Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_ElisabetideFatimaTeixeira_M.pdf: 7798250 bytes, checksum: 9170364aaa7d255d00d409c30bdcd8b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O conforto térmico tem sido amplamente pesquisado nos últimos anos, visando melhorar o bem estar das pessoas nos ambientes edificados, e minimizar o uso de energia elétrica para condicionamento artificial. Há algum tempo os estudos se direcionaram ao desempenho do ambiente construído de modo a obter uma boa relação entre pessoa-ambiente, principalmente quando se trata de ambientes de trabalho. No entanto, ainda é desconhecido o nível de conforto térmico proporcionado aos usuários de algumas edificações, principalmente em se tratando de edifícios de supermercados. Nos últimos anos, além de os empresários se preocuparem em garantir condicionamentos apropriados aos alimentos, em assegurar certo padrão de conforto aos seus clientes e propiciar bom nível de produtividade de seus funcionários, eles ainda tem que se preocupar em minimizar custos de energia. Nesse sentido, o levantamento do índice de conforto térmico e do consumo de energia em ambientes de supermercados se mostra importante para o conhecimento da real situação ambiental desse tipo de edificação. Esta pesquisa visou levantar dados do índice de conforto térmico e do consumo de energia no ambiente construído comercial do ramo alimentício. A metodologia empregada envolveu a seleção do supermercado, sua caracterização, o monitoramento das variáveis ambientais: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar e temperatura de globo, que permitem, juntamente com os dados relativos às variáveis pessoais, calcular o Voto Médio Estimado e a Porcentagem Estimada de Insatisfeitos. Foram levantados também os dados de consumo de energia. A análise dos resultados permitiu identificar a percepção térmica e o nível de satisfação dos usuários tanto de funcionários quanto dos clientes do supermercado. Os resultados indicam que no mês de maio/2011, 86% dos entrevistados preferiam o ambiente sem alteração e se sentiam confortáveis, e enquanto na área dos refrigeradores 55% dos entrevistados preferiam o ambiente sem alteração, e nesta mesma região, 32% preferiam o ambiente um pouco mais quente, ou seja, não estavam satisfeitos com o local, portanto preferiam mudanças. Os resultados indicam também que a temperatura do ar externo tem mais influência no consumo de energia que o número de usuários no supermercado pesquisado / Abstract: Thermal comfort has been widely researched in recent years to improve the welfare of people in the built environment, and minimize the use of electricity for artificial conditioning. For some time the studies were directed to the performance of the built environment in order to get a good relationship between person-environment, especially when it comes to working environments. However, it is still unknown what level of thermal comfort provided to the users of some buildings, especially in the case of buildings supermarket. In recent years, entrepreneurs have to bothering to ensure appropriate conditions to food, and ensure a certain standard of comfort to its customers and provide good level of productivity of their employees, in addition they still have to worry about minimizing energy costs. In this sense, the survey index of thermal comfort and energy consumption in supermarket environments proves important for understanding the real environmental situation of this type of building. This research examines data index of thermal comfort and energy consumption in the built environment of the commercial food industry. The methodology included the selection of the supermarket, characterization, monitoring of environmental variables: air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and globe temperature, allowing, together with data on personal variables, calculate the Predicted Mean Vote and estimated Percentage of Dissatisfied. Also, data were collected from energy consumption. The analysis identified the thermal perception and level of satisfaction of users of both employees and customers of the supermarket. The results indicate that in the month of May/2011, 86% of respondents preferred the environment without alteration and felt comfortable, and while in the area of refrigerators 55% of respondents preferred the environment unchanged, and in the same region, 32% preferred the environment a little warmer, or were not satisfied with the location, so preferred changes. The results also indicate that the air temperature has more influence on energy consumption than the number of users in the supermarket researched / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

En moins de 50 ans, le Mouvement Leclerc, créé en 1949, s'est imposé comme un acteur majeur de la grande distribution. Notre travail, réalisé à partir des archives du groupe, est centré sur l'analyse du modèle qu'il constitue et de sa dynamique d'expansion. D'une part, le discount, l'existence d'un leader charismatique et d'outils fonctionnant sur le mode coopératif sont les traits permanents de l'identité du Mouvement. D'autre part, l'expansion du réseau de magasins et la transformation des points de vente – initialement de petites épiceries devenues des hypermarchés – ont impliqué la mise en place de structures et de mécanismes spécifiques. Le Mouvement s'est initialement construit sur l'indépendance pleine et entière des magasins qui implique une organisation a minima et fortement décentralisée. Toutefois, si cette dernière s'est d'abord révélée efficace, au fur et à mesure que le Mouvement a grossi et s'est diversifié, elle a révélé ses limites, le maintien de la performance locale impliquant la mutualisation ou la nationalisation des achats d'abord, puis de certains éléments de gestion. Enfin, l'expansion du groupe et la préservation de son parc de magasins ont impliqué la création de mécanismes reposant sur la constitution de liens entre les adhérents. / In less than 50 years, the Leclerc Movement, founded in 1949, has established a position as one of the nation's leading large retailers. Our study, undertaken from the company archives, is focused on an analysis of its model and the dynamic of the group's development.On one hand, the notion of discount, the presence of a charismatic leader and the cooperative structure of the organization make up the permanent foundations of the Movement's identity.On another hand, the expansion of the network of stores and the transformation of the retailers – from small groceries to supermarkets – necessitated the creation of specific structures and mechanisms.The Movement was initially built on the autonomy and independence of each shop. Management was by definition a minima and largely decentralized.However, if the structure of this organization proved to be self-sufficient at first, when the Movement grew and diversified, it revealed its limits. To maintain performance at a local level, it became essential to consolidate and centralize first the purchasing of produce, and subsequently certain elements of management.This latter phase in the company's growth and the protection of its network of shops has led to the constitution of enduring links between its members.

The concentration process restricted the Market Share of the retail sector of foodstuffs in a few companies, that have withhold a big part of the reserves. In accordance with ABRAS (2006), there is a large disparity among the participation of each format, the number of stores and the reserves of the foodstuffs retailing sector. In attention of this fact, it is perceptive that, in absolute terms, the hypermarkets possess advantage in relation to the supermarkets and the small markets, but not necessarily this logic is true in relative terms. Through the analysis of the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) it is possible to attribute weights to the variables considered and to determine the efficiency of the companies, thus identifying this relation. According to this point of view, the study in question aims at carrying through a comparative analysis between the size and the efficiency of the biggest foodstuffs retailing companies of Brazil through the DEA calculation, and to identify alternative targets for the less efficient companies. In the Kruskal-Wallis test, the null hypotheses of differences between size and efficiency was rejected, that is, it was found that the means are significantly different for the three groups (small, medium and large companies). Through the differences among means, it was also found that the large companies are more efficient, and that the medium companies possess advantage in terms of efficiency in relation to the small ones, with the exception of the analyses BCC and Superefficiency of model BCC, that had identified superiority of the small companies in relation to the medium ones. / O processo de concentração fez com que a Market Share do setor varejista de gêneros alimentícios ficasse concentrado em poucas empresas, as quais detêm grande parte do faturamento. De acordo com a ABRAS (2006), existe uma disparidade muito grande entre a participação de cada formato sobre o número de lojas e sobre o faturamento no ramo do varejo de gêneros alimentícios. Devido a esse fato, percebe-se que, em termos absolutos, as grandes redes varejistas de gêneros alimentícios possuem vantagem com relação às empresas de médio e pequeno porte, mas essa lógica não é necessariamente evidenciada em termos relativos. O estudo em questão realiza uma análise comparativa entre o porte e a eficiência das maiores empresas varejistas de gêneros Alimentícios do Brasil, através do Cálculo DEA, e identifica alvos alternativos para as empresas menos eficientes. Através do teste Kruskal-Wallis, foram rejeitadas as hipóteses nulas de que não existem diferenças entre o porte e a eficiência, ou seja, foi comprovado que as médias são significativamente diferentes para os três grupos de empresas (pequenas, médias e grandes). Através das diferenças entre Médias, foi comprovado que as empresas de grande porte são mais eficientes, e que as empresas de médio porte possuem vantagem em termos de eficiência com relação às de pequeno porte, com exceção para as análises BCC e supereficiência através do modelo BCC, que identificaram superioridade das empresas de pequeno porte com relação às de médio porte.

El comercio electrónico es una tendencia que está en aumento en el Perú. Sin embargo, el consumidor peruano percibes diferente riesgo al momento de comprar a través de supermercados online. Estos riesgos no son los mismos en todas las categorías; es por ello que en la presente investigación se estudiará los riesgos que perciben los hombre y mujeres de 25 a 35 años al momento de comprar productos de consumo masivo. Las variables que se han elegido son los riesgos de producto, conveniencia y privacidad.  Para lograr comprobar las hipótesis que se plantean en el presente estudio se ha realizado una investigación mixta. En el estudio cualitativo se realizó focus y entrevistas a los consumidores de los supermercados online. Además, se realizaron tres en entrevistas a expertos en el tema. En el estudio cuantitativo, se realizó una encuesta, la cual se aplicó a 250 personas.  Además, el análisis que se realizó fue correlacional entre la intención de compra y los tres riesgos percibidos que se analizaron. Luego de procesar la información, se obtuvo que sí existe una relación entre el riesgo de “producto”, “conveniencia” y “privacidad” con la “intención de compra”. / In order to verify the hypotheses raised in this study, a mixed investigation has been carried out. In the qualitative study, focus and interviews with consumers of online supermarkets were carried out. In addition, three were conducted in interviews with experts on the subject. In the quantitative study, a survey was conducted, which was applied to 250 people. In addition, the analysis that was performed was correlational between the purchase intention and the three perceived risks that were analysed. After processing the information, it was obtained that there is a relationship between the risk of “product”, “convenience” and “privacy” with the “purchase intention”. / Trabajo de investigación

The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential of thermal energy storage in supermarkets with CO2 refrigeration systems. Suitable energy storage techniques are investigated and the seasonal storage technology of boreholes is chosen to be the focus of the study. The calculations are done for five supermarket refrigeration systems with different combinations of heating systems and borehole thermal energy storage control strategies. The two heating systems analyzed are the ground source heat pump and the heat recovery from the supermarket’s refrigeration system. The simulation results show that the introduction of thermal energy storage in the scenarios with heat pump can reduce the annual total energy by 6.3%. It is also shown that increasing the number of boreholes can decrease the life cycle cost of the system. Moreover, it is established that a supermarket system with heat recovery consumes 8.1% less energy than the one using heat pump and adding thermal energy storage on the heat recovery system further improves the energy consumption by 3.7% but may become costly.

This diploma thesis deals with a proposal of marketing strategy for real organisation. For better understanding of issues I occupy with theory in the first part, which I put in place in the next capture. The target of this thesis is made a suggestion or else implement marketing process. The target is reached thanks to the strategic analysis.

An examination of the effectiveness of transmission control measures for COVID-19 in a supermarket setting, factoring for the inclusion of Super-Spreaders, must extend beyond the direct effects the control measure has on transmission in order to account for the indirect effects changes in human movement dynamics have on the spread of disease. The analysis makes use of Agent-Based Modelling simulation techniques to model changes in customer movement and disease transmission dynamics resulting from the isolated and combined implementation of COVID-19 transmission control measures. The bottom-up approach of agent-based modelling allows for the inclusion of heterogeneous, individual-level chances of infectiousness, compliance, and consumer behaviours, allowing for a more realistic representation of real-world behaviours. The model used for analysis is built entirely in the NetLogo environment, designed to be interactive, adaptable to user-varied inputs, and visually engaging. This allows for the model to adapt to changes in disease parameters and easily communicate model effects in a manner accessible to users in and out of the field. Control measures considered include: Vaccinations, Capacity Limiting, Social Distancing, Staff COVID-19 Testing, and the use of Sanitizers. Results indicate high levels of effectiveness for the use of Vaccinations at reducing transmission with minimal impact on customer dynamics. The results also highlight the negative effects changes in customer dynamics can have on transmission, indicated by increased shop-queue transmissions resulting from the use of Capacity Limiting or other measures slowing customer entrance to the shop. The positive effects of interactions between control measures are highlighted by the additional implementation of Social Distancing in reducing these increases. The implications of these findings involve the need to factor for changes in human movement dynamics when assessing the effectiveness of transmission control measures implemented in any environment. The findings further reinforce the benefits of implementing social distancing practises in conjunction with mechanisms that reduce the flow of movement, as well as the benefits of increased vaccination coverage in the population. Lastly, the findings provide an effective comparison of the control measures considered, allowing for the direct assessment of their implementation and the resulting effects on transmission and customer dynamics.

This thesis begins by investigating the evolution of traditional Chinese markets to Chinese supermarkets in North America. By charting the trends of these structures in shop floor layouts and site approaches, a hybridized architecture is uncovered. Then, through the design of a contemporary Chinese supermarket in Philadelphia, PA, the thesis demonstrates how values of identity and cultural awareness can be brought into dialogue with architectural trends.

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The study looks at heat recovery of a refrigeration system in a supermarket where the heat was supplied to apartments in the same building. Such a system requires cooperation between the supermarket owner and the property owner, with both having different motives. By gaining understanding of each other's needs and obligations, cooperation can become easier to achieve, with a result that is more optimal for both actors. Heat recovery for use within the supermarkets has existed for a long time, though supplying the heat to other actors is not as common. Using CO2 as refrigerant is becoming more popular in supermarket refrigeration systems, which allows for achieving higher temperatures in recovered heat, enabling use in radiator systems or for preheating domestic hot water. In lack of other cooling solutions, the supermarket studied in the project had previously used municipal water for cooling of the condenser in the refrigeration system, which is a costly solution that does not utilize the heat. The amount of heat that can be recovered was estimated and compared to the varied amount of heat demand in the supermarket and the rest of the property over a year. Findings show that heat recovery from the refrigeration system create considerable cost savings for both the supermarket owner and the property owner, despite still requiring cooling with municipal water during summer. Financial compensation for delivered heat is difficult to argue for at moment, though it may become relevant if new solutions for cooling of the refrigeration system are proved to be feasible. / Se filen