La verticilliose est causée par des agents pathogènes telluriques du genre Verticillium. Elle est, depuis sa découverte dans les années 50, maladie majeure du tournesol en Argentine où des sources de résistances ont été identifiées. En France, c’est une maladie de plus en plus fréquente, observée chaque année sur de nouvelles zones de production. Elle suscite désormais des efforts dans la recherche de moyens de lutte sur ce territoire. Ce travail s’est concentré sur l’étude des interactions Tournesol - agents causals de la verticilliose à deux niveaux d’observation : celui du système de culture (français vs. argentin) et celui de l’individu. L’objectif est d’apporter des connaissances sur l’agent causal et sur le déterminisme moléculaire dans la résistance à la verticilliose du tournesol afin de développer un modèle de criblage de résistances à grande échelle. L’étude de la maladie dans les systèmes de culture a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une différence significative de la réponse du tournesol à Verticillium entre la France et l’Argentine. L’étude moléculaire des pathogènes vasculaires in planta, échantillonnés dans les 2 systèmes de culture, a permis de confirmer l’implication majeure de V. dahliae dans la verticilliose du tournesol. En conditions contrôlées, une étude comparative de la pathogénicité de plusieurs isolats de V. dahliae (de la tomate, du coton, du sol) sur le tournesol a mis en évidence que seul l’isolat 85S, isolé à partir du tournesol, est capable de le coloniser et de provoquer des symptômes. L’étude du génome de l’isolat 85S révèle que cet isolat n’appartient à aucune branche existante de l’arbre phylogénétique ; il forme un groupe per se, associé aux isolats non défoliant du coton mais infectant la tomate. L’hypothèse de la spécificité de la réponse induite dans l’hypocotyle et les feuilles du tournesol par certains isolats de V. dahliae a été confirmée en étudiant la cinétique de l’expression de 9 gènes associés à la défense, 5 semaines après inoculation. Le tournesol met uniquement en place son système de défense en réponse à l’infection par 85S. La réponse semble induite ; la colonisation n’est pas systémique, la biomasse fongique n’a pas été détectée dans l’hypocotyle et les feuilles de l’hybride asymptomatique. L’ensemble de ces travaux a conduit au développement d’un modèle pour le criblage de résistances à Verticillium chez le tournesol. Celui-ci répond aux contraintes liées à la diversité du pathogène dans les méga-environnements, conséquences de pressions de sélection différentielles. / Verticillium wilt is caused by soil-borne fungi of the genus Verticillium. From its discovery in the 50’s, sunflower Verticillium wilt is a major disease in Argentina where sources of resistances have been identified. Since few years, the disease occurs more frequently in France raising concerns on sources of resistances discoveries regarding its spread to other sunflower French production areas. This work focus on the study of Sunflower- causals agent of Verticillium wilt interaction at 2 levels of observation: at the cultural system (French vs Argentinian) and at the plant individual scale. The aim is to provide identification of the causal agents and knowledge on the molecular determinism of sunflower resistances to implement high-throughput plant phenotyping approach. Disease symptom studies within the cultural systems reveal a significant difference in the phenotypic expression of sunflower against Verticillium pressure according to the location in France or in Argentina. Molecular studies of isolates in planta, from naturally infested field in cultural systems reveal the major implication of V. dahliae in the sunflower Verticillium wilt disease. In controlled conditions, comparative studies of V. dahliae isolates pathogenicity (isolated from cotton, tomato and soil) on sunflower reveal that only 85S, isolated from sunflower is able to colonize and provoke symptoms. Genomic studies of 85S isolates reveal that the isolate did not belong to any branch of the current phylogenetic tree; 85S makes a 'per se' group within the cotton non-defoliating but tomato infecting strains. Specificity of induced responses in sunflower hypocotyl and leaves by only some of V. dahliae isolates have been confirmed through a gene expression kinetic analysis of 9 defenses related genes on 5 weeks post inoculation. Sunflower genotype is responding only to the 85S isolate. Resistance seems to be induced; colonization is not systemic as pathogen biomass has been detected but not quantify in symptomless cultivar. Our study finally leads to the implementation of Verticillium resistances screening model on the sunflower with respect to the constraints related to the pathogen diversity from the different environments, according to differential selection pressure.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho, a composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do leite e da carne de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Adicionalmente, foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo para avaliar o efeito das dietas sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. No Experimento I, 44 ovelhas com suas respectivas crias foram distribuídas em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso, sendo uma dieta controle e as outras contendo 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. A adição de óleo reduziu o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e aumentou o consumo de extrato etéreo. Não houve alteração na produção de leite e desempenho das crias. A adição de óleo de mamona aumentou o teor de gordura e sólidos totais do leite. A adição de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu as concentrações de AG de cadeia curta (AGCC), de cadeia média, saturados e o índice de aterogenicidade; e aumentou as concentrações de C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, AG de cadeia longa, AG monoinsaturados e AG insaturados totais. Estes óleos aumentaram ainda, a relação entre AG poliinsaturados:saturados (P:S) comparado à dieta controle. No experimento II, quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar as dietas utilizadas no Experimento I. Não houve diferença no CMS e digestibilidade dos nutrientes. A adição de óleos aumentou os valores de pH ruminal e reduziu as concentrações de AGCC. No experimento III, foi analisado o desempenho de 36 cordeiros mestiços Dorper x Santa Inês alimentados com rações com 90% de concentrado e 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Não houve diferença no CMS, ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e conversão alimentar, sendo a média das dietas de 957,7 g, 326,4 g e 3,0 kg MS/kg GMD, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo com quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Não houve diferença (P>0,10) no CMS, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e nos parâmetros ruminais, com exceção da amônia, que diminuiu com a adição de óleos. No experimento IV, foram avaliados: as características da carcaça, composição físicoquímica e perfil de AG do músculo Longissimus dorsi dos cordeiros do experimento III. A adição de óleo de mamona elevou o teor de extrato etéreo da carne. O óleo de girassol reduziu a concentração de C18:1 -9, e aumentou a concentração de C18:1 trans. A adição de óleo de mamona reduziu a concentração de C18:2 e a relação P:S na carne em comparação aos óleos de canola e girassol. A inclusão de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu a concentração de C16:0, aumentou a concentração de C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) e C18:3 -6. O óleo de canola aumentou a concentração de C18:3 -3 e o óleo de girassol aumentou a relação 6:3 comparado ao óleo de mamona. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, milk composition, meat and milk fatty acid profile of ewes and lambs fed diets containing canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. Additionally, two metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. Experiment I: 44 Santa Inês ewes with lambs were allotted in a randomized complete block design and fed a control diet (no oil) containing 50% roughage or diets with the addition of 3% of canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. The addition of oil decreased DM intake and increased ether extract intake. However, there was no effect on milk production and lamb performance. The percentage of milk fat and milk total solids increased with castor oil. Diets with canola and sunflower oils decreased short chain fatty acids (FA), medium chain, saturated FA and atherogenicity index; and increased C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, long chain and monounsaturated FA. In addition, these diets increased polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) ratio compared to the control diet. Experiment II: Four ruminally cannulated ram lambs were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to determine the effects of the diets used in Experiment I on intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. There was no difference (P>0.10) on DM intake and nutrient digestibility. The oil addition increased pH values and decreased short chain FA. Experiment III: the objective was to evaluate the performance of 36 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs fed diets with 90% concentrate hay with 3% canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. There was no difference on DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion, with average across diets of 957.7 g, 326.4 g and 3.0 kg DMI/kg ADG, respectively. These diets were also evaluated in four ruminally cannulated ram lambs in a 4x4 Latin Square design. There was no difference in DM intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and ruminal measures, with the exception for ammonia concentration that decreased with oil addition. In the Experiment IV were determine: carcass characteristics, Longissimus dorsi fatty acid profile and physical-chemical composition of the lambs used in Experiment III. The diet with castor oil increased meat ether extract. Sunflower diet decreased C18:1-9 and increased concentrations of C18:1 trans. Castor oil decreased the concentration of C18:2 and PUFA:SFA ratio compared to canola and sunflower oils. Canola and sunflower decreased the concentration of C16:0, increased the concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and C18:3 -6. Canola oil increased the concentration of C18:3 -3 and sunflower oil increased 6:3 ratio compared to castor oil.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziane Nimet.pdf: 1353692 bytes, checksum: 58189bc7e0667a1191782c8b8899d494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / The extraction of oil from greasy seeds is traditionally based in the use of organic solvents. Currently the most used method is the process of extraction by n-hexane. Aiming the obtainment of vegetable oil with higher quality using clean technologies with reduction of oil contamination through solvent and minimizing the damage to the environment is that the technology with fluid pressurized has become one alternative viable to extraction. In this context, the current work has the objective to compare the extraction of the oil in sunflower seeds using the carbon dioxide as solvent in supercritical conditions, the propane in subcritical conditions and the n-hexane. At the beginning, the sunflower seeds were characterized, then went by drying process, crush and sifting and, finally through the extraction process. The experiments were led in temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C and pressures of 19, 22 e 25 MPa to carbon dioxide, and temperatures of 30, 45 e 60 ºC and pressures of 8, 10, and 12 MPa to propane. It was considered the effect of the temperature and pressure in the reason of the weight the extracted sunflower oil per weight of solvent used to the different experimental conditions, using a factorial planning 22 with 3 repetitions in the central point. The samples of oil extracted were subordinated to quantification analysis of fatty acids, concentrated of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and stability oxidative. The pie was analyzed as for its protein content. From the experimental data of the extractions kinetics were tasted the Mathematical models of second order and the Sovová. The results showed that extraction with propane subcritical presented higher rate of extraction when compared to carbon dioxide and to n-hexane, indicating that the propane is a solvent more appropriate to extraction of sunflower oil than the carbon dioxide. The sunflower oil obtained in different experimental conditions didn t present alterations as for the content of fatty acids, however, it was noticed difference in the concentration of vitamin E (α-tocopherol). The samples of oils extracted as in supercritical conditions with carbon dioxide as in subcritical conditions using propane presented better oxidative stability, indicated by the induction time of oxidation than the sample extracted with n-hexane. The pies presented protein contents close independent to the solvent used in the extraction of sunflower oil. The Mathematical modeling of second order and the Sovová model were adapted properly to the experimental data of both solvents. / A extração de óleos de sementes oleaginosas é tradicionalmente baseada no uso de solventes orgânicos. Atualmente o método mais utilizado é o processo de extração por n-hexano. Visando a obtenção de óleos vegetais com maior qualidade utilizando tecnologias limpas com redução de contaminação do óleo pelo solvente e minimizando os danos ao meio ambiente é que a tecnologia com fluidos pressurizados tem se tornado uma alternativa viável de extração. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a extração do óleo de sementes de girassol utilizando como solventes o dióxido de carbono em condições supercríticas, o propano em condições subcríticas e o n-hexano. Inicialmente as sementes de girassol foram caracterizadas, então passaram por processo de secagem, moagem e peneiramento e finalmente pelo processo de extração. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em temperaturas de 40, 50 e 60 ºC e pressões de 19, 22 e 25 MPa para o dióxido de carbono, e temperaturas de 30, 45 e 60 ºC e pressões de 8, 10 e 12 MPa para propano. Avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura e pressão na razão de massa de óleo extraída por massa de solvente utilizado para as diferentes condições experimentais, usando um planejamento fatorial 22 com 3 repetições no ponto central. As amostras de óleo extraídas foram submetidas a análises de quantificação de ácidos graxos, concentração de vitamina E (α-tocoferol) e estabilidade oxidativa. A torta foi analisada quanto ao seu teor protéico. A partir dos dados experimentais das cinéticas de extrações foram testados os modelos matemáticos de segunda ordem e de Sovová. Os resultados mostraram que extrações com propano subcrítico apresentaram maior taxa de extração quando comparado ao dióxido de carbono e ao n-hexano, indicando que o propano é um solvente mais apropriado para extração do óleo de girassol do que o dióxido de carbono. O óleo de girassol obtido nas diferentes condições experimentais não apresentou alterações quanto ao teor de ácidos graxos, porém, observou-se diferença na concentração de vitamina E (α-tocoferol). As amostras de óleo extraído tanto em condições supercríticas com dióxido de carbono, quanto em condições subcríticas utilizando propano apresentaram melhor estabilidade oxidativa, indicada pelo tempo de indução da oxidação, do que a amostra extraída com n-hexano. As tortas apresentaram teores protéicos próximos independente do solvente empregado na extração do óleo de girassol. O modelo matemático de segunda ordem e o modelo de Sovová ajustaram-se adequadamente aos dados experimentais de ambos os solventes.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Sunflower is an alternative specie to the system of no-tillage and crop rotation. His inclusion in this system provides soil improvements and interruption on cycle of pests and diseases, which are responsible for losses of productivity of the mainly sown crops. In addition to these benefits this specie has characteristics of increased tolerance to drought than traditional crops such as soybean and corn, maintaining satisfactory yields even in dry years considereds. For inclusion in the rotation and maintaining satisfactory yields the knowledge of the best sowing dates is necessary. As the weather has interannual variability, the risk analysis for the sowing dates is required, through a study of probability with a long series of weather data for better definition. This study aims to determine the sowing date of sunflower in which lower severity of alternaria and septoria leaf spots in the RS Central Region occurs. For it has adapted and calibrated an algorithm providing a forecasting system diseases, based on data from leaf wetness duration, air temperature during the leaf wetness period and rain, calculating the accumulated severity values (VSCA) throughout the cycle. In this adaptation and calibration data from six experiments performed at the Department of Plant Science since 2007. Hourly values of weather data from 1968 to 2011 was estimated from the default readings, and use this algorithm were simulated for 14 different dates of sowing spaced in 15 days, beginning on August 1 and ending on February 16 of each year. Due to the interannual variability of ENSO and their influence on weather conditions, crop seasons years was apart in Neutral, La Niña and El Niño. The data generated from the analysis of variance and the means of Scott- Knott test at 5% probability of error was taken. In addition, the VSCA were subjected to analysis of probability distribution, verifying that the Weibull, lognormal and normal distributions has the best represent the distribution of values of severity of leaf spots on sunflower, both for the entire cycle and for the subperiods emergency-end of anthesis and early reproductive-final stage of anthesis sunflower. It was also found that the period between early February and late April is more favorable to leaf spots, while sowing dates from August 1 to October 16, resulting in lower severity values, differing significantly from later sowings. In El Niño years suffer the greatest severities of disease, followed by La Niña years, and finally with the lowest values of VSCA for Neutrals years. / O girassol é uma espécie alternativa para o sistema de plantio direto e rotação de culturas. Sua inserção neste sistema proporciona melhorias edáficas e interrupção do ciclo de pragas e doenças causadoras de perdas de produtividade nas culturas agrícolas mais semeadas. Além destes benefícios, esta espécie possui características de maior tolerância ao déficit hídrico do que culturas tradicionais como a soja e o milho, mantendo produtividades satisfatórias mesmo em anos considerados secos. Para a sua inclusão no sistema de rotação e manutenção de produtividades satisfatórias é necessário o conhecimento das melhores datas semeadura. Como as condições meteorológicas tem variabilidade interanual, é necessária a análise de risco para uma mesma data de semeadura, através de um estudo de probabilidade com uma série longa de dados meteorológicos para sua melhor definição. Este trabalho objetiva determinar a data de semeadura do girassol na qual ocorre menor severidade das manchas foliares de alternária e septória, na Região Central do RS. Para isso adaptou-se e calibrou-se um algoritmo provendo um sistema de previsão de doenças, baseado em dados de duração do molhamento foliar, temperatura do ar durante o período de molhamento foliar, e chuva, obtendo-se os valores de severidade calculada acumulados (VSCA) durante todo o ciclo. Nesta adaptação e calibração utilizaram-se dados de seis experimentos realizados no Departamento de Fitotecnia desde o ano de 2007. Os dados meteorológicos estimados para valores horários de 1968 até 2011, a partir das leituras padrão, e a utilização deste algoritmo, foram simuladas para 14 diferentes datas de semeadura espaçadas em 15 dias, iniciando em 01 de agosto e finalizando em 16 de fevereiro de cada ano. Devido à variabilidade interanual do fenômeno ENOS e sua influência sobre as condições meteorológicas, os anos separados em Neutros, La Niña e El Niño. A partir dos dados gerados foi feita a análise de variância e o teste de médias de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Além disso, os VSCA obtidos foram submetidos a análise de distribuição de probabilidade, verificando-se que as distribuições Weibull, lognormal e normal representam melhor a distribuição dos valores de severidade máxima das manchas foliares no girassol, tanto para o ciclo completo quanto para os subperíodos emergência-final da antese e início da fase reprodutiva-final da antese do girassol. Verificou-se ainda que o período entre o início de fevereiro e o final de abril é mais favorável às manchas foliares, enquanto que as datas de semeadura de 01 de agosto a 16 de outubro resultam nos menores valores de severidade, diferindo significativamente das semeaduras posteriores. Em anos El Niño ocorrem as maiores severidades das doenças, seguido pelos anos de La Niña, e finalmente com os menores valores de VSCA para os anos Neutros.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary porcine meat meal by different plant-protein sources on the growth, carcass yield, carcass quality, blood parameters and sensory evaluation of the fillets of common carp juveniles. Two experiments were conducted using water re-use system with 15 tanks (280L). In experiment 1, five experimental diets containing plant-protein sources were evaluated (soybean meal - FS, canola meal - FC, sunflower meal - FG and linseed meal - FL) to replace porcine meat meal (FCS - control diet). Common carp juveniles (195, initial weight 43.41g), were randomly distributed in the experimental units, and fed twice daily (09:00 and 15:00) with each of experimental diets, in triplicate. At the end of the trial (71 days), the best growth results were obtained in FCS, followed by FC and FS treatments that did not differ among each other. FCS, FG and FS had the highest values of corporal fat, while FC and FL diets did not show difference. The FL diet showed the worst growth, retention of protein and protein and fat deposition in whole body and fillet. About blood parameters, lower cholesterol was observed in the FG diet and lower aspartate aminotransferase activity was observed in the FL. The other variables did not differ significantly among themselves. Based on the results of experiment 1, the diets of experiment 2 were formulated, which were levels of replacement (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of porcine meat meal by mixing canola meal + soybean meal. The juveniles (135, initial weight 238.05g), were fed 3% of biomass twice daily (09:00 and 15:00). At 18, 36, 54 and 72 days, linear negative effect of plant-protein inclusion for all parameters of growth was observed, except for condition factor. The same result was obtained for whole body fat deposition, fat and protein deposition in fillet and the total cholesterol in serum. Hemoglobin and hematocrit presented quadratic effect. The other measured parameters were not influenced by diets. Based on this results, we can conclude that a diet based on porcine meat meal provides better growth of common carp juveniles compared to plant-protein based diets, besides increased protein deposition in whole body and fillet; the carcass parameters (yield and digestive indexes) are not affected by the dietary protein sources; color and taste are not affected by the plant-protein based diets; there is linear negative effect of replacing porcine meat meal by the mixture of canola and soybean meal on the growth of common carp juveniles. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de diferentes fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em substituição à farinha de carne suína da dieta, sobre o crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de carcaça, parâmetros sangüíneos e avaliação sensorial dos filés de juvenis de carpa húngara. Foram realizados dois experimentos, utilizando sistema de recirculação de água com 15 unidades experimentais (280L). No experimento 1, foram avaliadas cinco dietas experimentais. Uma dieta controle (FCS) com apenas farinha de carne suína como fonte protéica e quatro contendo fontes protéicas de origem vegetal (farelo de soja - FS, farelo de canola - FC, farelo de girassol - FG e farelo de linhaça - FL) substituindo 50% da proteína proveniente da farinha de carne suína. Foram utilizados 195 juvenis de carpa húngara (peso médio inicial 43,41g), distribuídos ao acaso nas unidades experimentais, sendo alimentados duas vezes ao dia (9 e 15 horas), em três repetições por tratamento. Ao final do experimento (71 dias), os melhores resultados de crescimento foram obtidos no tratamento FCS, seguido dos tratamentos FC e FS que não diferiram entre si. Para gordura corporal, os tratamentos FCS, FG e FS apresentaram os maiores valores, enquanto as dietas FC e FL não diferiram entre si. O tratamento FL apresentou os piores resultados de desempenho e coeficiente de retenção protéica, bem como as menores deposições de proteína e gordura corporal no filé. Nos parâmetros sangüíneos, menor colesterol foi observado no tratamento FG e menor atividade de aspartato aminotransferase no tratamento FL. As demais variáveis não diferiram significativamente entre si. Em função dos resultados do experimento 1, foram formuladas as dietas do experimento 2, que constituíam níveis de substituição (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) da farinha de carne suína pela mistura de farelo de canola + farelo de soja. Foram utilizados 135 animais (238,05g de peso médio inicial), que receberam 3% da biomassa em ração, duas vezes ao dia (9 e 15 horas). Aos 18, 36, 54 e 72 dias, foi observado efeito linear negativo da inclusão de farelos vegetais para todos os parâmetros de crescimento, exceto fator de condição. O mesmo resultado foi obtido para as deposições de gordura corporal e de gordura e proteína no filé, bem como para o colesterol total no soro. Hemoglobina e hematócrito apresentaram comportamento quadrático. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a dieta à base de farinha de carne suína proporciona maior crescimento de juvenis de carpa húngara comparada às dietas com farelos vegetais, além de levar a maior deposição de proteína no peixe inteiro e no filé; os parâmetros de carcaça (rendimentos e índices digestivos) não são afetados pelas fontes protéicas da dieta; A cor, tanto na análise sensorial como por determinação instrumental, bem como o sabor dos filés, não são afetados pelas fontes protéicas de origem vegetal. Há efeito linear negativo da substituição da farinha de carne suína pela mistura dos farelos de canola e soja, sobre o crescimento dos juvenis de carpa húngara.

Le travail est axé sur l'accumulation d'éléments chimiques essentiels et non essentiels avec une attention particulière pour les parties des consommées, en lien avec la qualité sanitaire des produits alimentaires. Le travail de thèse est divisé en deux grandes parties. La première porte sur une expérimentation en plein champ où des plantes de blettes et de tomates ont été cultivées du stade plantules jusqu'à la maturité pendant 5 mois avec des pratiques agricoles conventionnelles ou biologiques. Les plantes ont été récoltées à 6 stades différents de croissance et nous avons déterminé la concentration des organes végétaux pour 27 éléments chimiques. L'objectif était d'étudier la répartition des éléments entre les organes en fonction de l'âge de la plante et des pratiques culturales.La seconde partie de la thèse a été consacrée à la compréhension et à la modélisation de la répartition du cadmium (Cd) chez le tournesol aux stades reproducteurs. Des plantes ont été cultivées du stade plantule jusqu'à la maturité, en solution nutritive avec une faible concentration en Cd cohérente avec les expositions aux champs. Durant la phase reproductive, cinq échantillonnages ont été effectués pour comprendre la répartition du Cd entre les organes ainsi que l'origine du Cd des graines (prélèvement racinaire versus remobilisation à partir d'autres organes). Au stade du bouton floral et pendant le remplissage des graines, le devenir du Cd récemment absorbé par les racines a été suivi et modélisé par traçage isotopique avec du 111Cd. Les rôles de la transpiration et de l'allométrie entre organes ont été plus particulièrement examinés. / This work is focuded on the accumulation of essential and non-essential elements, paying a special attention to the dible part of the plants, in terms of food safety and human health. The thesis work has been divided in two main parts. The first one is related to a field expeiment performed in open-air plots, where Swiss chards and tomato plants were grown from seedlings to maturity in a natural soil during five months, using organic or conventional agricultural practices. Plants were harvested at six different growth satges and the total concentrations of 27 elements were measured in all plants organs. The objective was to study the partitioning of elements between the plant organs, depending on the plant age on the cultivation practice. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the understanding and modelling of the partitioning of cadmium (Cd) in sunflowers at the reproductive stages. Sunflowers wre grown in nutrient solution at low Cd availability consistent with thaht found in the field, from germination toi maturity. During the reproductive period, five samplings were carried out to investigate the partitioning of the total Cd between plant organs and the origin of the Cd allocated to seeds (root uptake vs; remobilization from other plant organs). At the flower bud and grain filling stages, the partitioning of the Cd recently taken up between the different plant organs was followed and modelled by exposing several plants for the three days to a 111Cd enriched nutrient solution. The roles of the transpiration and of the plant allometry were specially investigated.

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felício, Angélica Simone Cravo Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guizzo_MarianaMasson_M.pdf: 798911 bytes, checksum: d15448b3fe13c02e48078fa86ee4fd74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Um dos maiores desafios do setor produtivo da carne esta relacionado com a alteracao do perfil de acidos graxos atraves da manipulacao da dieta fornecida aos animais. O teor de gordura e a composicao de acidos graxos da carne assumem, atualmente, um papel importante na cadeia produtiva sob influencia das exigencias pelo mercado consumidor. A tendencia atual e a da demanda crescente por alimentos considerados "saudaveis", cujas características principais sao os baixos teores de gorduras saturadas. Porem, a busca de um produto mais atraente ao consumidor pode influenciar de forma positiva e/ou negativa nas caracteristicas de quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaca e da carne. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutricao animal sobre as caracteristicas da carcaca e carne de cordeiros, 24 cordeiros machos inteiros, da raca Santa Inesx Dorper foram confinados em baias individuais, separados aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos utilizando sementes oleaginosas nas dietas, sendo os tratamentos contendo caroco de algodao (CA), semente de girassol (SG), grao de soja (GS) e controle (C). Apos 84 dias de confinamento, os cordeiros foram abatidos e, apos 24h o resfriamento, foram realizadas as analises quantitativas da carcaca, e em seguida a desossa e a separacao do musculo Longissimus dorsi para a realizacao das analises de parametros de qualidade da carne. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repeticoes. As dietas com caroco de algodao, semente de girassol e grao de soja, prejudicaram o peso, o rendimento e o comprimento de carcaca na comparacao com a dieta controle. Para as demais características quantitativas e qualitativas, nao houve influencia (P>0,05) dos tratamentos, para as medidas de AOL e EGS, pH, cor, e maciez, perda de peso na coccao e os teores de umidade e lipidios da carne dos cordeiros. Sob o ponto de vista da avaliacao sensorial, houve diferenca estatistica (P<0,05) em relacao a aceitabilidade do aroma, sabor e do produto de modo geral, indicando que os consumidores apresentam maior preferencia por carne de cordeiros confinados com dietas contendo semente de soja e girassol, do que contendo caroco de algodao. O uso do grao de soja aumentou significativamente os teores de acido linoleico (18:2) e CLA na carne, acidos graxos que sao desejaveis para o consumo humano / Abstract: One of the biggest challenges of the meat industry is related to the change in composition of the fatty acid profile by manipulating the diet givere to the animals. Nowadays the fat content and fatty acid composition of meat has an important role in the meat industry due to the influence of the consumer market demands. The current trend is the growing demand for foods deemed "healthy", whose main characteristic is the low saturated fat. However, the search for a product more attractive to consumers can influence in a positive or negative way on characteristics of meat and quantitative or qualitive carcass. With the aim of evaluating the effects of animal nutrition on carcass and ovine meat characteristics, 24 male lambs, . Santa Ines . Dorper breed were housed in individual pens, randomly separated in four treatments using oilseeds into diets, and treatments containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower seeds (SS), soybean (SB) and control (C). After 84 days on the feedlot, the lambs were slaughtered and, after 24h of cooling, were conducted quantitative analyzes of the carcass, and when the carcass was deboned the Longissimus dorsi muscle was separated to perform the meat quality analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and six replications. The diets with cottonseed, sunflower seed and soybean, undermined the weight, yield and carcass length compared to the control diet. For other quantitative and qualitative characteristics, there was no influence (P> 0.05) of treatment, measures to AOL and EGS, pH, color, and softness, weight loss during cooking and the moisture and fat meat lambs. From the point of view of sensory evaluation, there was a statistical difference (P <0.05) relative acceptability of aroma, flavor and overall product, indicating that most consumers have a preference for beef and sheep fed diets containing seed soya and sunflower, which contains cottonseed. The use of soybean significantly increased levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and CLA in the flesh fatty acids that are desirable for human consumption / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

[pt] A qualidade dos óleos vegetais utilizados na produção de biocombustíveis está diretamente relacionada à qualidade do produto final. Como metais desempenham um papel significativo na oxidação do óleo vegetal, a sua presença é indesejável, mesmo em baixas concentrações. No presente trabalho, investigou se como a presença de cobre, em diferentes estados de oxidação, cobre(0) ou cobre(II), afeta a estabilidade dos óleos de canola e girassol, auxiliando, assim, na compreensão dos mecanismos de oxidação dos mesmos. Óxido cúprico ou cobre metálico foram adicionados a amostras de óleo gerando suspensões contendo um teor de cobre equivalente a 2000 mg kg 1. As amostras foram mantidas a 90 graus celsius durante catorze dias. Periodicamente, foram retiradas alíquotas, que foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade oxidativa através da determinação do índice de acidez, índice de iodo, espectroscopias de absorção nas regiões do UV Vis e do infravermelho (FT IR), espectroscopia Raman e do teste Rancimat. Os resultados confirmam que o cobre (não importa a espécie) participa ativamente do processo de degradação dos óleos vegetais, sugerindo que as espécies de metal não apenas influenciam a taxa de oxidação, mas também a extensão dos processos de degradação. Os espectros FT IR das amostras derivadas do óleo de canola mostraram um aumento na razão (I2856/I1747)tx/(I2856/I1747)t0, ou seja, uma diminuição dos grupos éster nas amostras de óleo contaminado com cobre. No entanto, não ocorreram alterações nas bandas com máximo em 1120 e 1098 cm 1, indicando que este metal atua como um catalisador no processo de hidrólise das ligações éster. Além disso, as razões (I2856/I3009)tx/(I2856/I3009)t0 e (I2856/I3010)tx/(I2856/I3010)t0 medidas por espectroscopia no FT IR para o óleo de canola e para o óleo de girassol, respectivamente, e a razão (I2856/I3012)tx/(I2856/I3012)t0 medida por espectroscopia Raman apresentaram um aumento mais pronunciado nas amostras contendo cobre. Contudo, os resultados obtidos sugerem que, durante a oxidação dos triglicerídeos, não ocorreu a quebra de ligações olefínicas, pois, embora tenha sido observado tanto por FT IR como por Raman que a banda relacionada ao v(C-H)cis diminuiu com o progresso da oxidação, não foi verificada significativa diminuição do índice de iodo, indicando que uma grande parte da oxidação nos óleos contaminados com cobre não envolveu diretamente a perda de duplas ligações, e sim a isomerização das duplas ligações cis direcionando a formação de produtos contendo ligações trans. Os dados deste trabalho indicam que o estado de oxidação +2 exerce um maior efeito catalítico do que o cobre na forma de partículas metálicas, uma vez que a diminuição no tempo de indução, assim como o aumento na formação de produtos secundários derivados de oxidação, acompanhada pela medição da absorvância a 270 nm, foi mais pronunciada nas amostras contaminadas com cobre(II). A extensão da isomerização das duplas ligações, acompanhada por FT IR e espectroscopia Raman, apontam neste mesmo sentido. Além disso, a influência de um antioxidante natural, curcumina, também foi avaliada. Verificou se que a sua adição às amostras de óleo contendo cobre(II) elevou a estabilidade frente aos ensaios realizados. / [en] The quality of vegetable oils used in biofuel production is directly related to the quality of the final product. As metals play a significant role in vegetable oil oxidation and degradation, their presence is undesirable, even at low concentrations. The present study investigated how the presence of copper, in different oxidation states, copper(0) or copper(II), affects the stability of canola and sunflower oil, thus aiding in the understanding of oil oxidation mechanisms. Cupric oxide or metallic copper were added to the oil samples generating suspensions containing overall copper amounts equivalent to 2000 mg kg 1. The samples were maintained at 90 celsius degrees for fourteen days. Aliquots were taken periodically and evaluated with regard to oxidative stability, by determining the acid value, iodine value, by absorption UV Vis and Infrared (FT IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and the Rancimat test. The results confirm that copper, no matter in what oxidation state, participates actively in vegetable oil degradation, suggesting that the metal species do not only influence the oxidation rate, but also the extent of the degradation processes. The FT IR spectra of samples derived from copper contaminated canola oil showed an increase in the (I2856/I1747)tx/(I2856/I1747)t0 ratio, i.e., a decrease of the ester groups. However, no changes in the bands with maximums at 1120 and 1098 cm 1 were observed, indicating that this metal acts as a catalyst in the hydrolysis process of ester bonds. Furthermore, the (I2856/I3009)tx/(I2856/I3009)t0 and (I2856/I3010)tx/(I2856/I3010)t0 ratios measured by FT IR spectroscopy, for canola and sunflower oil, respectively, and the (I2856/I3012)tx/(I2856 /I3012)t0 ratio measured by Raman spectroscopy showed a more pronounced increase in the copper containing samples. However, the results also suggest that olefinic bonds did not rupture during triglyceride oxidation, since, despite the fact that a decrease in the band related to cis C-H vibration was observed by both FT IR and Raman during the oxidation progress, no reductions in the iodine value were observed, indicating that the majority of the oxidation in the copper containing oils did not involve the loss of double bonds, but the isomerization of cis double bonds, directing the formation of products containing trans bonds. The results reported in this study indicate that copper in the (II) oxidation state exerts a greater catalytic effect than Cu in the form of metal particles, since the decrease in the induction time, as well as the increase in the production of secondary oxidation products, verified by measuring the absorption intensity at 270 nm, was more pronounced in samples contaminated with copper(II). The influence of a natural antioxidant, curcumin, on the oxidation stability of vegetable oils was also evaluated, and its addition to the oil samples containing copper(II) increased oil stability.

In South Africa and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, market participation of smallholder farmers are rapidly being advocated as a means to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda’s (SDGs): zero hunger and no poverty. Yet little is known about market participation in the sunflower industry. The study therefore, examine market participation of smallholder sunflower farmers in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, North West Province, South Africa. A quantitative research approach was developed to address the research objectives, and a proportional stratified random sampling technique was used to select 177 sunflower producing households. Respondents information were captured using semi-structured questionnaires, data were then entered and coded using statistical software computer programs (MS Excel, SPSS, and Stata). Socio-economic characteristics, level of market participation, and factors influencing households market participation within the district were analyzed using descriptive statistics, household commercialization index, and probit regression model. Overall, the result indicates that respondents exhibited high level of commercialization (90.1 % market participants). While, the result of the probit regression model shows that eight (8) of the regressors were statistically significant. Variables such as age (Coef = 0.103, p<0.01), gender (Coef = 1.267, p<0.05), market outlet (Coef = 1.351, p<0.01), access to information (Coef = 1.298, p<0.05), and quantity sold in tons (Coef = 0.015, p<0.010) were found to have positive and statistically significant influence, while household size (Coef = -0.409, p<0.01), market distance (Coef = 0.618, p<0.010) and land tenure system (Coef = -1.541, p<0.05) were found to have a negative but statistically significant impact on market participation among respondents. The pseudo R2 of the probit model is 0.5199, indicating that the model matches the dataset and the regressors accurately explains 51.99 % of the variation. The overall goodness of fit measures of the probit model was determined using postestimation test for predictive margin. With a high significant chi-square value of (p<0.0001), the result correctly predicted a 90 % likelihood of respondents to participate in the market. The findings suggests that rural-based initiatives and intervention programs be developed to boost households' access to finance, grants, and diversified markets for effective market competitiveness, while there is a greater need for proper awareness, supports, and partnerships focused on promoting women and youth participation in the sunflower sector across the district. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sci. (Agriculture)

Si bien se ha realizado una intensa selección genética a favor de frutos de girasol con mayor valor agronómico (mayor peso y contenido de materia grasa, resistencia a enfermedades, etc.) sorprende la escasez de información referida a los eventos anatómicos que controlan su crecimiento y madura-ción. La dinámica y el grado de superposición de los procesos de división y aumento de volumen celular y diferenciación de tejidos del ovario y pericarpo, y del óvulo, saco embrionario y semilla, que definen el peso y la estructura final que alcanza el fruto de girasol, no han sido estudiados. Delimitar temporal o fenológicamente dichos procesos resulta información indis-pensable para plantear y comparar trabajos en que se inves-tiguen las relaciones e interacciones entre factores genéticos y ambientales sobre el peso y la estructura final que alcanza el fruto de girasol. Estos parámetros inciden sobre el rendimiento del cultivo y la facilidad con que la cáscara se separa de la pepa, la que puede evaluarse determinando la aptitud al descascarado (AD) de los frutos, durante su indus-trialización. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1) establecer un modelo de desarrollo histogénico del fruto de girasol en una escala temporal y fenológica, en dos híbridos de similar base genética que diferían en su AD; 2) Analizar las modificaciones que se producen en el patrón de desarrollo de los frutos de tres posiciones del capítulo, al reducir la radiación incidente sobre el cultivo en un 80% mediante sombreado durante la preantesis (Pre-A) y postantesis temprana (Post-A) y 3) Eva-luar el efecto que el genotipo y las modificaciones generadas por los tratamientos de estrés lumínico tienen sobre la AD y parámetros subyacentes de los frutos. El modelo de desarrollo de los frutos fue similar entre híbridos. Entre los estadios reproductivos R2 y R4 se produjo la diferenciación del saco embrionario y de los granos de polen. La división celular en la pared del ovario (futuro pericarpo) fue disminuyendo a partir de R2, no observándose células en división en R4, momento en que quedó fijado el tamaño potencial del pericarpo. El ta-maño final del pericarpo se estableció al completarse la escle-rificación y acumulación de materia seca del mismo, entre 10 y 13 días después de la antesis (DDA). El tamaño potencial del embrión se fijó 18 DDA cuando ya había transcurrido la etapa inicial del período de rápida acumulación de materia seca del embrión. Este período se extendió desde 11 DDA hasta, aproximadamente, 29 a 32 DDA cuando se registró el máximo peso del embrión y la madurez fisiológica (MF) del fruto. El sombreado de Pre-A redujo el período de acumulación de materia seca del pericarpo de los frutos de la posición interna del capítulo. El sombreado de Post-A también modificó la dinámica de crecimiento del pericarpo. Así, el peso del pericarpo (PP) de los frutos medios e internos se mantuvo constante desde el inicio del tratamiento hasta 4-7 días después de finalizado el mismo. Luego de ello, el PP se incrementó durante 3 a 4 días. En MF, la reducción en el PP (18 a 52%) y en el espesor (20-33%) de la capa media (ECM) del mismo fue similar entre tratamientos de sombreado. El sombreado de Pre-A redujo el número de estratos (NTE) e incrementó el grosor de las paredes celulares de la CM del pericarpo en la posición media e interna del capítulo. Por el contrario, el tratamiento de Post-A redujo el número de estratos esclerificados de la CM (NEECM) y el espesor y el contenido de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina de las paredes celulares del pericarpo en las tres posiciones del capítulo. En MF, el peso de los embriones (PE) de los frutos del sombreado de Pre-A, fue inferior al tratamiento control (Con) y el de los frutos de Post-A fue igual al de los frutos del control. Ello estuvo asociado a la reducción del número de células de los cotiledones de los frutos en las tres posiciones del capítulo, la duración del periodo de llenado de los embriones (PLLE) de los frutos externos, la tasa de crecimiento de los embriones (TCE) de los frutos medios y la TCE y el PLLE de los frutos en la posición interna en el sombreado de Pre-A. El sombreado de Post-A solo prolongó la duración de la fase de lento crecimiento del embrión (fase lag) de los frutos medios e internos. La reducción en el rendimiento por planta fue similar en ambos tratamientos de sombreado, variando, con respecto al Con, los componentes del rendimiento a través de los cuales se realizó el ajuste. Las plantas sombreadas en Pre-A presentaron el mismo número de frutos llenos, pero el peso individual de los mismos fue inferior al Con. Por el contrario, en el sombreado de Post-A se redujo el número de frutos llenos por planta, mientras que su peso individual fue similar al Con. La heterogeneidad entre los frutos de las distintas posiciones del capítulo no fueron modi-ficadas por los tratamientos de sombreado, y estuvieron asociadas a diferencias, en el número de células de los cotile-dones, excepto entre los frutos medios e internos del trata-miento de Pre-A, y en la TCE, excepto entre los frutos externos y medios del tratamiento de Post-A. Las variaciones en la AD de los frutos resultaron tanto consecuencia de dife-rencias entre híbridos como de las condiciones de manejo del cultivo (sombreado). Así, la frecuencia de radios de parén-quima por mm de sección transversal de pericarpo, que determinó las diferencias en la AD entre híbridos, se mantuvo, salvo ligeras variantes, constante entre localidades. La menor AD observada en el sombreado de Post-A, con respecto al tratamiento Con y al sombreado de Pre-A, estuvo asociada a la reducción en el grosor de las paredes celulares del pericarpo. Los resultados de esta tesis permiten avanzar en el marco actual de conocimiento sobre los procesos involucrados en la determinación de la estructura y peso final que alcanza el fruto de girasol, componente que incide sobre el rendi-miento del cultivo y la calidad de los subproductos obtenidos durante la industrialización de sus frutos. Además, constitu-yen el primer aporte que analiza los efectos del estrés lumínico (sombreado) sobre los cambios morfo-anatómicos asociados al crecimiento y desarrollo del pericarpo y/o embrión de girasol, así como, sobre las variaciones en la AD de sus frutos. Palabras clave: girasol, Helianthus annuus L., tamaño potencial del pericarpo, tamaño final del fruto, aptitud al descascarado, estrés lumínico. / In spite of the intense genetic selection to obtain sunflower fruits with a higher agronomic value (higher weight and oil content, resistance to diseases, etc.), there is a surprising lack of information on the developmental events that control their growth and maturity. No one has studied the dynamics and overlapping degree of the cell division and volume increase processes and the differentiation of ovary, pericarp, ovule, embryo sac and seed tissues which define the final weight and structure of the sunflower fruit. Understanding the timing and phenological definition of these processes is essential to proposing and comparing research on the relations and interactions between genetic and environmental factors determining final weight and structure (volume, weight and anatomic structure) of the sunflower fruit. These last variables have an impact on the crop yield and on the ability of the hull to separate from the seed, which can be assessed by establishing the dehulling ability (DA) of fruits during processing. The objectives of this thesis are: 1) to establish a histogenic development model, on both a time and a phenological scale, of the fruit of two sunflower hybrids with similar genetic background but with different fruit DA; 2) to analyze the modifications of the fruit development pattern, in three positions of the capitulum, with 80% reduction of incident radiation (shading) on the crop during preanthesis (Pre-A) and early postanthesis (Post-A); and 3) to assess the effect of genotype and light stress on the fruit DA and underlying parameters. The fruit development model was similar between hybrids. Differentiation of the embryo sac and the pollen grains took place between stages R2 and R4. The ovary wall (future pericarp) cell division decreased after R2, with no dividing cells found at R4, when the potential size of the pericarp was determined. The final size of the pericarp was established between 10 and 13 days after anthesis (DAA) upon completion of its sclerification and accumulation of dry matter. The embryo potential size was established by 18 DAA, when the initial stage of rapid dry matter accumulation of the embryo had already passed. The last stage lasted from the 11 DAA until about 29 to 32 DAA when the maximum weight of the embryo (MF) was recorded. Pre-A shading decreased the dry matter accumulation period of the pericarp in the capitulum central position. Post-A shading also modified the pericarp growth dynamics. In this way, the pericarp weight (PW) of the mid and central fruits remained constant during the treatment and for 4-7 days after it was completed. After that the PW increased during 3 to 4 days. At MF, the PW reduction (18 to 52%) and thickness (20-33%) of the middle layer (ML) of the pericarp was similar in both shading treatments. In the Pre-A treatment, the number of strata decreased and the thickness of the cell wall of the ML increased in the capitulum mid and central positions. On the contrary, the Post-A treatment decreased the number of sclerified strata of the ML, as well as the thickness and the content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of the pericarp cell wall of the fruits from the three positions on the capitulum. At PM, the weight of the embryos (EW) from the Pre-A shade was lower than the EW of the Con and Post-A treatment fruits. The EW reduction was associated with the reduction in the cotyledon cells number at the three capitulum positions, the duration of the embryo filling period (EFP) of the peripheral fruits, the embryo growth rate (EGR) of mid fruits and the EGR and the EEP of central fruits from Pre-A shading. The Post-A shading extended the slow growth phase duration of the embryo (lag phase) of the central and mid fruits only. The reduction of yield per plant, with respect to Con, was similar in both shading treatments. The yield components responsible for the adjustments depended on the treatment. Pre-A shaded plants produced the same number of filled fruits but with a lower weight per fruit. On the contrary, in Post-A shading the number of filled fruits decreased while their individual weight was similar to Con. The heterogeneity among fruits in the different capitulum positions was not modified by the shading treatments, and it was associated to differences in cotyledons cell number, except for the mid and central fruits of the Pre-A treatment, and to EGR, except between peripheral and mid fruits of the Post-A treatment. Variations in the DA were both a consequence of the differences between hybrids and the crop management conditions (shading). Thus the frequency of parenchyma radii by mm of cross section of the pericarp, that determined the DA differences among hybrids, remained the same, except for slight variants, throughout locations. The lowest EW/PW ratio observed in Post-A shading with respect to Con treatment and the Pre-A shading, resulted from the PW reduction and not from EW, which was associated with a reduction in cell wall thickness and in the DA.The results of this thesis are the first contribution that analyzed the effects of light stress (shading) on the morphological and anatomical changes associated to growth and development of the sunflower pericarp and embryo. They improve our understanding of the processes involved in the determination of the structure and finalweight of the sunflower fruit, a component that impacts crop yield and also the quality of the byproducts of fruit processing. Keywords: sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., pericarp potential size, fruit final size, dehulling ability, light stress.