Despite many positive outcomes associated with emotion coaching, factors related to individual differences in emotion coaching have yet to be explored. The current study examined cultural differences in the role of maternal characteristics, specifically emotional awareness and emotion regulation, as determinants of emotion coaching. These findings will facilitate culturally desired emotion socialization practices leading to optimal emotional development of children. In the current study, I translated two English-based questionnaires into Chinese to assess maternal emotional awareness and emotion coaching. Next, I examined relations of reappraisal, suppression, and emotional awareness to maternal emotion coaching. I also investigated the role of maternal emotional awareness as a mediator in the relation of maternal use of reappraisal and suppression to maternal emotion coaching in both Chinese and American cultures. Participants included American (n=164) and 163 Chinese (n=163) mothers. Maternal emotional awareness was measured using subscales of Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Emotion regulation strategies were assessed using Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. To measure emotion coaching, mothers completed Parents' Beliefs about Children's Emotions questionnaire. Structural equation models were estimated to examine how maternal emotional awareness and emotion regulation related to emotion coaching. Results confirmed the reliability and validity of the Chinese questionnaires. Maternal emotion coaching did not include mothers' views about negative emotions because equivalence could not be established across Chinese and American cultures; therefore, the emotion coaching discussed in this study is different from previous research on emotion coaching that typically involves responses to negative emotions. Maternal emotional awareness was associated with their emotion coaching in both samples and the strength of the association was not different across cultures. However, relations of reappraisal and suppression to emotional awareness and emotion coaching were different across Chinese and American samples. Emotional awareness mediated the relation of reappraisal to emotion coaching only in the American sample. Additionally, emotional awareness was a mediator of the relation of suppression to emotion coaching in both samples. Overall, the findings of this study supported that maternal emotional awareness and use of emotion regulation strategies are important determinants of maternal emotion coaching in both cultures. / Ph. D.

Yes / Background: Although their eyes are pointing in different directions, people with long-standing strabismic amblyopia typically do not experience double-vision or indeed any visual symptoms arising from their condition. It is generally believed that the phenomenon of suppression plays a major role in dealing with the consequences of amblyopia and strabismus, by preventing images from the weaker/deviating eye from reaching conscious awareness. Suppression is thus a highly sophisticated coping mechanism. Although suppression has been studied for over 100 years the literature is equivocal in relation to the extent of the retina that is suppressed, though the method used to investigate suppression is crucial to the outcome. There is growing evidence that some measurement methods lead to artefactual claims that suppression exists when it does not. Methodology/Results: Here we present the results of an experiment conducted with a new method to examine the prevalence, depth and extent of suppression in ten individuals with strabismic amblyopia. Seven subjects (70%) showed no evidence whatsoever for suppression and in the three individuals who did (30%), the depth and extent of suppression was small. Conclusions: Suppression may play a much smaller role in dealing with the negative consequences of strabismic amblyopia than previously thought. Whereas recent claims of this nature have been made only in those with micro-strabismus our results show extremely limited evidence for suppression across the central visual field in strabismic amblyopes more generally. Instead of suppressing the image from the weaker/deviating eye, we suggest the visual system of individuals with strabismic amblyopia may act to maximise the possibilities for binocular co-operation. This is consistent with recent evidence from strabismic and amblyopic individuals that their binocular mechanisms are intact, and that, just as in visual normals, performance with two eyes is better than with the better eye alone in these individuals.

This program of research was designed to examine the role of thought suppression in the retrieval of autobiographical memories (ABMs). The principal theory proposed here is that thought suppression is an important mechanism in explaining certain ABM retrieval patterns relevant to trauma and self-harm. Study 1 examined the role of thought suppression as a correlate of ABM retrieval in a nonclinical student sample, and showed that higher levels of thought suppression were significantly correlated with the faster recall of negative episodic ABMs as well as the recall of fewer personal semantic memories. Study 2 used a suppression manipulation procedure designed to examine whether this was a causal relationship, and revealed that induced thought suppression directly led to a significant enhancement in the retrieval of negative episodic ABMs as well as significantly fewer overgeneral first responses to negative cues. Furthermore, the induced thought suppression also resulted in the recall of significantly fewer personal semantic memories. Together these results support the theory that thought suppression is an important factor in ABM recall. The enhanced recall of negative memories could be particularly important in individuals who are self-harming, suicidal and/or suffering from PTSD, as enhanced negative recall has previously been observed in these populations. In order to further examine how thought suppression affects ABM retrieval and whether the enhanced negative recall observed in Study 2 was a result of mood-congruent recall, Study 3 used a similar suppression manipulation paradigm to examine the effects of induced thought suppression on mood. The results suggested that the enhanced negative ABM recall was unlikely to have been a by-product of the suppression manipulation resulting in a more negative mood state. Finally, Study 4 examined the role of thought suppression and ABM recall in a clinical sample of self-harming adolescents (who also reported high levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms). The results showed that levels of thought suppression were significantly higher in the self-harmers than the control group, indicating that thought suppression is an important coping mechanism in self-harmers. Furthermore, in terms of the autobiographical memory retrieval, it was found that the self-harmers were significantly faster in their retrieval of negative episodic ABMs and recalled fewer personal semantic memories than the control group. Multiple regression analysis of the data revealed that thought suppression remained as the most important predictor of variability in negative episodic ABM retrieval and personal semantic memory retrieval, even when variability explained by symptoms of depression and PTSD was considered. This program of research extends current theories of ABM retrieval by identifying thought suppression as a cognitive mechanism that directly affects the retrieval of both episodic as well as personal semantic ABMs. The theoretical importance and clinical relevance of this program of research are discussed.

L’objectif principal de notre travail est une recherche sous forme de description analytique qui se concentre sur le champ de l’histoire juridique plutôt qu’à proprement parler dans le domaine juridique. La recherche se concentre sur la réforme de la législation siamoise influencée par la France et ses juristes sous les règnes de Rama V et Rama VI (1868-1925). C’est parce qu’au XIXe siècle, la présence des Occidentaux fut à l’origine de difficultés dans le royaume du Siam (Thaïlande), notamment le privilège d’exterritorialité. L’ancien système juridique compilé dans la Loi des trois Sceaux ne correspondait plus à la situation dans laquelle se trouvait le pays face à la présence grandissante d’étrangers y faisant par exemple du commerce. Donc,les rois Rama V et Rama VI décidèrent de réformer le droit siamois en l’occidentalisant, espérant ainsi parvenir à faire abolir le privilège exterritorial. / The main objective of our research is research in the form of analytical description that focuses on the field of legal history rather than strictly in the legal field. The research focuses on the reform of the Siamese law influenced by France and french Counsellors during the reigns of Kings Rama V and Rama VI (1868-1925). In the nineteenth century, the presence of Westerners were causing difficulties in the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand), including the privilege of extraterritoriality. The old legal system compiled in the law of the three seals no longer corresponded to the situation in which the country found itself faced with the growing presence of foreigners are making such trade. So, Kings Rama V and Rama VI decided to reform the law of the country in the Westernizing manner, hoping to reach abolish extraterritorial privileges.

The suppression of unwanted thoughts is an effortful process. An ironic effect of this process is that the unwanted thoughts can become hyper-accessibility after a period of their suppression, known as “post-suppression rebound”. In the present study the impact of providing energy (through a glucose drink) on post-suppression rebound was investigated. One hundred and twenty participants participated in the main study, and another 30 participants served as a baseline group. Half of the participants in the main study were given a drink containing glucose and the other half was given a placebo drink containing an artificial sweetener. All participants wrote a passage about a “day in the life” of a gay male, with half the participants directed to avoid using stereotypes. A subsequent lexical decision task measured activation of stereotypes. Finally, a measure of prejudice was given to account for individual differences. Neither the direction to avoid using stereotypes nor the glucose resulted in lower stereotypicality of the “day in life” passages. Furthermore, response times during the lexical decision task did not differ between any of the main conditions or the baseline condition. However, the combination of both glucose and directed suppression did result in more positive passages, suggesting that the combination assists in reducing negative stereotype usage. Results are discussed in terms of stereotype usage and suppression and prejudice level.

En tant que pratique culturelle qui, par son ampleur et son institutionnalisation, a contribué à définir la spécificité de l'engagement pédagogique, social et religieux des jésuites à l'époque moderne, le théâtre offre une perspective intéressante pour saisir les modalités d'un passage entre ce qui est parfois appelé dans l'historiographie l'« ancienne » et la « nouvelle » Compagnie de Jésus. La période de la suppression dans le contexte français (1762-1814) est intégrée à un cadre chronologique plus large qui permet de mesurer les effets de l'expulsion des collèges jésuites mais aussi et surtout les évolutions et les transformations sur la longue durée, entre France des Lumières et France post-révolutionnaire. La perspective adoptée ici s'est attachée aussi bien à décrire les enjeux et les dimensions de la pratique théâtrale jésuite au temps de la suppression et dans les établissements d'éducation jésuites sous la Restauration qu'à analyser les discours moraux et spirituels d'une part, pédagogiques et littéraires d'autre part, tenus par les jésuites et anciens jésuites sur le théâtre. Ainsi, l'intervalle de la suppression dans l'histoire du théâtre des jésuites doit-il être interprété ni comme un temps suspendu où il s'agirait de constater une simple interruption de l'activité théâtrale des jésuites, à l'exception de quelques îlots de survivance, ni comme un temps fatal inaugurant le déclin d'une pratique scolaire. Ce travail laisse alors entrevoir la réalité d'un « nouveau langage » (Michel de Certeau) qui semble-t-il s'élabore progressivement dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle et qui témoigne du fait que la « restauration » à l'identique de la Compagnie de Jésus et de sa pratique théâtrale au XIXe siècle n'est finalement qu'une illusion. / As a cultural practice which, by its extent and institutionalization, has contributed to define the specificity of the pedagogical, social and religious investing of Jesuits in the modern era, the theatre offers an interesting prospect to grasp the modalities of a transition between what is sometimes called in the historiography the “old” and the “new” Society of Jesus. The period of suppression in the French context (1762-1814) is integrated into a wider chronological frame which allows to measure the effects of the expulsion of the Jesuit colleges but also and especially the evolutions and the transformations in the long-term time, between France of the Enlightenment and post-revolutionary France. The point of view adopted here has paid a particular attention to describe the stakes and dimensions of Jesuit theatre practice at the time of suppression and in the Jesuit educational institutions under the Restoration in France and to analyze the moral and spiritual speeches of one hand, educational and literary on the other hand, deliver by the Jesuits on the theatre. Thus, the interval of the suppression in theatre history of the Jesuits must be interpreted neither as a suspended time when it would be a question of noticing a simple interruption of the theatrical activity of the Jesuits, with the exception of a few survival islets, nor as a fatal time inaugurating the decline of a school practice. This work then lets glimpse the reality of a “new language” (Michel de Certeau) which it seems develops gradually in the second half of the eighteenth century and which shows of the fact that the “restoration” of the Society of Jesus and its theatrical practice as before in the nineteenth century is finally an illusion.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism of cellular defence against exogenous double stranded RNA (dsRNA). The discovery of small dsRNA molecules which can be processed by the RNAi pathway in mammalian cells was one of the key advances in the study of functional genomics. These molecules can be designed to downregulate the expression of specific genes. Collections or libraries of dsRNA molecules targeting an extensive number of genes are now available. Using these libraries, numerous studies have implemented high-throughput screens for the study of molecular effectors of numerous phenotypes. The process of designing an RNAi screen requires the consideration of several critical factors during both the experimental and analysis phases. The experimental screen should aim to reproduce the biological phenomenon studied as closely as possible by choosing an adequate model and screening conditions. Phenotype evaluation and assessment of knockdown effects need careful consideration. The results obtained from large-scale RNAi screens are often complex. An analysis pipeline should be implemented which integrates the biological basis of the phenomenon and facilitates the interpretation of the data. This project designed and implemented an unbiased shRNA screen in two in vitro models relevant to carcinogenesis and diabetes. The first screen implemented used a model of neighbour suppression to study the molecular effectors of the response in tumorigenic cells to growth suppression cues from the surrounding tissue, a cellular interaction relevant in early tumorigenesis. The second screen studied two phenotypes relevant to diabetes: proliferation and resistance to lipotoxicity of β-cells in a reversibly immortalised  cell line. An integrative analysis pipeline was also developed to apply network biology and functional enrichment analysis methods for the interpretation of the data obtained from both screens.

La suppression des Upsilons en collisions d'ions lourdsultrarelativistes est une mesure clé pour la compréhension de l'état dela matière chaude et déconfinée appelé plasma de quarks et de gluons(PQG). Les sections efficaces des états Upsilon Y(nS) sont mesurées encollisions proton-proton et plomb-plomb à une énergie dans le centrede masse de 2.76 TeV par paires de nucléons. Les états individuelssont mesurés via leur canal de désintégration en deux muons, enutilisant le détecteur CMS au CERN. Les sections efficaces mesuréesen pp et PbPb sont comparées grâce au facteur de modification nucléaire, R_{AA}. Cette observable estcalculée pour l'Upsilon(1S) et l'Upsilon(2S) dans plusieursintervalles d'impulsion transverse, de rapidité et de centralité de lacollision. Une limite supérieure sur la production de l'Upsilon(3S)est estimée. Ces mesures montrent une suppression claire etordonnée, en accord avec l'hypothèse de fonte séquentielle desquarkonia dans le PQG. La suppression mesurée pour l'Upsilon(1S) etl'Upsilon(2S) apparaît indépendante de l'impulsion transverse et de larapidité. Des comparaisons avec les modèles phénoménologiquesdisponibles sont présentées, ne reproduisant pas totalement toutes lesobservations. Cette mesure apporte ainsi de nouvelles contraintessur la modélisation du déconfinement des quarks lourds. / Measurements of Upsilon suppression in ultrarelativistic heavy ioncollisions are key to understanding the hot and deconfined phase ofmatter called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The cross section of Upsilonstates Y(nS) are measured in proton-proton collisions and in lead-leadcollisions at the centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleonpair. Individual states are measured through their dimuon decaychannel using the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) at CERN. The crosssections measured in pp and PbPb are compared thanks to the nuclearmodification factor, R_{AA}. This observable is computed forUpsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) in several bins of transverse momentum,rapidity and centrality of the collision. An upper limit on theproduction of Upsilon(3S) in PbPb is estimated. These measurementsexhibit a clear and ordered suppression pattern, consistent with thehypothesis of sequential melting of quarkonia in the QGP. The measuredUpsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) suppressions are observed to beindependent of transverse momentum and rapidity. Comparisons withavailable phenomenological models are presented, however fail toreproduce the full set of observations. This novel measurement thusprovides new constraints on the modeling of heavy quark deconfinement.

This thesis defines the formation and consummation of Soviet Bolshevism as another imperialist force rather than its stated objective of freeing the people of the United Soviet Socialist Republics from the clutches of an inequitable elite. Through the policies and objectives of the Soviet government the workers and citizens of Ukraine and the Baltic republics were not liberated or given autonomy over their lives and labor, as Marxist-Leninism would have them believe. I review the Russification efforts found first in the Tsarist Russian Empire and then continued by Soviets in the nature of pursuing or denying cultural, political, and economic self-sufficiency.

Recent research has implicated working memory in unconscious tasks, controversially shifting the viewpoint of conscious access necessitating working memory functions (Soto, Mäntylä & Silvanto, 2011). The aim of this study was to investigate the flexibility of unconscious working memory using continuous flash suppression (CFS). Participants (n=18) completed a simple delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task. Two conditions required the matching of either objects or spatial locations. CFS was used to render stimuli invisible and the perceptual awareness scale (PAS) helped to determine subjective conscious experience. Analysis determined no significant findings in d’ or reaction times. This confirmed the null hypothesis, that there would not be an affect on working memory due to presentation of visually suppressed information. These results may have been due to a lack of effect, complexity or procedural issues. Further research is needed to elucidate these non-significant results. This is especially critical since alternative methods examining unconscious working memory have found significant results.