The self-power map is the function from the set of natural numbers to itself which sends the number $n$ to $n^n$. Motivated by applications to cryptography, we consider the image of this map modulo a prime $p$. We study the question of how large $x$ must be so that $n^n \equiv a \bmod p$ has a solution with $1 \le n \le x$, for every residue class $a$ modulo $p$. While $n^n \bmod p$ is not uniformly distributed, it does appear to behave in certain ways as a random function. We give a heuristic argument to show that the expected $x$ is approximately ${p^2\log \phi(p-1)/\phi(p-1)}$, using the coupon collector problem as a model. Rigorously, we prove the bound $x <p^{2-\alpha}$ for sufficiently large $p$ and a fixed constant $\alpha > 0$ independent of $p$, using a counting argument and exponential sum bounds. Additionally, we prove nontrivial bounds on the number of solutions of $n^n \equiv a \bmod p$ for a fixed residue class $a$ when $1 \le n \le x$, extending the known bounds when $1 \le n \le p-1$.

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En abordant les nombres spéciaux comme les sommes harmoniques ou les polyzêtassous leur aspect combinatoire, nous introduisons d’abord la définition d’un produitentre mots, dit produit de quasi-mélange q-déformé, une généralisation des produits demélange et de quasi-mélange, ce qui nous permet de construire des structures complètesd’algèbre de Hopf en dualité. En même temps, nous construisons des bases en dualité,contenant des bases de transcendance associées aux mots de Lyndon, et des formules explicitessur lesquelles les sommes harmoniques, les polyzêtas ou les polylogarithmes sontindexés et représentés par la factorisation de la série génératrice noncommutative diagonale.De cette façon, nous déterminons des développements asymptotiques des sommesharmoniques, indexées par ces bases, grâce à leur série génératrice et à la formule d’EulerMaclaurin. Nous établissons également une équation de liaison sur les polyzêtas, quiapparaissent comme les parties finies des développements asymptotiques des sommesharmoniques et des polylogarithmes, reliant entre elles deux structures algébriques. Enidentifiant les coordonnées locales de cette équation, nous trouvons des relations polynomialeshomogènes, en poids, entre les polyzêtas. Pour accompagner cette étude théorique,nous proposons des algorithmes et un package en Maple afin de calculer des bases, lastructure des polyzêtas et des développements asymptotiques des sommes harmoniques. / Approaching special numbers as harmonic sums or polyzetas (multiple zetavalues) in the spirit of combinatorics, we first focus on the study of algebraic structureson words by introducing the definition of a product on words, called q-stuffle product, acommon generalisation of shuffle and quasi-shuffle products, which allows us to completelyconstruct Hopf algebras in duality. Simutaneously, we establish recurrent formulas inorder to compute bases in duality, containing transcendence bases tied to Lyndon wordson which harmonic sums, the polyzetas and polylogarithms are indexed. We use them torepresent the factorization of a diagonal noncommutative generating series. In this respect,we determine asymptotic expansions of harmonic sums thanks to their generatingseries and to Euler Maclaurin formula. We also establish a bridge equation of polyzetas,which appear as fini parts in asymptotic expansions of harmonic sums and of polylogarithms,linking two algebraic structures. Through identification of local coordinates of thisequation, we can deduce homogenous, in weight, polynomial relations among polyzetasindexed on the bases.We also give algorithms and a package in Maple which, in practice,allowed us to find results and examples within this thesis.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Brumatti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T01:03:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_RodrigoFrancisco_M.pdf: 640692 bytes, checksum: 75ad1ee35d8a529904fe79cc7c944a7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Mestrado / Algebra / Mestre em Matemática

Neste trabalho fazemos um estudo do conceito de soma torcida de F-espaços. Apresentamos algumas propriedades e simplificações na construção de somas torcidas de F-espaços localmente limitados. Em particular, estudamos uma condição suficiente para que uma soma torcida de espaços de Banach seja um espaço de Banach. Finalmente aplicamos esses conceitos para definir o espaço construído por N. J. Kalton, que é um exemplo de um espaço de Banach não isomorfo ao conjugado complexo. Este espaço X de Kalton corresponde a uma soma torcida de espaços de Hilbert, isto é, X possui um subespaço fechado E tal que E e X/E são isomorfos a espaços de Hilbert. / In this work we study the concept of twisted sum of F-spaces. We also study some properties and simplifications in the construction of twisted sums of locally bounded F-spaces. In particular, we study a sufficient condition for a twisted sum of Banach spaces to be a Banach space. Finally we apply these concepts to define the space constructed by N. J. Kalton, which is an example of a Banach space not isomorphic to its complex conjugate. The Kalton space X is a twisted sum of Hilbert spaces, i.e. X has a closed subspace E such that E and X/E are isomorphic to Hilbert spaces.

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