O CO2 supercrítico (CO2-sc) é um bom solvente para substâncias apolares e pouco polares de baixa massa molecular. A fim de tornar este meio um melhor solvente para uma gama maior de substâncias, desenvolvemos 8 novos tensoativos, sendo seis derivados de açúcares (N-metil-D-glucamina, 2-D-Glucosamina e Sorbitano) e três derivados de óleos vegetais (linhaça e palma). Os tensoativos possuem como grupos CO2-fílicos, o acetato (peracetilados) ou o t-butil-glicidil-éter, e como grupo CO2-fóbico o dodecanoato, que pode proporcionar um ambiente \"apolar\" em eventuais agregados formados em CO2-sc. A solubilidade e o comportamento de fase destes novos tensoativos em CO2-sc foram investigados, mostrando-se bastante solúveis e apresentando pontos de névoa comparáveis a outros tensoativos fluorados (mais agressivos, do ponto de vista ambiental). A polaridade que estes tensoativos agregam ao meio foi verificada através de análises de solvatocromismo, utilizando o corante de Reichardt (Betaína-30) e fluorescência de pireno, as quais mostraram resultados bastante promissores, obtendo-se polaridades baixas e médias (similares a álcoois de cadeia média ou solventes clorados). / Supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) is a good solvent for non-polar or almost non-polar substances with low molecular mass. In order to turn this medium into a better solvent for a wider range of substances, we developed 8 new surfactants, six of them sugar derivatives (N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-D-Glucosamine and Sorbitan), and three of them vegetable oil derivatives (palm and linseed). The surfactants have either acetate (peracetylated) or t-butyl-glycidyl ether as CO2-philic groups, and as CO2-phobic group, dodecanoate, that can provide an \"apolar\" environment in aggregates that might be formed in sc-CO2. The solubility and phase behavior of these new surfactants in sc-CO2 were investigated, and they showed to be very soluble presenting low cloud pressures comparable to fluorinated surfactants (that are more aggressive from an environmental perspective). The polarity that these new surfactants brought to the medium was verified through the solvatochromic analysis, using the Reichardt\'s dye (Betaine-30) and pyrene fluorescence, which showed promising results, with polarities similar to medium chain alcohols or chlorinated solvents

A Copaifera langsdorffii é uma das plantas de incentivo governamental para pesquisas científicas e possui diversas atividades biológicas. Em especial, as atividades antitumoral e tripanocida foram abordadas neste estudo tendo o ácido caurenoico (AC) como marcador. Devido à escassa literatura sobre a extração do AC e à sua baixa solubilidade, sua extração foi estudada com solvente orgânico e por fluido supercrítico. A extração por fluido supercrítico é vantajosa já que não fornece extratos com resíduos de solventes orgânicos e é ecologicamente correta. Visto as atividades antitumoral e tripanocida do AC e estas atividades serem objeto de estudo nacional e mundial, o AC foi inserido em lipossomas convencionais e furtivos com a finalidade de torná-lo mais biodisponível, permitir seu alcance ao sítio-alvo e diminuir seus efeitos adversos. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram segmentados em três vertentes: a) realizar o estudo e otimização da extração do ácido caurenoico a partir das folhas de C. langsdorffii, b) obter lipossomas convencionais, secá-los pelos métodos de secagem liofilização (FD), spray drying (SD) e spray freeze drying (SFD), comparar suas características físico-químicas e avaliar suas atividade antitumoral e tripanocida, c) obter lipossomas furtivos e avaliar sua seletividade tumoral. De maneira geral, os resultados das extrações sólido-líquido e por fluido supercrítico apresentaram boa seletividade e eficiência visto que foram capazes de fornecer extratos com aproximadamente 20% de AC. A extração por fluido supercrítico foi mais eficaz extraindo 26,2% de AC. Já os lipossomas convencionais secos por SD e SFD apresentaram-se mais semelhantes entre si quanto à propriedade de fluxo e morfologia, à interação do AC com os componentes da bicamada lipídica e à dissolução/ liberação que quando secos por FD. Os três métodos de secagem foram capazes de prolongar em seis meses a estabilidade do AC nos lipossomas quando comparado com a dispersão aquosa. Os lipossomas convencionais secos apresentaram citotoxicidade maior frente a células tumorais e menor frente a células normais quando carregados com o AC e comparados com os lipossomas convencionais vazios (sem AC). Foi possível sintetizar com sucesso o lipídeo ligado ao polietilenoglicol e ao ácido fólico com o intuito de preparar os lipossomas furtivos. Entretanto, estes lipossomas não apresentaram ação antitumoral seletiva quando comparados às células normais. / Copaifera langsdorffii is one of the Brazilian plants which receives governmental support for scientific researches and also presents several biological activities. The kaurenoic acid (KA) is a diterpenic acid constituent of this specie that presents, in special, antitumoral and tripanocide activities which were taken into account in this study. Due to the lack of KA extraction from C. langsdorffii leaves in the literature and to KA low solubility, its extraction was studied using solid-liquid and supercritical fluid extraction methods. The supercritical fluid extraction is advantageous since provides solvent-free extracts and is an environment friendly method. Since KA is antitumoral and tripanocide and both activities are subject of national and internacional studies, in this study, KA was added in conventional and stealth liposomes in order to increase its biodiponibility, to allow it reaching the target tissue and decrease its adverse effects. So, this work was divided in three segments: a) study and optimize the KA extraction from C. langsdorffii leaves by solid-liquid (SLE) and supercritical fluid (SFE) extraction methods, b) obtain conventional liposomes, dry them by freeze drying (FD), spray drying (SD) and spray freeze drying (SFD), compare their physico-chemical features and evaluate their antitumor and tripanocide activities, c) obtain stealth liposomes and evaluate their selective tumor activity. In a general way, the extraction methods result in high KA selective extraction by both SLE and SFE since they were able to extract nearly 20% of KA. The SFE was a bit more efficacious than SLE providing 26,2% of KA. Conventional liposomes dried by SD and SFD were more similar in fluidity and morphology, KA and liposome lipid compounds interaction and dissolution/ release than liposomes dried by FD. The three drying methods provided more stable liposomes than the aqueous solution liposomes. Dried conventional liposomes presented higher cytotoxicity to tumor cells and lower one to normal cells when loaded with KA than unloaded conventional liposomes. The lipid linked to poliethyleneglycol and to folic acid to prepare stealth liposomes were successfully synthesized. However, the stealth liposomes did not presented selective antitumor action in relation to normal cells.

Orientadores: Ângela Maria Moraes, Paulo de Tarso Vieira e Rosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sacchetin_PriscilaSoaresCosta_D.pdf: 18116107 bytes, checksum: a46dd208ddd43d66ee2bb2d29e98cc46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No presente trabalho propôs-se a formação de carreadores orais compostos pelos polímeros sintéticos PLA (poli(L-ácido lático)), PLGA (poli(50/50 DL-ácido lático-co-glicólico)) e PCL (policaprolactona) para a construção de sistemas de liberação controlada de 17a-metiltestosterona (MT) pelo método de precipitação das soluções pelo uso de CO2 supercrítico como antisolvente. A influência da pressão, da concentração hormonal, dos polímeros e da vazão da solução polimérica foi analisada. Partículas de PLA com diâmetros entre 5,4 a 20,5 mm foram eficientemente produzidas, observando-se que o aumento na concentração da solução polimérica foi capaz de produzir partículas menores e que o aumento da vazão de solução polimérica resultou em aumento no tamanho das partículas produzidas. Não foram observados efeitos sobre a morfologia e distribuição de tamanhos das partículas com a variação da pressão. Notaram-se também nas partículas de PLA mudanças nas características mecânicas e físicas do polímero, como a redução da temperatura de transição vítrea do polímero. A produção de partículas de PLA na presença de MT resultou em aumento no tamanho médio e alterações nas características morfológicas superficiais das partículas. Praticamente não se observaram alterações na temperatura de transição vítrea e de fusão das partículas quando estas foram produzidas na presença de MT. As análises de potencial zeta das partículas mostraram que estas possuem forte tendência à floculação. Obtiveram-se também partículas de PLA/PCL a partir da mistura destes polímeros a razões de 1/9 a 1/1 m/m. Altas concentrações de PCL provocaram aumento no diâmetro médio das partículas, que se mostraram mais agregadas e rugosas. A eficiência de incorporação de MT nestas partículas variou de 25,6 a 64%. Verificou-se a alteração do comportamento térmico das partículas quando altas concentrações de MT foram empregadas, notando-se a formação de estruturas mais amorfas. As partículas de PLA/PLC não se mostraram estáveis quando submetidas aos ensaios de potencial zeta. Partículas de PLA/PLGA foram também produzidas, apresentando diâmetros médios que variaram de 23 a 98 mm. A eficiência de incorporação de MT foi igualmente ampla, entre 41 a 90%. A cristalinidade das partículas foi afetada pelo processo, sendo que a presença de MT levou à formação de estruturas mais amorfas e porosas. A cinética de liberação da MT foi analisada in vitro pela exposição das partículas a soluções com diferentes valores de pH. As menores taxas de liberação foram obtidas para as partículas de PLA, enquanto as partículas de PLA/PCL e PLA/PLGA produziram comportamentos similares entre si. Observou-se que a quantidade de partículas teoricamente necessárias durante o tratamento de reversão sexual de tilápias do Nilo variou conforme a composição dos dispositivos, sendo estes valores entre 34 a 88 g de partículas/kg de ração / Abstract: In this work, the aim was to produce oral carriers consisting of the synthetic polymers PLA (poly(L-lactic acid)), PLGA (poly(50/50 DL-lactide-co-glycolide)) and PCL (polycaprolactone) by the precipitation of the polymer solutions using supercritical CO2 as an antisolvent for the controlled release of 17?-methyltestosterone (MT). The influence of pressure, hormone and polymers concentration, as well as of the flow rate of the polymer solution on the formation of these devices was analyzed. PLA particles with diameters between 5.4 to 20.5 mm were efficiently produced; increases in the concentration of the polymer solution resulted in smaller particles, while increasing the flow rate of polymer solution caused an increase in particle mean diameter. No significant effects on morphology and size distribution of the particles were observed with pressure variation. Changes in the mechanical and physical characteristics of the PLA particles were also noticed, as reduction in the glass transition temperature of the polymer. PLA particles prepared in the presence of MT showed larger average diameters and changes in surface morphology. The presence of MT did not result in changes of the glass transition and fusion temperatures of the particles. Zeta potential analyzes showed that the particles have a strong tendency to flocculate when exposed to aqueous solutions. PLA/PCL particles were obtained from the mixture of these polymers at ratios from 1/9 to 1/1 w/w. High concentrations of PCL caused increased formation of particles with greater mean diameters, which were rougher and had a higher tendency to aggregate. The incorporation efficiency of MT ranged from 25.6 to 64%, accompanied by an increase in mean diameter. Changes in the thermal behavior of the particles were observed when high concentrations of MT were used, which led to the formation of more amorphous structures. PLA/PLC particles were not stable when subjected to tests of zeta potential. PLA/PLGA particles were also produced, with mean diameters ranging from 23 to 98 mm. The incorporation efficiency of MT was also broad, varying from 41 to 90%. The process affected the crystallinity of the particles, and the presence of MT led to more amorphous and porous structures. The behavior of the PLA, PLA/PCL and PLA/PLGA particles regarding the in vitro release kinetics of MT was analyzed through exposure of the obtained systems to different pH conditions. The lowest release rates were observed for PLA particles, while the PLA/PCL and PLA/PLGA particles showed similar performances. It was observed that the theoretical amount of particles needed for the sex reversal treatment of tilapia varied according to the composition of the devices (polymer type and ratio, as well the quantity of MT). Depending on the device, the daily required amounts of particles can vary between 34-88 g particles/kg of fish feed / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T21:14:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreschi_SilvaniaReginaMendes_D.pdf: 1138313 bytes, checksum: 9795fdb9b2f9d97588cecb8005836315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A celulose e amido presentes em resíduos de plantas aromáticas, que já sofreram extração de seus óleos essenciais através de CO2 supercrítico, foram hidrolisados rapidamente com água subcrítica (AsC) e CO2, a fim de se obter oligossacarídeos. Celulose e amido não são solúveis em CO2 supercrítico, assim, permanecem no resíduo sólido após o processo de extração supercrítica (ESC). A etapa de ESC atua como um pré-tratamento para a hidrólise porque a pressão age sobre a matriz sólida, relaxando a estrutura do grânulo de amido, resultando num aumento da taxa de hidrólise. O gengibre (Zingiber officinalle Roscoe) contém aproximadamente 50% de amido, e a decomposição do amido de bagaço de ESC de gengibre foi efetuada num reator semi-contínuo, operando numa faixa de temperatura entre 132 - 200°C e pressões entre 80 ¿ 220 bar. A alimentação do reator constou de uma mistura de bagaço de gengibre e água (3:7). O CO2 foi utilizado para a pressurização do sistema. Para arrastar os produtos formados do reator foi utilizada uma vazão de CO2 de 7,48 × 10-5 kg s-1. O rendimento da hidrólise foi avaliado em relação ao teor de açúcares redutores formados. Os ensaios de hidrólise foram realizados num tempo de reação constante para procurar as condições de temperatura e pressão que maximizassem o grau de hidrólise e o rendimento. Os resultados foram analisados pela metodologia de superfície de respostas. Os testes de cinética de hidrólise foram realizados a 150 bar e a 176, 188 e 200 °C, mantendose constantes a razão de bagaço: água na alimentação e a vazão de CO2, e com os seguintes tempos de reação: 1, 5, 7, 9, 11 e 15 minutos. O maior grau de hidrólise (97,1% a 15 minutos de reação) e o maior rendimento em açúcares redutores (18,1% a 11 minutos de reação) foram estabelecidos para 200 °C. Diferentes misturas de oligossacarídeos com diferentes distribuições de massas moleculares foram obtidas, dependendo da temperatura e do tempo de reação. A hidrólise do bagaço de gengibre foi tratada como uma reação heterogênea com uma cinética global de primeira ordem em relação à concentração de amido, a qual resultou numa energia de ativação de 185,1 kJ mol-1 e um fator préexponencial de 5,8 × 1017s-1. Ensaios de hidrólise de gengibre e cúrcuma (Curcuma longa Linneu) frescos, gengibre seco, cúrcuma seca e bagaço de cana foram realizados nas melhores condições estabelecidas para o bagaço de gengibre (150 bar, 200 °C e 11 minutos) / Abstract: Cellulose and starch contained in aromatic-plant residues, which had been subjected to supercritical CO2 extraction, were hydrolyzed with subcritical water and CO2 to obtain oligosacharides. Cellulose and starch are not soluble in supercritical CO2; therefore, they remained in the solid matrix after the supercritical extraction. The extraction step acted as a pre-treatment step for hydrolysis because the pressure affected the solid matrix by relaxing the starch granule resulting, thus, increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) bagasse containing about 50% of starch was hydrolyzed in a semicontinuo reactor in the temperature range of 132 - 200°C and pressure range of 80 ¿ 220 bar. The reactor was filled with a mixture of ginger bagasse and water (3:7). The CO2 was used to pressurize the system. To withdraw the products from the reactor a CO2 flow rate of 7.48 × 10-5 kg s-1 was used. The hydrolysis yield was evaluated with respect to the amount of reducing sugars formed. The hydrolysis assays were done for a constant reaction time of 15 min to search for the condition of temperature and pressure that maximized the hydrolysis degree and the yield. The results were analyzed by the surface response methodology. The hydrolysis kinetics tests were performed at 150 bar and at 176, 188, and 200 °C. The kinetics tests were done keeping constant the ratio between ginger bagasse and water, as well as the CO2 flow rate; the following reaction times were evalueted: 1, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 min. The highest hydrolysis degree (97.1% at 15 min) and the highest yield (18.1% at 11 min) were stablished for 200 °C. Different oligosaccharide mixtures with different molecular mass distributions were obtained, depending on the temperature and on the reaction time. The ginger bagasse hydrolysis was treated as a heterogeneous reaction with a first-order global chemical kinetic, with respect to the starch concentration; resulting in an activation energy of 185.1 kJ mol-1 and a preexponential factor of 5.8 × 1017s-1. Hydrolysis of fresh ginger and turmeric (Curcuma longa Linneu), dried ginger, dried turmeric, and sugar-cane bagasse were performed at the best conditions established for ginger bagasse (150 bar, 200 °C and 11 min) / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The phase behavior and phase separation kinetics in polymer solutions in binary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) and organic solvents were studied for two systems. Solutions of polyethylene (PE) in CO2 + n-pentane were selected as one model system to study both the solid-fluid (S-F) and liquid-liquid (L-L) phase transitions as well as the interplay of these two types of phase separations on the final morphological and thermal properties of PE crystals. Solutions of polysulfone (PSF) in CO2 + tetrahydrofuran (THF) were selected as another model system because of the technological importance of this membrane forming polymer and because of the broad interest in developing new solvent/non-solvent systems for forming microporous materials. These phase boundaries were determined using a high-pressure view-cell and optical techniques over a temperature range of 90-165 oC and pressures up to 55 MPa for PE/n-pentane/CO2 system, and over a temperature range of 25 to 155 oC and pressures up to 70 MPa for PSF/THF/CO2 system. For PE solutions, it has been found that the addition of CO2 to the PE/n-pentane system shifts the L-L phase boundary to significantly higher pressures, but moves the S-F phase boundary only slightly to higher temperatures. The S-F phase boundary which represents the crystallization/melting process in the polymer solution was about 10 oC lower than the crystallization/melting temperatures of the neat polyethylene samples determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was further found that the S-F phase boundary in n-pentane displays a unique sensitivity to the pressure-temperature conditions and moves to lower temperatures in the pressure range from 38 to 42 MPa. This effect even though not as augmented remains also for the S-F boundary in the solutions in CO2 + n-pentane mixtures. The miscibility of PSF in THF + CO2 was investigated at CO2 levels up to 14 wt %. This system shows lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase behavior at low CO2 content, which is shifted to upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type at higher CO2 levels along with an increase in the miscibility pressures. In contrast to the PE system, this system was found to display multiple miscibility windows. A "U"-shaped phase boundary in 92 % THF + 8 % CO2 mixture was observed to transfer to a "W"-shaped phase boundary at 10 wt % CO2, which was further separated into a double "U"-shaped phase boundary at 13 wt % CO2. The specific volume of the polysulfone solutions were found to display a variation parallel to this changing pattern in the phase boundaries, with reduced miscibility being accompanied with an increase in the specific volume. The phase separation kinetics in these two polymer solutions were investigated using time- and angle-resolved light scattering techniques. With the PE solutions, the focus was on the kinetics of S-F phase separation (crystallization) and miscibility and (melting) in n-pentane. Experiments were conducted with relatively dilute solutions at concentrations up to 2.3 wt %. The results show that the crystallization which was induced by cooling at constant pressure is dominated by a nucleation and growth process. In the majority of the experiments the particle growth process was observed to last for about 1 minute with a slight dependence on the crystallization pressure. The phase separation kinetics in PSF solutions were conducted only in a solvent mixture containing 90 wt % THF and 10 wt % CO2. Polymer concentrations were varied up to 3.3 wt %. This system was also observed to undergo phase separation by only nucleation and growth mechanism under these conditions upon reducing the pressure at constant temperature. Several experiments were conducted using a multiple rapid pressure drop technique to identify the depth of the metastable region. PE crystals that were produced by crossing the S-F boundary by different paths were collected and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and DSC. Crystallization was carried out either by cooling at constant pressure, or by cooling without pressure adjustment, or by first crossing the L-L boundary via pressure reduction at a constant temperature followed by cooling. For crystal recovery, the system was depressurized to ambient conditions irrespective of the path. It was found that all of the crystals formed from these solutions show multiple melting peaks in their first DSC heating scans, which however collapse into one crystallization peak in the cooling scans and one melting peak in the second heating scans. The temperatures corresponding to the multiple melting peaks were lower than the single melting temperature of the original PE sample and the melting temperature observed in the second heating scans for all samples. The multiple melting peaks were attributed to the presence of different lamellar thickness that are formed in the crystallization, final depressurization and sample collection stages. Depending upon the crystallization path some differences were noted. The crystals formed by first going through L-L phase separation displayed predominately double melting peaks in the first DSC scan. It was observed that the overall crystallinity is increased by more than 10 % to about 75 % compared to the crystallinity of the original PE sample, which is about 63 %. FESEM characterization showed that the prevailing morphology is composed of plate-like lamellae that show different level of agglomeration depending on the crystallization conditions. The overall structures of the particles were ellipsoid for crystals formed from dilute solutions. For crystals formed from the 1% PE solution, crystal sizes ranged from 4 mm ´ 10 mm for crystals formed at 14 MPa to 30 mm ´ 45 mm at 45 MPa. The crystals formed from 5 wt % solutions in n-pentane at pressures in the range of 38-54 MPa showed different morphologies with features of shish-kebab like structures which were however absent in crystals formed from n-pentane + CO2 solutions. The crystals that were formed from first crossing the L-L phase boundary followed by cooling showed two distinct particle size ranges that were attributed to crystals formed from the polymer-rich and polymer-lean phases that evolve when the L-L phase boundary is crossed. / Ph. D.

The following work describes the instrumentation and application of hyphenated FT-IR techniques specifically involving supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and liquid chromatography (LC). Three studies are presented. The first involves the application of SFE/FT-IR towards the extraction of finishes from textile fibers. SFE has previously been applied to less complex finish systems. The proposed method making use of intermediate trapping is viable for more complex systems that show limited solubility in a supercritical fluid. Quantification of the percent finish on yarn was performed and results were favorable when compared with plant data. The range of applications was expanded to on-line SFE/SFC in the extraction and analysis of components from the polymer matrix itself. SFE/SFC/FT-IR was used to identify extractable components from a variety of Nylons. Following identification of one of the primary extractables, caprolactam, SFE/SFC was used to quantitate the amount of residual starting material in a Nylon copolymer. The second study involves the extractables in polystyrene which is a softer polymer with respect to solubility of components in supercritical CO ₂. Dimers and trimers as well as processing agents were identified via FT-IR with relatively mild supercritical extraction conditions. Following these two studies was the expansion of hyphenated FT -IR to mobile phase elimination. A system optimization was carried out using polymer additive standards. The effects of nebulizer flow, sheath flow, and sheath temperature were shown. The data were analyzed at in terms of library matches as well as GramSchmidt reconstruction peak heights. Peak intensities were the primary source for choosing optimum conditions. Under optimized conditions, approximately 200 ng of analyte were analyzed and found to be above the limit of detection. The applicability of the interface was demonstrated by the identification/analysis of triclosan, an antibacterial agent, in Colgate toothpaste. Aside from the identification of the analyte this study was used to show the effect of deposition parameters such as disk rotation rate as well as the effectiveness of FT-IR spectral library searches. The analysis of triglycerides was also carried out to show the effectiveness of using LC/FTIR for viscous liquids which are difficult analytes to deposit onto a solid substrate. Using this FT-IR technique allowed one to look at the degree of saturation/unsaturation in an olive oil sample. The linearity of the method was shown using a set of triglyceride standards. Lastly, the feasibility of using the commercially manufactured mobile phase elimination interface for SFC was demonstrated. Additive standard was deposited using both pure and methanol modified CO₂. No effluent split mechanism was used for decompressed flows up to 150 mL/min. Detection limits are proposed to fall in the low (10 - 25) ng range. The infrared spectra are enhanced over those acquired with a flow cell interface because CO₂ absorbance bands no longer obscure a portion of the analyte absorption spectrum. / Ph. D.