. Primeiramente, fizemos um levantamento dessas características de interesse, mobilizando dados oficiais e de livre acesso, avaliando a correlação entre as variáveis através de estatística multivariada, nos seguintes contextos territoriais: nacional, regionais e estaduais. Posteriormente, avaliamos uma proposta de classificação territorial da agricultura familiar que se baseia na resposta produtiva às diferentes condições do meio físico, analisando a distribuição das características em cada classe produtiva. Nesta etapa, os valores municipais de produtividade (R$.ha-1) foram correlacionados com os valores de aptidão física das terras nos três contextos estudados (Estados, Grandes Regiões e Brasil), o que propiciou a classificação dos municípios em quatro classes: Alto desempenho, Baixo desempenho, Adaptado e Pouco Adaptado. As características da agricultura familiar em cada classe foram submetidas à Análise de Componentes Principais e à Análise de Variância com teste de comparação entre as médias. Os resultados mostraram que o método de classificação foi efetivo nos três contextos territoriais estudados, sugerindo que as políticas públicas de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar são de grande importância para a relativização das limitações do meio físico. E ainda, os fatores relacionados ao melhor aproveitamento das terras disponíveis, a inserção destas políticas em municípios mais desenvolvidos, com oferta efetivas de trabalhos fora das propriedades fomentam o melhor desempenho e adaptação produtiva na maioria dos contextos territoriais estudados. / The Brazilian small scale \"Family Farming\" (ScFF) is a diverse and heterogeneous category that brings together a plural set of small and medium property ownership holders and produces significant part of the food available to table the people. ScFF usually focuses on sites with the highest incidence of rural poverty and low productive potential lands, which sometimes has a high conservation value. These characteristics confer adaptability of family production systems facing the constraints of the physical environment. This context makes the ScFF become the focus of development of specific public policies and academic and institutional studies. The aim of this work was to analyze the main intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of ScFF through the assessment of the dynamics established around productivity and better performance in restricted environments. First, we conducted a survey of these features of interest, using official and free access data, evaluating the correlation between the variables through multivariate analysis in the following territorial contexts: national, regional and state. Subsequently, we evaluated a proposal for territorial classification of ScFF, which is based on the productive response to different conditions of the environment, analyzing the distribution of ScFF characteristics inserted in each productive class. In this step, the municipal productivity values (R$ .ha-1) were correlated with physical performance values of land in the three contexts studied (National, Major Regions and Brazil), which provided the classification of municipalities into four classes: High Performance, Low performance, adapted and Less Adapted. The characteristics of ScFF in each class were subjected to principal component analysis and analysis of variance followed by comparison tests between the means. Results showed that the method was effective in rating the three territorial contexts studied, suggesting that public policies for strengthening ScFF are of great importance to the relativization of the limitations of the physical environment. It also indicates that the factors related to better use of the land available and the inclusion of such policies in most developed municipalities, with effective job offers outside the property, could promote better performance and yield adaptation in most territorial contexts studied.