In Freiland- und Gefäßversuchen sollten Aufnahme der Schwermetalle (SM) und Wuchsverhalten an Kulturpflanzen im Hinblick auf die Wirkung von arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AM) Glomus intraradices, des Bakterienstammes Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) und als Dualinokulation auf Schwermetall belasteten Böden untersucht werden. Als Versuchspflanzen wurden Mais (Zea maize L.) und Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum L.) und zusätzlich die Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) in Gefäßversuchen eingesetzt. Die Schwermetallkonzentrationen in den Böden lagen zwischen 0,5 und 56 mg Cd/kg TS, 17 und 650 mg Cu/kg TS und 110 und 1870 mg Zn/kg TS. Der Sonnenblumenertrag konnte im Gefäßversuch auf dem hoch belasteten Boden mit 36 mg Cd/kg TS, 556 mg Cu/kg TS und 1270 mg Zn/kg TS durch den AM-Pilz um 220 % und in der Dualinokulation um 348 % signifikant zur Kontrolle gesteigert werden. Gleichzeitig erhöhte die AM die Cd-Aufnahme um 29 % und die Dualinokulation um 66 %. Trotz der hohen Cd-Konzentrationen wiesen die Pflanzen mit Pilzbehandlungen keine Schäden auf. Der Maisertrag wurde durch AM und Bakterien im Feldversuch und als Dualinokulation in den ersten beiden Versuchsjahren bis zu 47 % gefördert. Im dritten Versuchsjahr kam es zu einer Ausbreitung der Mykorrhiza auf der gesamten Fläche, so dass eine Wuchsförderung auch auf den Kontrollparzellen statt fand. Durch die Variabilität der Cd -Gesamtgehalte auf der Versuchsfläche war der Vergleich der Aufnahmeraten zwischen den Varianten nur über den Cd-Transferfaktor möglich. In den oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen des Maises zeichneten deutlich eine Abnahme und in die Wurzeln eine Zunahme des Cd-Transfers ab. Gleichzeitig wurden die Mykorrhizainfektionen an den Maiswurzeln erhöht. Durch die Anwendung der Mykorrhiza in Kombination mit den Pseudomonaden können im Mais über mehrere Anbaujahre das Cd in das Erntegut reduziert werden mit gleichzeitiger Ertragserhöhung. / Influence of Mycorrhiza fungi and associate bacteria on the availability of nutrients and heavy metal in culture plants on heavy metal soils The heavy metal uptake and the influence on plant growing in culture plants is analysed in this study. Field- and pot experiments were done. An emphasis of this study was focused on the effect of the arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices, the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (RA56) and as dual inoculation. Maize (Zea maize L.) and Italien rye (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used and in addition sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in the pot experiments. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were measured between 0.5 and 56 mg Cd/kg dry weight (d.w.), 17 and 650 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 110 and 1870 mg Zn/kg d.w. The yield of sunflowers was increased significantly up to 220% with AM fungi in the pot experiments. Cd-absortion increased by 29% in the soil with 36 mg Cd/kg d.w., 556 mg Cu/kg d.w. and 1270 mg Zn/kg d.w. in those pot experiments. With AM and Pseudomonades the yield was increased significantly up to 348% compared to the control group, the Cd-absortion increased by 66%. In spite of high Cd-concentrations, the plants showed no damages. The yield of maize was increased up to 47% due to AM fungi and Pseudomonades in singular and dual inoculation in the field experiments during the first and second year. In the third year, the AM fungi were spread over the whole area and no differences of yield were found. Because of the heterogeneous concentrations of Cd in the field area the comparison of Cd assimilation was allowed only by analysis of the transfer factor in the variants. Within the experimental years, the AM infection rate and the Cd-transfer was increased in the maize roots. On the other hand, the Cd translocation rate was decreased in the shoots. The reduction of Cd rate in monocotyledonous plants and an increase of yield are estimated for long term application of the AM fungi with Pseudomonades.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho, a composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do leite e da carne de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Adicionalmente, foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo para avaliar o efeito das dietas sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. No Experimento I, 44 ovelhas com suas respectivas crias foram distribuídas em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso, sendo uma dieta controle e as outras contendo 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. A adição de óleo reduziu o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e aumentou o consumo de extrato etéreo. Não houve alteração na produção de leite e desempenho das crias. A adição de óleo de mamona aumentou o teor de gordura e sólidos totais do leite. A adição de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu as concentrações de AG de cadeia curta (AGCC), de cadeia média, saturados e o índice de aterogenicidade; e aumentou as concentrações de C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, AG de cadeia longa, AG monoinsaturados e AG insaturados totais. Estes óleos aumentaram ainda, a relação entre AG poliinsaturados:saturados (P:S) comparado à dieta controle. No experimento II, quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar as dietas utilizadas no Experimento I. Não houve diferença no CMS e digestibilidade dos nutrientes. A adição de óleos aumentou os valores de pH ruminal e reduziu as concentrações de AGCC. No experimento III, foi analisado o desempenho de 36 cordeiros mestiços Dorper x Santa Inês alimentados com rações com 90% de concentrado e 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Não houve diferença no CMS, ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e conversão alimentar, sendo a média das dietas de 957,7 g, 326,4 g e 3,0 kg MS/kg GMD, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo com quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Não houve diferença (P>0,10) no CMS, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e nos parâmetros ruminais, com exceção da amônia, que diminuiu com a adição de óleos. No experimento IV, foram avaliados: as características da carcaça, composição físicoquímica e perfil de AG do músculo Longissimus dorsi dos cordeiros do experimento III. A adição de óleo de mamona elevou o teor de extrato etéreo da carne. O óleo de girassol reduziu a concentração de C18:1 -9, e aumentou a concentração de C18:1 trans. A adição de óleo de mamona reduziu a concentração de C18:2 e a relação P:S na carne em comparação aos óleos de canola e girassol. A inclusão de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu a concentração de C16:0, aumentou a concentração de C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) e C18:3 -6. O óleo de canola aumentou a concentração de C18:3 -3 e o óleo de girassol aumentou a relação 6:3 comparado ao óleo de mamona. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, milk composition, meat and milk fatty acid profile of ewes and lambs fed diets containing canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. Additionally, two metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. Experiment I: 44 Santa Inês ewes with lambs were allotted in a randomized complete block design and fed a control diet (no oil) containing 50% roughage or diets with the addition of 3% of canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. The addition of oil decreased DM intake and increased ether extract intake. However, there was no effect on milk production and lamb performance. The percentage of milk fat and milk total solids increased with castor oil. Diets with canola and sunflower oils decreased short chain fatty acids (FA), medium chain, saturated FA and atherogenicity index; and increased C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, long chain and monounsaturated FA. In addition, these diets increased polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) ratio compared to the control diet. Experiment II: Four ruminally cannulated ram lambs were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to determine the effects of the diets used in Experiment I on intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. There was no difference (P>0.10) on DM intake and nutrient digestibility. The oil addition increased pH values and decreased short chain FA. Experiment III: the objective was to evaluate the performance of 36 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs fed diets with 90% concentrate hay with 3% canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. There was no difference on DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion, with average across diets of 957.7 g, 326.4 g and 3.0 kg DMI/kg ADG, respectively. These diets were also evaluated in four ruminally cannulated ram lambs in a 4x4 Latin Square design. There was no difference in DM intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and ruminal measures, with the exception for ammonia concentration that decreased with oil addition. In the Experiment IV were determine: carcass characteristics, Longissimus dorsi fatty acid profile and physical-chemical composition of the lambs used in Experiment III. The diet with castor oil increased meat ether extract. Sunflower diet decreased C18:1-9 and increased concentrations of C18:1 trans. Castor oil decreased the concentration of C18:2 and PUFA:SFA ratio compared to canola and sunflower oils. Canola and sunflower decreased the concentration of C16:0, increased the concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and C18:3 -6. Canola oil increased the concentration of C18:3 -3 and sunflower oil increased 6:3 ratio compared to castor oil.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As nanopartÃculas metÃlicas apresentam inÃmeras aplicaÃÃes, como na construÃÃo de sensores, microeletrÃnica, catÃlise, aÃÃo bactericida, cÃlulas fotovoltaicas, entre outras. Dentre elas, a nanopartÃculas de prata (NPAg) tem ganhado destaque, em especial pela a sua atividade bactericida e por exibirem propriedades Ãpticas e eletromagnÃticas diferentes das observadas no metal agregado. VÃrias metodologias de sÃntese de nanopartÃculas de prata jà foram desenvolvidas. Para substituir os mÃtodos clÃssicos, que se baseiam na reduÃÃo dos Ãons prata por boroidreto de sÃdio ou citrato de sÃdio. A sÃntese verde, uma dessas novas metodologias, propÃe o uso de extrato de plantas, aÃÃcares, microrganismos e polissacarÃdeos para a reduÃÃo dos Ãons prata e estabilizaÃÃo das nanopartÃculas obtidas. O objetivo deste trabalho à propor a sÃntese verde de nanopartÃculas de prata, usando o extrato aquoso de sementes de girassol como agente redutor e soluÃÃo de galactomanana da fava danta como agente estabilizante. As NPAg foram sintetizadas adicionando-se 500 μL de soluÃÃo de AgNO3 a 20 mL de soluÃÃo de galactomanana 0,032% (m/v) e 5 mL do extrato aquoso. As sÃnteses foram conduzidas a temperatura ambiente, 50, 70 e 90 ÂC, utilizando soluÃÃes 10 e 100 mmol/L de AgNO3 e soluÃÃo de galactomanana 0,032 %. O extrato aquoso das sementes de girassol liofilizado, apresentou um teor de umidade de 11,7%, um teor de proteÃnas de 15,5% e um resÃduo a 900ÂC de 12,8%. A formaÃÃo das nanopartÃculas foi confirmada por espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do UV-Vis, pela banda de ressonÃncia de plasmon na regiÃo de 400 nm. Os sistemas reacionais, com maior concentraÃÃo de Ag+, mostraram-se mais eficiente que os sistemas com menor concentraÃÃo desse Ãon. Entretanto, as NPAg formadas apresentaram maiores valores de λmÃx (lambda mÃxima) e LMA (largura de banda à meia altura), indicando maiores tamanhos e maior polidispersividade das mesmas. O aumento da temperatura favorece a formaÃÃo das NPAg para todos os sistemas, inclusive os sistemas com menor concentraÃÃo de Ãons prata. Os coloides obtidos em presenÃa de soluÃÃo de galactomanana apresentaram bandas de plasmon simÃtricas, bem definidas e estreitas, indicando a galactomanana como estabilizante na formaÃÃo das NPAg. Avaliou-se a estabilidade temporal dos coloides por anÃlise de UV-Vis, os resultados demonstraram que os coloides obtidos sÃo estÃveis. O poder redutor do extrato das sementes de girassol nÃo sofreu alteraÃÃo com o aquecimento prÃvio a temperatura de 90 ÂC e nem apÃs processo de liofilizaÃÃo e resuspensÃo, porÃm o poder redutor do extrato diminuiu apÃs uma partiÃÃo com acetato de etila e apÃs um processo de diÃlise. O MET mostrou que as nanopartÃculas de prata formada apresenta formato esfÃrico com pouca polidispersÃo e diÃmetro na faixa de Â17 nm. / Metallic nanoparticles have several applications, such as in biosensor, microelectronics, catalysis, bactericidal action and photovoltaic cells. Silver nanoparticles (NPAg) has gained prominence, especially for its bactericidal activity and exhibit different optical and electromagnetic properties. Several methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been developed to replace traditional methods, which are based on the reduction of silver ions by sodium borohydride or sodium citrate. The green synthesis proposes the use of plant extracts, sugars, polysaccharides, and microorganisms for the reduction of silver ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles obtained. The objective of this work is to propose the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of sunflower seeds as a reducing agent and galactomannan from fava danta, as a stabilizer agent. NPAg were synthesized by adding 500 μl of a solution of AgNO3 and 20 mL of galactomannan 0.032 % (w/v) and 5 mL of aqueous extract. The syntheses were carried out at room temperature, 50, 70 and 90  C, using 10 to 100 mmol/L AgNO3 solution and 0.032% solutions of galactomannan. The aqueous extracts of sunflower seeds, when dried showed a moisture content of 11.7 %, protein content of 15.5% and a residue at 900 C of 12.8 %. All colloid synthesized were analyzed by absorption spectroscopy in the UV-Vis confirming the formation of the band NPAG the appearance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the region of 400 nm. The reaction systems with higher concentrations of Ag+, were more efficient than systems with lower concentration of this ion. However the NPAg formed, showed higher λmÃx (maximum lambda) and LMA (bandwidth at half maximum), indicating larger sizes and higher polydispersity of the same. Raising the temperature favors the formation of NPAG to all systems, including systems with lower concentrations of silver ions. Colloids obtained in the presence of galactomannan solution showed bands of symmetric plasmon, well defined and narrow, indicating the galactomannan as a stabilizer in the formation of NPAg. The temporal stability of the colloids was evaluated by UV-Vis analysis, and the results obtained showed that the colloids are stable. The reducing power of the extract of sunflower seeds did not change with the preheating (90  C) and even after lyophilization and resuspension process, but the reducing power of the extract decreased after a partition with ethyl acetate and after a dialysis process. TEM analysis showed that silver nanoparticles presents spherical shape with low polydispersity and diameter in the range of Â17 nm.

La présente thèse traite, au travers d’une analyse fondamentale et expérimentale, l’effet de texturation par détente instantanée contrôlée (DIC) sur les phénomènes de transfert au cours des processus de séchage, d’extraction mécanique et de comportement rhéologique. Les produits concernés ont été les graines de caroube (gomme et germe) et deux variétés de graines de tournesol (linoléique et oléique). La texturation DIC permet d’agir sur la cinétique de séchage par flux d’air ce qui conduit à une intensification des processus de séchage par flux d’air tout en assurant une bonne préservation de la qualité nutritionnelle du produit fini. L’étude expérimentale a été couplée à une analyse phénoménologique de la cinétique à travers une modélisation de type CWD (coupled Washing/Diffusion). Cette dernière étude conduit à une évaluation de l’impact de la texturation sur la diffusivité effective Deff et l’accessibilité initiale δWs. D’autre part, l’étude expérimentale en vue de l’optimisation de l’opération a été réalisée à travers la méthode des plans d’expériences. La modification des paramètres opératoires fonctionnels de la DIC, à savoir la pression absolue de vapeur d’eau saturée sèche (P), et le temps de traitement thermique (t), ainsi que le nombre des cycles (c) sur l’ensemble des performances de l’opération a été établie sur le comportement rhéologique de la gomme de caroube. Une deuxième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l’étude fondamentale et expérimentale des procédés d’extraction d’huile de tournesol des deux variétés de graines linoléiques et oléiques. Le traitement thermomécanique par détente instantanée contrôlée (DIC) permet, à travers une modification contrôlée de la structure de la matière première, d’agir sur l’extraction mécanique par presse à froid des huiles de tournesol, ainsi que sur l’extraction par solvant de l’huile à partir du tourteau résiduel. Un complément à cette opération a consisté en l’extraction par solvant (n-hexane) opérée sur l’ensemble des graines de tournesol. La texturation DIC a conduit à une grande augmentation du rendement en huile pour les variétés linoléique et oléique. La préservation de la qualité de l’huile et du tourteau prouve l’adéquation de la DIC avec l’absence pratique de la dégradation chimique. Notre étude a également concerné la définition d’un nouveau procédé de désodorisation. Il s’agit de l’utilisation de l’Autovaporisation Multi-Flash MFA sur le raffinage de l’huile de tournesol. Cette technologie innovante de désodorisation se distingue par son faible niveau de température assurant ainsi une sévérité nettement inférieure à celle des méthodes conventionnelles à haute température. / This thesis deals with a fundamental and experimental analysis of the effect of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) on the transfer phenomena and rheological behavior, which occurs during the drying process and mechanical and solvent extraction. The products concerned were carob seeds (gum and germ) and two varieties of sunflower seeds (linoleic and oleic). DIC texturing makes it possible to greatly modify the drying kinetics, leading to an effective intensification of the drying processes while maintaining a good preservation of the nutritional quality of the finished product. The experimental study was coupled with a phenomenological kinetic model using the CWD (coupled Washing/Diffusion). This study leads to evaluate the impact of texturing on the effective diffusivity Deff and the initial accessibility δWs. On the other hand, the experimental study for the optimization of the operation was carried out through an adequate experimental design method. The impact of the DIC processing parameters, namely the absolute pressure of saturated dry water vapor (P), and the heat treatment time (t), as well as the number of cycles (c) was established on the rheological behavior of the carob bean gum. A second part of our work was devoted to the theoretical and experimental study of sunflower oil extraction processes of the two types of linoleic and oleic seeds. By acting as a controlled modification of the raw material, (DIC) texturing allowed increasing the yield of sunflower oil by both cold pressing and solvent extraction from the residual cake. DIC texturing has led to a large increase in oil yield for both linoleic and oleic varieties. The preservation of the quality of oil demonstrates that DIC was perfectly adequate with a perfect absence of chemical degradation. Our study also involved the definition of a new deodorization process. This is the use of the Multi-Flash Autovaporization MFA on the refining of sunflower oil. This innovative deodorization technology is characterized by its low temperature level, thus ensuring a much lower severity than conventional high temperature methods.

<p>Izvod<br />IZ<br />Pet hibrida suncokreta (Sremac, Oliva, Cepko, NS-H-111 i Sumo 2 OR) gajena su tokom<br />vegetacionih sezona 2010. i 2011. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i<br />povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, na Rimskim &scaron;ančevima i na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne stručne<br />službe Zrenjanin. Laboratorijski deo ogleda izveden je u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena<br />Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada i Biohemijskoj laboratoriji<br />Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li semenski<br />materijal, poreklom sa istog lokaliteta i iste parcele, u procesu dorade semena tj. odvajanja<br />semena po frakcijama menja kvalitet, kao i da li ovakav način dorade semenskog materijala<br />utiče na prinos i komponente prinosa semena, kao i na sadržaj i prinos ulja odabranih<br />hibrida suncokreta. Takođe, cilj je bio i da se utvrdi da li nedostatak primarnog korena kod<br />ponika suncokreta dovodi do statistički značajnog smanjenja prinosa semena i ulja, kao i<br />kakav uticaj ima na komponente prinosa suncokreta. Analizirane su sledeće osobine:<br />klijavost i vigor semena, enzimska aktivnost, nicanje u polju, nakupljanje suve materije (po<br />biljnim organima i ukupno po biljci), visina stabla, prečnik glave, prinos semena, masa 1000<br />semena, sadržaj ulja i prinos ulja. Statistička obrada podataka izvr&scaron;ena je primenom analize<br />varijanse trofaktorijalnog ogleda, prema modelu podeljenih parcela. Iz tabele analize<br />varijanse je prikazana verovatnoća značajnosti razlika po F-testu, a na osnovu uče&scaron;ća u<br />sumi kvadrata tretmana određen je procentualni udeo svakog faktora u ukupnoj<br />varijabilnosti. Takođe su izračunate i LSD vrednosti za poređenje razlika između tretmana<br />posmatranog faktora, na pragovima značajnosti od 1 i 5%. Utvrđena je i korelaciona<br />zavisnost posmatranih osobina. Rezultati analize varijanse pokazali su visoko značajno<br />uče&scaron;će glavnih faktora (godine, lokaliteta, frakcije semena, tipa ponika), kao i njihovih<br />međusobnih interakcija za većinu ispitivanih osobina. Na vrednosti ispitivanih osobina<br />najveći uticaj imala je godina istraživanja, a zatim lokalitet. Frakcija semena je imala visoko<br />značajan uticaj na klijavost semena, nicanje u polju, nakupljanje suve materije, prinos<br />semena i prinos ulja. Tip ponika je imao visoko značajan uticaj na enzimsku aktivnost</p> / <p>Five sunflower hybrids (Sremac, Oliva, Cepko, NS-H-111, and Sumo 2 OR) were grown in<br />2010 and 2011, on experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi<br />Sad - Rimski &Scaron;ančevi, and experimental fields of the Agricultural Service Zrenjanin.<br />Laboratory tests were conducted at Laboratory for Seed Testing of the Institute of Field<br />and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, and Biochemical Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture,<br />University of Novi Sad. The aim of this research was to determine whether seed material<br />from the same locality and the same field lot changes quality during seed processing, i.e.<br />dividing seed lot into fractions, and additionally whether this type of seed processing<br />affects seed yield, seed yield components, oil yield, and oil content of the selected<br />sunflower hybrids. The aim was also to determine if missing primary root in sunflower<br />seedlings results in statistically significant decrease of seed and oil yield, and establish how<br />it influences sunflower yield components. The following traits were examined: seed<br />germination and vigour, enzymatic activity, field emergence, dry matter accumulation (in<br />plant organs and in the whole plant), stem height, head diameter, seed yield, 1000 seed<br />mass, oil content and oil yield. Statistical analysis of data was performed by analysis of<br />variance of the trifactorial trial using the split-plot design model. Table of analysis of<br />variance shows the probability of significance of differences by F-test, and based on the<br />participation in the treatment sum of squares, percentage ratio of each factor was<br />calculated in the total variability. LSD values at 1 and 5% were computed to compare<br />differences between treatments of the observed factor. Correlation dependence between<br />the observed traits was determined. Results of the analysis of variance showed a highly<br />significant participation of the main factors (year, locality, seed fraction, type of seedling),<br />and their mutual interactions for the majority of the examined traits. Year and locality had<br />the highest effect on the value of the examined traits. Seed fraction had highly significant<br />effect on seed germination, emergence, dry matter accumulation, seed yield, and oil yield.<br />Type of seedling had a highly significant effect on the enzymatic activity, seed yield, oil<br />content, and oil yield.</p>

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Betrachtung der regionalen Klimawandelfolgen auf die landwirtschaftlichen Erträge des agrarintensiven Landes Niedersachsen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das neuentwickelte robuste Pflanzenmodell BioStar herangezogen um mittels hochaufgelösten (100 × 100 m) Wettreg Klimadaten des 21. Jahrhunderts die Entwicklung der Biomasseerträge von vier Wintergetreiden (Weizen, Gerste, Roggen & Triticale), drei Maissorten (differenziert nach Reifezeitpunkt) und drei weiterer Feldfrüchte (Sonnenblume, Sorghum & Sommerweizen) zu modellieren. Bei dem Pflanzenmodell BioStar handelt es sich um ein kohlenstoffbasiertes Pflanzenmodell, mit dem anhand von Eingangsklimadaten (Niederschlagshöhe, Temperatur, Globalstrahlung, Luftfeuchte und Windgeschwindigkeit) und dem verfügbaren Bodenwasser (Feldkapazität) der Ertragszuwachs im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode simuliert wird. Das Modell eignet sich für die Thematik insbesondere auch deshalb, da es an der Universität Göttingen entwickelt und auf Niedersächsischen Standorten validiert wurde. Die zur Modellierung benötigten Bodenparameter wurden der Niedersächsischen BÜK50n entnommen. Dabei kamen nur Flächen zur Anwendung, die nach der Corine Landbedeckungserhebung von 2005 zu den landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen in Niedersachsen zählen. Die mittlere Größe dieser gut 90.000 Flächen liegt damit um 33 ha. Die Entwicklung wird unter Berücksichtigung des IPCC Szenarios A1B sowie des CO2-Düngeeffekts bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts pflanzenabhängig stagnierend bis deutlich positiv verlaufen, wovon allerdings nicht alle Regionen in gleicher Weise profitieren können. Insgesamt verschieben sich die landwirtschaftlichen Gunstgebiete weiter nach Westen — was aber durch die bessere Entwicklung des Westens und nicht in einer negativen Entwicklung der östlichen Flächen begründet ist. Das Ostbraunschweigische Hügelland ist meist unter den Regionen mit der besten Entwicklung, kann im absoluten Vergleich aber nie zu den guten landwirtschaftlichen Standorten aufschließen. Größter Verlierer wird den Ergebnissen nach das südliche Hügelland sein, das über die kommenden Jahrzehnte zusehends schlechtere Voraussetzungen für den Pflanzenanbau bietet. Die gesamte Entwicklung wird dabei aber erst ab etwa der Jahrhunderthälfte einsetzen, vorher lassen sich für den Großteil der Pflanzen kaum Veränderungen konstatieren. In den kommenden 20 Jahren zeigt nur die Gerste deutliche Anzeichen eines Ertragszuwachses und mittelreifender Mais eines Ertragsrückgangs. Bis 2099 kehrt sich dieser Trend dann wieder um. Eigentlich alle Feldfrüchte zeigen spätestens zum Jahrhundertende eine positive Entwicklungstendenz, wenn Winterweizen, Winterroggen und Wintertriticale auch nur vergleichsweise schwach. Die beiden hauptausschlaggebenden Entwicklungsfaktoren werden in Zukunft zum einen die atmosphärische CO2-Konzentration sein, über deren Düngeeffekt die Erträge positiv beeinfluss werden. Ihr stehen die abnehmenden Sommerniederschläge gegenüber, die sich deutlich negativ auf die Erträge auswirken. Vieles wird in Zukunft davon abhängen, inwieweit diese Niederschläge tatsächlich zurückgehen werden und wie stark der CO2-Düngeeffekt tatsächlich ausfallen wird. Ungeachtet dessen werden sich aber die Wintergerste und der Sommerweizen dennoch tendenziell positiv entwickeln können, da beider Entwicklung relativ unabhängig von den CO2- Konzentrationen verläuft, wobei die Gerste zusätzlich weniger anfällig auf sinkende Sommerniederschläge reagiert. Interessant wird auch die Entwicklung des Maises werden. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien die nur mit „Mais“ modellieren, wurde hier auf früh-, mittel- und spätreifende Sorten zurückgegriffen. Die unterschiedlichen Sorten besitzen über das Jahrhundert deutlich größere Unterschiede als etwa die Arten Weizen, Roggen und Triticale. Während mittelreifender Mais die schlechtesten Aussichten, eigentlich unter allen behandelten Pflanzen, besitzt, wird spätreifender Mais mit den deutlichsten Ertragszuwächsen im kommenden Jahrhundert rechnen können.

本研究針對 2014 年 3 月至 4 月期間的太陽花運動三大事件（佔領立法院、衝進行政院、以及凱達格蘭大道集結）作個案研究，採質性研究的深度訪談法和資料蒐集法取得研究資料，援引 Bruno Latour 的「行動者網絡理論」（Actor Network Theory）概念進行分析，探討大眾媒體與另類媒體在當代政治抗議場域裡，如何以現有傳播科技做創新使用與傳播實踐，而科技和人的互動又如何對訊息發布與呈現方式造成影響，勾勒出人人皆可參與的政治抗議情境之下，傳播行動者如何受新舊媒體模式交織影響。 / This paper traces the contemporary hybrid media network in a Taiwanese political protest context, focusing mainly on the 2014 Sunflower Movement (also known as “Occupy Parliament”) in Taiwan. The proliferation of digital media use in this protest, makes it a significant case study in regards to finding the complex media networks of tech-savvy activists and mainstream media at work in recent political protests. To answer the complex nature of this network, this paper employs Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a framework to depict the evolving media network of contemporary political protests in Taiwan through first-hand accounts of alternative media activists and mainstream journalists. This research conducts a set of qualitative interviews with heterogenous actors who participated in the Sunflower Movement. Additional data is collected from online documents of the event. In the end, the research seeks to answer the following questions: How do new and old media form links through technology and digital tools in modern political protest? What is the nature of the associations formed and how do the associations impact the existing news ecology in political protests? Further providing an empirical account of transforming protest media networks in action in a political protest context.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) high oleic acid content lines differ from conventional sunflower by an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content of more than 60%. The current sunflower cultivars under production in South Africa are standard sunflower with high levels of linoleic acid (C18:2). The aim of this study was to improve the quality of oil produced by local sunflower germplasm with respect to oleic acid through employing a marker-assisted breeding technique to facilitate and speed up the recovery of the high oleic acid allele into the background of the recurrent parent genome. Eleven sunflower breeding genotypes with high and low oleic acid traits were obtained from the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI) in Potchefstroom. The breeding genotypes were phenotypically characterised based on their oleic and linoleic acid levels using gas chromatography. Results demonstrated that the average mean of oleic and linoleic acid contents in high oleic acid genotypes were 72% and 17% respectively, while the average mean of oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in wild type lines were 33.5 % and 54 % respectively. These results indicated a perfect negative correlation between the amount of oleic and linoleic acids possessed in high and low oleic acid genotypes (R2 = -99.16%). Sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers were tested to ascertain if any of the ten available dominant FAD2-1 markers was segregating with the high oleic acid allele. Four dominant SCAR markers (FAD2-1F4/R1; FAD2-1F4/R2; FAD2-1F13/R1; FAD2-1F14/R2) were strongly associated with the high oleic acid trait (P< 0.001). With regard to the inheritance of the high oleic acid trait, 143 plants of the F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the high oleic acid parent (AP901-95-3-4-1) and low oleic acid parent (H55-9-2-1-1) were genotyped with the four SCAR markers to determine the genetic state concerning the high oleic acid gene (Ol). Results from a Chi square analysis of the observed frequencies of each dominant FAD2-1 marker locus in 143 F2 individuals indicated that the deviation from the expected ratio of 3:1 (high to low oleic acid) was not statistically significant (P< 0.95) from the observed segregation ratio. These results were consistent with the previous finding that an incomplete dominant gene governs sunflower high oleic acid. A multiplex assay of 78 Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was optimised and evaluated on 143 plants of the F2 population to determine suitable SSR markers that can be used in a marker-assisted background selection. Only 14 markers were suitable for marker-assisted background selection based on their high polymorphic information content, allele frequency and maximum allele numbers. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of using SSR and SCAR marker systems as a breeding tool to characterise and speed up the selection process in marker-assisted backcross breeding. / Thesis (MSc (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) high oleic acid content lines differ from conventional sunflower by an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content of more than 60%. The current sunflower cultivars under production in South Africa are standard sunflower with high levels of linoleic acid (C18:2). The aim of this study was to improve the quality of oil produced by local sunflower germplasm with respect to oleic acid through employing a marker-assisted breeding technique to facilitate and speed up the recovery of the high oleic acid allele into the background of the recurrent parent genome. Eleven sunflower breeding genotypes with high and low oleic acid traits were obtained from the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI) in Potchefstroom. The breeding genotypes were phenotypically characterised based on their oleic and linoleic acid levels using gas chromatography. Results demonstrated that the average mean of oleic and linoleic acid contents in high oleic acid genotypes were 72% and 17% respectively, while the average mean of oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in wild type lines were 33.5 % and 54 % respectively. These results indicated a perfect negative correlation between the amount of oleic and linoleic acids possessed in high and low oleic acid genotypes (R2 = -99.16%). Sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers were tested to ascertain if any of the ten available dominant FAD2-1 markers was segregating with the high oleic acid allele. Four dominant SCAR markers (FAD2-1F4/R1; FAD2-1F4/R2; FAD2-1F13/R1; FAD2-1F14/R2) were strongly associated with the high oleic acid trait (P< 0.001). With regard to the inheritance of the high oleic acid trait, 143 plants of the F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the high oleic acid parent (AP901-95-3-4-1) and low oleic acid parent (H55-9-2-1-1) were genotyped with the four SCAR markers to determine the genetic state concerning the high oleic acid gene (Ol). Results from a Chi square analysis of the observed frequencies of each dominant FAD2-1 marker locus in 143 F2 individuals indicated that the deviation from the expected ratio of 3:1 (high to low oleic acid) was not statistically significant (P< 0.95) from the observed segregation ratio. These results were consistent with the previous finding that an incomplete dominant gene governs sunflower high oleic acid. A multiplex assay of 78 Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was optimised and evaluated on 143 plants of the F2 population to determine suitable SSR markers that can be used in a marker-assisted background selection. Only 14 markers were suitable for marker-assisted background selection based on their high polymorphic information content, allele frequency and maximum allele numbers. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of using SSR and SCAR marker systems as a breeding tool to characterise and speed up the selection process in marker-assisted backcross breeding. / Thesis (MSc (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.