L'étude des nanoagrégats métalliques supportés sur des oxydes est d'une importance primordiale autant au niveau fondamental que technologique, notamment dans le domaine de l'énergie. Les nanoparticules à base de platine supportées sur alumine Gamma sont largement utilisées comme catalyseurs hétérogènes ultradispersés, en particulier sous atmosphère réductrice d'hydrogène. Leur réactivité et leur sélectivité sont intimement liés à la géométrie locale et à la densité électronique des sites actifs. Ces dernières sont particulièrement ardues à définir, étant donnée la très faible taille des agrégats étudiés (environ 0.8 nm de diamètre). La spectroscopie XANES (X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure), nécessitant un rayonnement synchrotron, est un des outils les plus appropriés pour étudier ces systèmes, en particulier in situ, à l'échelle atomique. En effet les spectres XANES sont influencés par la géométrie locale et la symétrie de l'environnement des atomes (en particulier les angles entre les liaisons), le degré d'oxydation, les types de liaisons mis en jeu, et la structure électronique du système. Tous ces facteurs sont néanmoins difficiles à différencier et même à interpréter. Il est donc impossible de déduire de manière précise la structure des particules métalliques par la seule expérience, sans aucune comparaison avec des spectres simulés. La mise en place de modèles théoriques devient alors nécessaire. Nous mettons donc en oeuvre une approche associant expériences XANES haute résolution in situ et simulations quantiques, ces dernières visant à la proposition de modèles structuraux pertinents, à la quantification de la réactivité des agrégats et au calcul des caractéristiques spectrales pour comparaison à l'expérience. L'identification de la morphologie des particules, de l'interaction métal-support et du taux de couverture en H est ainsi rendue possible par l'association de l'expérience et du calcul. La bibliothèque de modèles existants de particules monométalliques de Pt supportées sur de l'alumine Gamma avec ou sans hydrogène adsorbé, est complétée par des modèles hydrogénés sur la face (110) et par des modèles de différentes tailles hydrogénés sur la face (100). Cette bibliothèque devenue assez complète a permis une étude de l'influence de la taille des particules, de leur morphologie, de leur structure électronique, des différentes face de l'alumine Gamma, ainsi que du taux de couverture en hydrogène sur la signature des spectres XANES. Cette première étude des catalyseurs monométalliques de platine, se conclue par la discrimination de certaines morphologies, mais surtout la quantification du taux de couverture en hydrogène des particules. Ensuite, des modèles de particules bimétalliques platine – étain supportés sur la face (100) de l'alumine Gamma sont élaborés avec adsorption d'hydrogène. Ces modèles permettent de mieux comprendre l'influence de l'étain sur la morphologie, les propriétés électroniques et l'interaction avec le support et l'hydrogène de ces agrégats. Différentes compositions ont été explorées, ce qui a apporté des informations sur la dilution du platine par l'étain. L'adsorption d'hydrogène a alors été étudiée sur des agrégats de Pt10Sn3 supportées sur la face (100) de l'alumine Gamma. Bien que de nombreux paramètres ne sont pas encore pris en compte dans ces modèles, la comparaison à l'expérience permet déjà d'avoir une première approximation sur la description de systèmes bimétalliques. / The study of metallic nanoclusters supported on oxides is of paramount fundamental and technological importance, particularly in the field of energy. The nanoparticles based on platinum supported on gamma alumina are widely used as highly dispersed heterogeneous catalysts especially under reducing hydrogen atmosphere. Their reactivity and selectivity are intimately related to the local geometry and the electronic density of active sites. These are particularly difficult to define, given the very small size of the studied particles (about 0.8 nm in diameter). XANES (X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) spectroscopy requiring synchrotron radiation, is one of the most appropriate tools to study these systems, especially in situ, at the atomic scale. Indeed the XANES spectra are influenced by the geometry and symmetry of the atoms local environment (especially angles between bonds), the degree of oxidation, the bond types involved, and the electronic structure of the system . All these factors are nevertheless difficult to differentiate and even to interpret. It is therefore impossible to infer accurately the structure of the metal particles by experience alone, without any comparison with simulated spectra. The establishment of theoretical models becomes necessary. We are implementing an approach that combines high-resolution XANES experiments in situ and quantum simulations, the latter aimed at proposing relevant structural models to quantify the reactivity of the particles and calculating spectral characteristics for comparison to experiment. The identification of the clusters morphologies, the metal-support interaction and the hydrogen coverage is made possible combining experiments and quantum calculations. The library of existing monometallic Pt particles models supported on Gamma alumina with or without adsorbed hydrogen, is refined. New models considering the two main surface of Gamma alumina, the particle size and hydrogen adsorption are developed. This extended library of models enabled a study of the effect of particle size, morphology, electronic structure, different alumina faces, and the hydrogen coverage on the signature of XANES spectra. This first study of monometallic platinum catalysts, concludes with the discrimination of the morphologies, but especially with the quantification of the hydrogen coverage of the particles for each temperature and hydrogen pressure experimental condition. Then, models of bimetallic Platinum-tin particles supported on the (100) Gamma alumina face are performed with hydrogen adsorption. These models provide insights into the effect of tin on the morphology, the electronic properties and the interaction with the support and hydrogen of these clusters. Different compositions were explored, which provided information on the dilution of platinum by tin. The adsorption of hydrogen was then studied on Pt10Sn3 clusters supported on the (100) face of alumina. Although many parameters are not yet included in these models, the comparison to the experience already provides a first approximation to the description of bimetallic systems.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 florencepereiranovaisantunes.pdf: 6342982 bytes, checksum: b846018e0b6dd62bd5ea051a6710659a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Associada à redução das emissões veiculares, o principal processo de interesse no hidrotratamento é a hidrodessulfurização, HDS, na qual o átomo de enxofre presente nas moléculas organosulfuradas é adsorvido no catalisador e reage com hidrogênio, formando sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) e os hidrocarbonetos livres de heteroátomos. As reações de HDS são exotérmicas e irreversíveis, sendo que seu mecanismo envolve reações de hidrogenólise – quebra da ligação CS – e de hidrogenação – saturação das duplas ligações. Existem divergências na literatura sobre o mecanismo dessas reações. O interesse pela área de materiais relacionados às reações deste tipo e à catálise heterogênea está em constante expansão devido à possibilidade de produzir diversos tipos de materiais de grande aplicabilidade e custos menos onerosos. Os estudos sobre HDS buscam o desenvolvimento de catalisadores com maior capacidade para promover uma remoção mais efetiva do enxofre, além de esclarecimentos referentes ao seu mecanismo. Os catalisadores mais comumente usados são compostos que possuem estruturas de MoS2 como fase ativa. Apesar de possuir atividade catalítica na forma mássica, o MoS2 geralmente é suportado em uma superfície com extensa área como suporte, geralmente óxidos, sendo a γalumina a mais utilizada. Existem diversos estudos recentes reportando uso de outros tipos de óxidos, como TiO2, sílica, zeólitas, ZrO2, MgO e óxidos mistos. No presente trabalho, é feita a proposta de dois tipos de estruturas de catalisadores de sulfeto de molibdênio suportados em MgO, através de cálculos ab initio. É de aceitação geral, hoje em dia, que a atividade dos catalisadores de HDS está fundamentalmente ligada à existência de vacâncias aniônicas de enxofre, situadas, predominantemente, nas bordas dos cristalitos da fase ativa, já que o enxofre dos planos basais está muito fortemente ligado para permitir a formação destas vacâncias. Levandose em conta que a formação de vacâncias é uma etapa crucial para HDS, procuramos obter informações estruturais mais precisas que auxiliem no entendimento dessa etapa da reação. Para isso mostramos o estudo da formação de sítios coordenativamente insaturados na borda do sulfeto de molibdênio suportado em MgO. Além disso, discutimos a interação do sulfeto com o suporte, variando o número de camadas de sulfeto e a presença de átomo promotor de cobalto na borda. Com isso, procuramos fornecer informações estruturais de modelos teóricos de MoS2 suportado em MgO utilizando DFT a fim de contribuir com estudos nesse contexto. Para isso, foi calculada a energia de formação de vacâncias, diferença da densidade de cargas eletrônicas, pDOS e análise das cargas de Bader. Concluímos que tanto o suporte quanto o átomo promotor influenciam na formação de vacâncias na borda do sulfeto de molibdênio suportado em MgO. A influência dessas variáveis está em dependência com o tamanho da lamela, proporções de átomos de enxofre de borda e tipo de interação do sulfeto com o suporte. Em geral podemos afirmar que os dois agem de modo a diminuir a energia de formação de vacâncias, contribuindo para a melhora dessa etapa. / With respect to the reduction of pollutant emission of vehicles, the main process of hydrotreatment is the hydrodesulfurization, HDS, in which the sulfur atom of the organosulfur molecules is adsorved on the catalyst and reacts with hydrogen forming hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and heteroatomfree hydrocarbons. The HDS reactions are exothermic and irreversible and their mechanisms involve hydrogenolysis reactions – the break of CS bond – and the hydrogenation – saturation of double bonds. There are many divergences in the literature about the mechanism of these reactions. The interest about these types of reactions and the heterogenous catalysis in the material field is in constant expansion due to the possibility of producing several types of materials with great applicabilities and inferior costs. The studies about HDS seek the development of catalysts with a higher capacity to promote a more effective removal of sulfur besides the elucidation of their mechanisms. The catalysts more commonly used are compounds which possess MoS2 structures as the active phase. Even though it has catalytic activity in the bulk structure, the MoS2 is generally supported on a surface with an extended area, usually oxides such as alumina, which is the most utilized. There are many recent studies γ reporting the use of other types of oxides such as TiO2, silica, zeolites, ZrO2, MgO and mixed oxides. In this present work, a proposition of two types of catalyst structures of molybdenum sulfides supported on MgO is done by means of ab initio calculations. It is commonly accepted nowadays that the activity of HDS catalysts is greatly related to the existence of anionic vacancies of sulfur located majorly on the edges of the active phase, since the sulfurs of the basal planes are strongly bonded to permit the formation of these vacancies. Taking into account that the vacancy formation is a crucial step for HDS, we sought to obtain more precise structural information to assist the understanding of this reaction step. Thereby, we presented the study of the formation of the coordenative unsaturated sites on the edge of the molybdenum sulfide supported on MgO. Moreover, we discussed about the interaction between the sulfide and the support by varying the amount of the sulfide layers and the presence of the cobalt atom on the edge. Thereby, we sought to provide structural information on the theoretical models of MoS2 supported on MgO using DFT in order to contribute with studies in this context. In order to do that, we calculated the energy of the vacancy formation, the difference of the charge densities, pDOS and Bader charge analysis. We concluded that the support and the promoting atoms influence the formation of the vacancies on the edge of the molybdenum supported on MgO. The influence of these variables depends on the size of the layer, the proportions of the sulfur atoms on the edge and the type of the interaction of the sulfide on the support. In short, we can confirm that both act to decrease the energy of the vacancy formation, thus contributing to the improvement of this step.

No description available.

Several ligands derived from D-glucosamine, designed for different catalytic reactions havebeen synthesized. The ligands for homogeneous catalysis based on 1,2-glucodiamine wereprepared, and used in reactions of allylic alkylation, hydrogenation and Michael addition.Supported Aqueous Phase Catalyst (SAPC) system was prepared from D-glucosamine anduse with very good results in Suzuki Miyaura cross coupling reactions. Catalyst was alsorecycled. Attempt to prepare ligands grafted on SBA-silica matrix were made as well asligands containing poly(ethylene) glycol moiety.

L’oxydation sélective des alcools en aldéhydes, acides ou cétones est une transformation très importante en chimie. L’emploi d’oxygène moléculaire comme oxydant permet de se placer dans une perspective de chimie verte, avec la production d’eau comme seul sous-produit principal. L’oxydation d’alcools primaires (1-octanol et géraniol) et d’alcools secondaires (2-octanol, 1-phénylethanol et alcools hétéroaromatiques dérivés de la pyridine) a été étudié en présence de catalyseurs au platine supportés sur charbon sous pression d’air, en solvant organique ou mélange à de l’eau. Les résultats ont montré une forte influence du solvant sur l’activité catalytique, avec un effet promoteur très important de l’eau sur la réaction. Cet effet a été discuté sur la base de différentes hypothèses. La promotion des catalyseurs au platine par le bismuth a permis d’observer des modifications de l’activité avec un effet positif en particulier dans l’oxydation des alcools hétéroaromatiques secondaires. La désactivation observée lors de l’oxydation de certains substrats a été analysée et des solutions ont été proposées pour la surmonter. / The selective alcohols oxidation to aldehydes, acids and ketones is an important transformation in chemistry. The use of molecular oxygen as oxidant is in adequation with a green chemistry perspective, since water is the only by-product. The oxidation of primary alcohols (1-octanol and geraniol) and secondary alcohols (2-octanol, 1-phenylethanol and pyridine substituted alcohols) has been studied in the presence of platinum supported carbon catalysts under air pressure in organic or mixed organic/aqueous media. The results have shown a strong influence of the solvent on the catalytic activity, with an important promoting effect of water on the reaction. This effect has been discussed based on several hypotheses. The promotion of platinum supported catalysts by bismuth has shown some modifications of the activity, with a positive effect in particular in the oxidation of secondary heteroaromatic alcohols. The deactivation observed during the oxidation reaction of some substrates has been analyzed and some solutions have been proposed to overcome the problem.

Ce travail met en évidence le potentiel que la technologie des plasmas présente dans l’élaboration, en une seule étape, des catalyseurs de la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch (SFT), alors que les méthodes habituelles ou conventionnelles comme l’imprégnation et la précipitation sont des voies de production multi-étapes du matériau catalytique. Les nouveaux catalyseurs ont été mis en œuvre à partir d’espèces monométalliques ayant comme support le carbone (Fe/C, Co/C) pour développer des bimétalliques (Co-Fe), des ternaires (Mo-Co-Fe, Ni-Co-Fe) qui ont été ensuite formulés avec la présence de promoteurs (Au/Ni-Co-Fe). Du fait que la préparation par plasma thermique de ces catalyseurs nanométriques supportés par le carbone soit relativement récente, cela permet d’envisager des perspectives d’applications avec des retombées industrielles, car les hautes températures caractéristiques des plasmas permettent de générer des carbures de fer (Fe3C, Fe5C2) très importants dans le processus catalytique de SFT. Des efforts de quantification de toutes les phases de carbures ont été effectués à l’aide de la diffraction des rayons X (DRX), tandis que l’analyse quantitative à l’aide du Rietveld (AQR) n’a été que partiellement concluante à cause de la taille nanométrique des matériaux étudiés qui est en dessous des limites de détection instrumental. Avec des aires spécifiques de BET comprises entre 35 et 93 m2.g-1, les catalyseurs sont typiques de matériaux poreux et présentent ainsi un avantage pour la SFT car les transformations réactionnelles ne sont pas limitées par les phénomènes de transfert de masse. La microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) et la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) couplées avec la Spectroscopie à rayons X à dispersion d'énergie (EDX) et la cartographie des rayons X (cartographie X) ont montré une grande dispersion des particules métalliques dans la matrice de carbone, indiquant ainsi l’absence d’agglomération sur les échantillons frais et post réactionnels. Les caractérisations par la spectroscopie Raman et la Spectroscopie photoélectronique par rayon X (XPS) ont mis en évidence un support de catalyseur essentiellement graphitique. Les analyses par la spectroscopie d’absorption des rayons X (SAX), par la spectroscopie de structure près du front d’absorption des rayons X (XANES) ont confirmé que le catalyseur Co/C obtenu par plasma contenait des carbures (Co3C) qui n’ont pu être révélés par XPS. Le test catalytique initial a été effectué en réacteur à lit fixe à 503 K (230°C), sous une pression de 3 MPa avec une vitesse volumique spatiale (VVH) de 6 000 〖cm〗^3 〖.h〗^(-1).g^(-1), pour une durée de 24 heures. Par la suite, les tests ont été performés dans un réacteur triphasique agité continu (3-φ-CSTSR) opérant de façon isotherme pendant 24 heures à des températures de 493–533 K (220–260°C), sous 2 MPa et à VVH = 3 600 〖 cm〗^3 〖.h〗^(-1).g^(-1). Tous les catalyseurs étudiés ont été actifs pour la SFT, produisant des fractions de gasoline (essence) et de diesel mais avec des sélectivités qui dépendaient de la proportion de métal présent dans le catalyseur et des conditions réactionnelles. À 493 K, le catalyseur le plus actif a été Co/C, obtenu par plasma, avec 40% de conversion qui contraste avec les 32% du meilleur catalyseur commercial Fe/C. Ces performances ont été comparées avec celles d’autres catalyseurs synthétisés par plasma Fe/C (25% de conversion) et 80%Co-20%Fe/C (10%), tandis que 50%Co-50%Fe/C, 30%Co-70%Fe/C n’ont montré aucune activité. Le catalyseur Co/C a été aussi le plus sélectif pour la formation de gasoline; mais à 533 K il a généré des quantités excessives de CH4 (46%) et CO2 (19%); ce qui a conduit à l’idée de synthétiser des bimétalliques Co-Fe/C qui ont permis d’abaisser la sélectivité en CH4 ou CO2 en dessous de 10%, pour une conversion de CO dépassant 40%. De même, les catalyseurs contenant du Ni (Ni-Co-Fe/C) ont été plus actifs avec des conversions de CO dépassant 50% avec des sélectivités en gasoline (38%) plus élevées qu’en diesel (20%). Ce catalyseur bimétallique a aussi favorisé la formation importante de CH4 (23%) et de CO2 (14%) beaucoup plus que dans le cas du solide Co-Fe/C. Globalement, le catalyseur bimétallique Co-Fe et sa variante acidifiée (exemple Mo-Co-Fe) ont été plus sélectifs en diesel (~ 55%). L’influence du prétraitement a été examinée et, selon la composition des catalyseurs, ceux qui ont été initialement réduits par CO avaient montré une amélioration de la sélectivité en diesel (50–67%); ces performances se sont avérées meilleures par rapport à celles des solides initialement réduits par H2 (45–55%). En outre, les catalyseurs aux concentrations élevées en cobalt, ainsi que ceux prétraités sous hydrogène ont généré plus d’eau que ceux prétraités ou réduits par CO. La présence d’atomes d’or comme promoteur dans le catalyseur Ni-Co-Fe/C (Au/Ni-Co-Fe/C) a non seulement ralenti l’activité de Ni-Co-Fe/C, mais aussi a diminué sa capacité à former l’eau, bien que n’ayant eu aucun impact significatif sur la sélectivité en composés hydrocarbonés. / Abstract : This work reveals the potential plasma technology presents in producing highly active catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), while simultaneously contracting catalyst production into a single step, which is a certain departure from the traditional multi-step methods such as impregnation or precipitation. Novel catalysts proposed were carbon-based, developed from single metal (Fe/C, Co/C) to bimetallic (Co-Fe), ternary (Mo-Co-Fe, Ni-Co-Fe) and then the promoted Au/Ni-Co-Fe formulations. Since the preparation of nanometric carbon-supported catalysts by plasma is a relatively new phenomenon, it offers the Fischer-Tropsch catalysis prospects of future commercial applications, because of the high temperatures that are achieved in plasma create Fe carbides (Fe3C, Fe5C2), which are assumed to account for Fe-based FTS catalysis. An attempt to fully quantify the carbide phases in the samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Quantitative Analysis (RQA) was only partially successful due to the nanometric nature of the materials existing below the instrument’s detection limits. With BET specific surface areas of 35–93 m2.g-1, the catalysts were found to be non-porous, a characteristic that is advantageous because Fischer-Tropsch reaction would operate away from mass transfer limitations. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray mapping indicated high dispersion of the metal moieties in the carbon matrix, with no signs of nanoparticle agglomeration both in the fresh and used samples. Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterized the support as highly graphitic, mixed with amorphous carbon arising from substantial defects in the graphite. Evidence from X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis confirmed that plasma synthesized Co/C catalyst contained some carbides (Co3C), which went undetected by XPS. Initial catalyst testing was performed in the fixed-bed reactor at 503 K (230C), 3 MPa pressure, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 6 000 〖cm〗^3 〖.h〗^(-1).g^(-1) of catalyst for 24 h. Elaborate tests were further executed in a 3-phase continuously stirred-tank slurry reactor (3-φ-CSTSR) isothermally operated between 493–533 K (220–260°C) at 2 MPa pressure, and GHSV = 3 600 〖cm〗^3 〖.h〗^(-1).g^(-1) of catalyst, for 24 h. It was observed that all catalysts were active for FTS, producing both gasoline and diesel fractions, but selectivity depended on the amount of metal in the catalyst or the reaction conditions. The most active catalyst at 493 K was the plasma-synthesized Co/C that showed 40% CO conversion, which was benchmarked against the commercial Fe/C at 32%. This performance was compared to the plasma-synthesized Fe/C (25% CO conversion) and 80%Co-20%Fe/C (10% CO conversion), while both the 50%Co-50%Fe/C and 30%Co-70%Fe/C were inactive. The plasma-synthesized Co/C was also more selective towards the gasoline fraction, but at 533 K it generated excessive CH4 (46%) and CO2 (19%) prompting the development of the Co-Fe/C bimetallics, which exhibited less than 10% selectivity towards CH4 or CO2 at over 40% CO conversion. Similarly, Ni-containing catalysts (Ni-Co-Fe/C) were relatively more active than the bimetallics, exhibiting over 50% CO conversion with higher selectivity towards the gasoline fraction (38%) than towards diesel (20%). The Ni-Co-Fe/C catalysts also produced excessive CH4 (23%) and CO2 (14%), than the Co-Fe/C bimetallics. Overall, the Co-Fe bimetallics and the acidified Co-Fe catalyst (i.e. Mo-Co-Fe/C) were more selective towards diesel formation (~55%). When the effect of pre-treatment medium was investigated, depending on catalyst composition, the CO-reduced catalysts showed enhanced selectivity for diesel fraction (50–67%) than catalysts reduced in H2 (45–55%). In addition, it was observed that catalysts containing high concentration of Co as well as those reduced in H2 generated more H2O than those reduced in CO, and the presence of Au (that is, in Ni-Co-Fe/C) not only depressed the Ni-Co-Fe/C catalyst activity, but it also lowered its capacity to form H2O, although it had no significant impact on the catalyst’s hydrocarbon selectivity.

In today s world, the need to limit the use of nonrenewable resources and the importance of recycling has been recognized. One important contribution of chemists toward the general goal of limiting their use is to find catalysts that can be reused and recycled thereby limiting the need for expensive metal precursors and metal waste. Strategies to recycle catalysts are multifold and range from the employment of soluble polymers as catalyst supports to the use of membrane-encapsulated catalyst. The use of soluble polymers as a support not only offers the advantage of being soluble under the catalytic reaction conditions but also, to be removable by changing the conditions of the surrounding media. Despite the great potential of these soluble supported catalysts, their use is very limited in today s synthesis. In addition, no set of rules have been established to guide the synthesis of efficient supported catalysts. In order to establish a tool box for the synthesis of supported catalysts, the study of several parameters such as the choice of the support and the choice and the stability of the catalyst are necessary. To establish this set of rules, a limited number of catalytic transformations, were studied. These catalytic reactions are the Heck-Mizoroki, Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira coupling reactions. These transformations became fundamental for the synthesis of drugs and materials. The first and second chapters provide background information by describing and evaluating the main supports that were previously used for catalysts and the two main catalysts that are used in this thesis, the palladium pincer complex and the palladium N-heterocyclic complex. In chapter 3, the synthesis of a soluble polymer supported catalyst is described. The polymer chosen for the study is poly(norbornene), and the catalyst is a 1,3-disubstituted benzene ligand with sulfurs in the side-chains able to chelate to the metal center, better known as pincer ligand. These ligands are abbreviated by the three atoms that coordinate to the metal center, in this study, SCS. The metal used for the investigation of the activity of this supported pincer is palladium. The importance of the nature of the linkage on the stability of the Pd-SCS pincer complex has been reported in the literature, leading to the synthesis of Pd-SCS pincer complex tethered to the polymer via an ether and an amide linkage. The synthesized poly(norbornene) supported Pd-SCS pincer complexes were evaluated using the Heck transformation of iodobenzene with n-butyl acrylate. Kinetic studies and leaching tests using poly(vinyl pyridine) and mercury were carried out resulting in the conclusion that the active species during the catalysis is not the palladium pincer complex but a leached palladium (0) species. In chapter 4, Pd-PCP pincer complexes with the ether and amide tether were synthesized. Kinetic and poisoning studies were carried out resulting in a similar conclusion. Furthermore, 31P NMR experiments were conducted to investigate the unstability of the complex. Following this study, in-situ XAS as well as computational calculations were carried out. The conclusion from this sinvestigation argues that triethylamine is a key ingredient for the decomposition of the Pd-PCP complex. The overall conclusion from these two different studies is thta Pd(II) pincer complexes decomposes during the Heck reaction when triethylamine is used for the coupling of iodobenzene to n-butyl acrylate in DMF at 120 ºC. Stemming from this investigation, a reported more stable complex, Pd-NHC, was tethered onto poly(norbornene). The system was evaluated using Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck and Sonogashira reactions. Similar poisoning and kinetic studies were utilized to investigate the stability of the supported NHC Pd complexes. The result of this investigation suggests that supported Pd-NHC complexes are stable under Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira but decompose under Heck conditions. However, when the system was recycled, a decrease in activity for the Suzuki-Miyaura transformation and solubility was observed. In chapter 6, gold monolayer protected clusters (MPC) were investigated as potential candidates as supports. To examine the potential of MPC as a support, a NHC-Pd complex was graphted onto the particles. To functionalize the gold nanoparticles, a new method was developed. Using azide moieties added to the gold nanoparticles, the catalyst was added via microwave assisted 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition. The system was evaluated using Suzuki-Miyaura transformations under microwave conditions. The system exhibited quantitative conversions for a variety of substrates. However, when the system was recycled, aggregation of the particles and decrease in catalytic activity was observed. In summary, this thesis describes the synthesis and evaluation of poly(norbornene) supported Pd-pincer and Pd-NHC complexes and of gold nanoparticles supported Pd-NHC complex. It also detail the combination of kinetic and poisoning studies developed to evaluate a potential supported catalyst.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4549.pdf: 10506362 bytes, checksum: 622f533bcc042279d1b10154620ecb35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Cobalt-based catalysts supported on γ-alumina and magnesium aluminate modified with lanthanum and cerium have been applied to various conditions of reforming of ethanol. The initial challenge was to control the rate of carbon accumulation, a major cause of deactivation of catalysts under steam reforming of ethanol. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses showed that the rate of carbon accumulation is inversely proportional to the amount of Co2+ species and directly proportional to the amount of Co0 species. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that, after reducing the catalysts in hydrogen, the oxidized fraction of the particles is mainly on their surface. Both the oxidized and reduced fractions of cobalt crystallites have face-centered cubic structure. The concentration of superficial oxygen under reforming conditions is determined by the curvature of the surface of the particles, the nature of the supports and the presence of promoters such as platinum and copper. The concentration of superficial oxygen is also highly sensitive to reaction conditions such as the composition and amount of oxidizing agents, such as oxygen and water, and reaction temperature. The rate of accumulation of carbon could be controlled with co-feeding oxygen to the reactor, process called oxy-reforming of ethanol, and using ceria as support. However, stability tests showed that catalyst deactivation may also occur by oxidation of metal sites. The ignition of the reforming process takes place in a microregion at the entrance of the catalyst bed where ethanol is fully oxidized, releasing energy and increasing the local temperature. Spatial-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses showed that the ratio Co2+/Co0 is much greater than one inside this microregion. The high local temperature and the presence of oxidized species in the entrance of the bed produce the appropriate conditions which lead the Co2+ ions to diffuse into the defect spinel structure of γ-alumina, leading to loss of potentially active sites for reforming of ethanol. This phenomenon is unleashed as a wave that propagates from the entrance of the bed downstream to the regions where Co2+ species exist. However, one can prevent the diffusion of Co2+ species to the structure of γ- alumina using aluminates as supports. / Catalisadores de cobalto suportados em γ-alumina e aluminato de magnésio modificados com lantânio e cério foram aplicados a diferentes condições de reforma do etanol. O desafio inicial foi tentar controlar a taxa de acúmulo de carbono, um dos principais fatores de desativação de catalisadores em condições de reforma a vapor do etanol. Análises de espectroscopia de absorção de raios X in situ comprovaram que a diminuição da taxa de acúmulo de carbono está ligada ao aumento da quantidade de espécies Co2+ em relação à quantidade de espécies Co0 nas partículas de cobalto. Análises de espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X demonstraram que, após redução em hidrogênio, a fração oxidada das partículas encontra-se majoritariamente na superfície das mesmas. Ambas as frações oxidadas e reduzidas das partículas de cobalto apresentam estrutura cúbica de face centrada. A concentração de oxigênio superficial em condições de reforma do etanol é determinada pela curvatura da superfície das partículas, pela natureza dos suportes e pela presença de promotores tais como platina e cobre. A concentração de oxigênio superficial é também fortemente sensível às condições de reação, tais como a composição e quantidade de agentes oxidantes, como a água e o oxigênio, e a temperatura de reação. O acúmulo de carbono pôde ser controlado com a coalimentação de oxigênio ao reator, processo denominado reforma a vapor com coalimentação de oxigênio, e utilizando-se céria como suporte. Entretanto, testes de estabilidade demonstraram que a desativação do catalisador pode também ocorrer por oxidação dos sítios metálicos. A ignição da reforma ocorre em uma microrregião na entrada do leito catalítico onde o etanol é completamente oxidado, liberando energia e aumentando a temperatura local. Análises de espectroscopia de absorção de raios X in situ resolvidas no espaço demonstraram que, nesta microrregião, a razão Co2+/Co0 é muito maior que um. O aumento da temperatura local e a presença de espécies oxidadas na entrada do leito produzem as condições adequadas para que íons Co2+ se difundam na estrutura espinela defeituosa da γ- alumina, levando a perdas de sítios potencialmente ativos para a reforma do etanol. Este fenômeno se deflagra como uma onda de desativação que se propaga da entrada do leito em direção às regiões à jusante onde existem espécies Co2+. Por outro lado, pode-se evitar a difusão de espécies Co2+ na estrutura da γ-alumina utilizando-se aluminatos como suporte.

Parmi les différents procédés chimiques, l'Oxydation en Voie Humide Catalysée (OVHC) apparaît comme une technique de choix pour le traitement des eaux usées à forte teneur en composés toxiques et peu biodégradables. Ce procédé, sous pression, est limité par la faible solubilité de l'oxygène. L'étape cruciale de la réaction est alors le transfert de l'oxygène jusqu'à la particule métallique via le support. Les phénomènes régissant ce transfert sont la composition des supports oxydes et l'interaction métal/support. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'influence de la teneur en CeO2, connue pour ses propriétés de transfert et de stockage d'oxygène, sur les propriétés de catalyseurs Ru/TiO2-x%CeO2 et Pt/TiO2-x%CeO2 en oxydation voie humide catalysée du phénol et de l'acide acétique.L'addition de cérine améliore les propriétés de stockage de l'oxygène des matériaux mais favorise (i) pour l'OVHC du phénol, la formation de polymères insolubles en solution et le dépôt d'espèces carbonées sur la surface catalytique, (ii) pour l'OVHC de l'acide acétique une carbonatation des supports. Il en résulte, dans les deux cas, une perte d'activité par blocage des sites catalytiques. Le platine s'avère plus actif que le ruthénium pour l'OVHC du phénol alors que l'inverse est observé dans le cas de l'acide acétique. / Among the different chemical processes, catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) appears to be a promising process for the treatment of wastewater containing high levels of toxic and poorly biodegradable compounds. This over pressure process is limited by the low oxygen solubility. The limiting step of reaction is the oxygen transfer to the metal particle through the support. Phenomena governing this transfer are the oxide support composition and the metal/support interaction. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the CeO2 content, known for its oxygen transfer and storage capacity, over the catalytic properties of Ru/TiO2-x%CeO2 and Pt/TiO2-x%CeO2 for catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol and acetic acid. The addition of ceria improves the oxygen storage capacity of materials but it enhances i) for CWAO of phenol, the formation of insoluble polymers in solution and the deposition of carbonaceous species on the catalytic surface, ii) for CWAO of acetic acid, the formation of carbonates on the support. In both cases an activity lost is due to the blocking of catalytic sites. Platinum is more active than ruthenium for CWAO of phenol while the opposite is observed in the case of acetic acid.

Les bisoxazolines de symétrie C2, ligands chiraux bidentates formés par deux cycles oxazolines séparés par un atome de carbone portant deux substituants identiques, font partie de ligands le plus utilisés en chimie de coordination et en catalyse asymétrique (homogène et hétérogène). Ce travail décrit la synthèse de treize ligands polytopiques chiraux comportant des unités bisoxazolines. Ces ligands ont été par la suite utilisés, d'une part, en tant que ligands chiraux pour la construction des catalyseurs auto-supportés de Cu(II)/ ligand polytopique (catalyseurs testés par la suite dans les réactions d' α-amination de β-cétoesters énantiosélective, de desymétrisation asymétrique par benzoylation de meso-diols, de dédoublement cinétique de rac-diols et dans la nitroaldolisation du nitrobenzaldehyde ou réaction de Henry); et d'autre part, en tant que briques deconstruction dans l'autoassemblage alterné et contrôlé de polymères de coordination métalloorganiques racémiques et énantiopurs. / Chiral C2-symmetric bis(oxazolines), bidentate ligands formed by two oxazoline rings separated by a carbon atom with two identical substituents, are one of the most popular types of chiral ligands which have already been successfully used in coordination chemistry and asymmetric catalysis (heterogeneous and homogeneous). This work describes the synthesis of thirteen polytopic chiral ligands bearing bis(oxazolines) moieties which have then been used, on the one hand, as chiral ligands for the construction of selfsupported Cu(II)/ polytopic ligand catalysts which were subsequently tested in the enantioselective α-hydrazination of β-ketoesters, the asymmetric desymmetrization of meso-diols by benzoylation and the kinetic resolution of rac-diols and the nitroaldolisation reaction (Henry reaction); and on the other hand, as organic building blocks for the controlled and alternate self-assembly of racemic and enantiopur metal-organic coordination polymers.