A fotografia ocupa um lugar significativo no universo do design gráfico. Acredita-se que a agência inglesa Hipgnosis, criada por Storm Thorgerson e Aubrey Powell, tenha dado início ao processo conhecido como fotodesign, cujo propósito é inserir a imagem fotográfica como comunicador não verbal. A abordagem da Hipgnosis no design gráfico começou a partir de ensaios fotográficos e uso de técnicas de manipulação da imagem em laboratório fotográfico, com filmes preto e branco, coloridos e infravermelho. O trabalho desenvolvido pela agência era diretamente com bandas de rock and roll do cenário Inglês e Norte Americano, a partir dos anos 1960. Este procedimento usufruiu da influência que os movimentos artísticos Dadaísmo, Surrealismo e Pop Arte apresentaram nos métodos sobre as criações das capas de discos musicais do cenário londrino nos anos 1960, e consequentemente alternativas ao design gráfico da época. Esta pesquisa qualitativa com caráter exploratório e fenomenológico visa apresentar o percurso do processo pré digital da fotografia no design gráfico como foco principal da abordagem através dos trabalhos realizados pelos designers Aubrey Powell e Storm Thorgerson, titulares da agência Hipgnosis. / Photography occupies a significant place in the universe of graphic design. It is believed that the English agency Hipgnosis, created by Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell, has initiated the process known as fotodesign, whose purpose is to insert the photographic image as non-verbal communicator. Hipgnosis\' approach to graphic design began with photographic essays and the use of image manipulation techniques in the photographic laboratory, with black and white, color and infrared films. The agency\'s work was directly with rock and roll bands from the English and North American scene from the 1960s. This procedure enjoyed the influence that the artistic movements Dadaism, Surrealism and Pop Art presented methods on the creations of the covers of musical disks of the London scene in the 1960s, and consequently alternatives to the graphic design oto the period. This qualitative exploratory and phenomenological research aims to present the course of the pre digital photography process in graphic design as the main focus of the approach through the works realized by the designers Aubrey Powell and Storm Thorgerson, head of the agency Hipgnosis.

Cette thèse apporte des éléments de description et d’analyse du registre littéraire que constitue l’humour noir. Elle s’appuie sur les réflexions développées par André Breton dans son Anthologie de l’humour noir (1966), tout en les resituant au sein des théories surréalistes et en démontrant que l’auteur construit un registre parfaitement adapté à la défense de ses opinions sur l’art et la modernité. La sélection effectuée par l’Anthologie peut alors être abordée sous un nouvel angle et étudiée d’un point de vue littéraire : l’humour noir peut ainsi être défini comme un registre bipolaire, reposant sur la confrontation entre deux tendances, l’une herméneutique et l’autre terroriste, mais qui interrogent toutes deux la valeur des discours tenus sur le monde. Les manifestations littéraires de l’humour noir peuvent ainsi être analysées, de même que les évolutions que connaît le registre à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L’humour noir gagne en effet en popularité au sein des médias et les auteurs qui vont avoir recours à ce registre vont prendre en compte sa proximité avec des genres littéraires peu légitimes. Ces évolutions du registre sont étudiées à travers les œuvres de trois auteurs : Joyce Mansour, Roland Topor et Jean-Pierre Martinet. Leurs récits reposent sur des procédés similaires qui visent dans l’ensemble à déstabiliser les schémas narratifs traditionnels. Ainsi, l’humour noir interroge le lecteur sur ses habitudes de lecture et rompt le contrat passé avec l’auteur afin de remettre en cause l’idée d’une communauté possible à travers le partage – inégal – d’une culture et d’une langue communes. L’humour noir postule ainsi l’existence d’une communauté introuvable par la littérature, au sein de récits qui revendiquent leur illégitimité. / This dissertation offers new elements for the description and the analysis of the literary register that is dark humour. It is based on the considerations that André Breton developed in his Anthologie de l’humour noir (1966), and at the same time, it replaces them within the surrealist theories, in order to demonstrate that the author creates a register perfectly suited to the defence of his opinions about art and Modernity. The selection that is made in the Anthologie can henceforth be approached with a fresh eye and analyzed from a literary point of view : dark humour would then be defined as a bipolar register, built on a confrontation between two tendencies, a hermeneutic one and a terrorist one, but which both question the value of the speeches that pretend to represent reality. The literary features of dark humour can thus be analyzed, as well as its evolutions after the Second World War. Indeed, at that time, dark humour becomes more popular in the media, and the authors who use it take into account its acquaintances with literary genres that lack legitimacy. The evolutions of the register are studied through the work of three writers : Joyce Mansour, Roland Topor and Jean-Pierre Martinet. Their narratives follow similar patterns which, on the whole, aim to dismantle the traditional narrative schemes. Thus, dark humour questions the reader about his reading habits and breaks the contract entered into with the author, in order to call into question the possibility of a community unified by the – unequal – share of a common culture and language. Dark humour thereby postulates the existence of a community that cannot be found by literature, within narratives that claim their illegitimacy.

No ano de 1934, o artista alemão Max Ernst lança em Paris um peculiar conjunto de fascículos intitulado Uma Semana de Bondade ou os Sete Elementos Capitais. Trata-se, segundo o próprio artista, de um romance de colagens. A obra, que fora pensada e produzida por Ernst durante férias na Itália, consiste de 182 colagens feitas a partir da combinação de figuras provenientes de romances folhetinescos do século XIX e de enciclopédias do mesmo período. Em cada uma dessas colagens, há cenas de violência e horror, praticadas por seres estranhos, meio humanos, meio animais. Fora a estranheza já naturalmente causada pelas colagens, é curioso notar o fato de que a obra se apresenta como um romance, tanto na denominação dada pelo autor, quanto pela forma na qual foi lançado, inicialmente por meio de cadernos periódicos, à moda dos folhetins, e posteriormente na forma de um grande volume. Este trabalho procura analisar como duas características caras ao romance se configuram nesta obra de Ernst. São elas a narratividade e os personagens. Para tanto, o trabalho faz uma revisão do movimento surrealista, apresentando a colagem de Max Ernst e a análise da narratividade e dos personagens em Uma Semana de Bondade. / In 1934, the German artist Max Ernst launches in Paris a peculiar set of fascicles entitled A Week of Kindness or the Seven Deadly Elements. It is, according to the artist himself, a \"collage-novel\". The work, which was conceived and produced by Ernst during a holiday in Italy, is consisted of 182 collages made from the combination of pictures from nineteenth-century kitsch novels and encyclopedias of the same period. In each of these collages, there are scenes of violence and horror, practiced by strange beings, half human, half animals. Apart from the strangeness already caused by the collages themselves, it is curious to note the fact that the work presents itself as a novel, in the denomination given by the author and also in the form in which it was launched, initially by means of periodical fascicles, in the style of serial novels, and later in the form of a large volume. This work tries to analyze how two characteristics of the novel are configured in this Ernst\'s work: narrativity and characters. In order to do this, the surrealist movement is reviewed, presenting the collage of Max Ernst and the analysis of narrativity and characters in A Week of Kindness.

O presente trabalho pretende analisar como o diálogo existente entre a ficção de Almeida Faria e os desenhos de Mário Botas, na obra O Conquistador (1990), opera a dinamização do mito sebástico através da reconstrução do homem comum português. A abordagem do tema será realizada através do estudo de alguns conceitos do grotesco que esclarecem o posicionamento ideológico dos artistas com relação às expectativas míticas do povo lusitano, a partir da crise identitária desencadeada pelos ventos revolucionários dos anos setenta. A fundamentação teórica tem como base a teoria de Bakhtin sobre a carnavalização e o realismo grotesco. Far-se-á também uma comparação de elementos surrealistas entre a escrita de Almeida Faria e as ilustrações de Mário Botas. / This project intends to demonstrate the reconstruction of the ordinary Portuguese man through the analysis of O Conquistador (1990) by Almeida Faria, a Lusitanian writer and through the drawings of Mario Botas, who is also Lusitanian. The subject will be approached through the study of some concepts of the grotesque. The theoretical justification is based on Bakhtins theory about the carnavalization and the grotesque realism. There will also be a comparison of the surreal elements between the written work of Almeida Faria and the illustrations of Mario Botas.

A dissertação analisa a trajetória da Internacional Situacionista durante o período de sua existência, de 1957 até 1972, salientando as ressonâncias dos ideários das vanguardas do Futurismo, Dadaísmo e Surrealismo, no ideário da I.S.. Sua importância está vinculada a reinvenção do espaço público como lugar de criação cultural e ação política, além do fato de serem recorrentes na arte contemporânea as ideias de obra coletiva, participação, construção efêmera e de evento, que nos remete as ações da I.S. e dos movimentos citados. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar e compreender a ideia de situação construída, a qual era o propósito fundamental dos situacionistas. Nessa abordagem revelamos as origens da ideia de situação construída e como ela é fruto da revisão crítica que a I.S. faz das experiências e conceitos das vanguardas analisadas. A metodologia utilizada examina de forma comparativa os textos produzidos pela I.S. com os do Futurismo, Dadaísmo e Surrealismo, contrapondo suas ideias no campo da arte, cultura, política e meios de ação nos espaços urbanos. A leitura dos textos primários, obras de \"arte\" e jornais situacionistas formam a base da análise. Os textos pré-situacionistas assim como os textos referentes às vanguardas analisadas, indicam a arqueologia do pensamento situacionista, expondo as suas diferenças e aproximações fundamentais entre os movimentos. Enquanto os textos secundários, análise de historiadores e comentadores da I.S., expandem o universo situacionista no contexto das décadas de 50, 60 e 70, auxiliando na compreensão de suas teorias, julgamentos e ações. / The dissertation analyzes the history of the Situationist International (S.I.) during its existence from 1957 until 1972, emphasizing the resonances of the ideals of the vanguards of Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism, the ideals of S.I.. Its importance is linked to the reinvention of public space as a place of cultural and political action. Besides the fact they are recurrent in contemporary art, the ideas of collective work, participation, construction and ephemeral event, which brings us the action of S.I. and movements mentioned. The objective of this research is to analyze and understand the idea of constructed situation, which was the fundamental purpose of the Situationists. In this approach reveal the origins of the idea of constructed situation and how it is the result of the critical of the S.I. makes the experiences and concepts of the vanguards analyzed. The methodology examines in a comparative way the texts produced by S.I. with Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism, opposing ideas in art, culture, politics and means of action in urban areas. The reading of primary texts, works of \"art\" Situationist and newspapers form the basis of the analysis. The pre-situationist texts as well as texts concerning vanguards analyzed, indicate the archeology of Situationist thought giving the fundamental differences and similarities between the movements. While the secondary texts, analysis of historians and commentators of the S.I., situationist expand the universe in the context of the 50, 60 and 70, assisting in the understanding of his theories, judgments and actions.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os diversos modos pelos quais o movimento surrealista foi percebido por artistas e escritores modernistas, entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940. Parte-se inicialmente da apresentação e discussão de documentos e bibliografia a respeito do discurso surrealista sobre arte e sua importância no contexto do movimento. Em seguida, com base em uma seleção de obras de artistas nacionais (Tarsila do Amaral, Cícero Dias, Ismael Nery, Jorge de Lima e Flávio de Carvalho), assim como de um conjunto de documentos (artigos, cartas, manifestos) produzidos no Brasil no período abordado, são analisadas as aproximações e distanciamentos entre os movimentos brasileiro e francês. Procurando evitar tanto um cotejamento mecânico, quanto a rotulação das obras analisadas como \"surrealistas\", empreende-se essa análise sem deixar de se discutir a inserção de cada artista no contexto dos debates artísticos e intelectuais nacionais do período. A partir dessa perspectiva metodológica, é possível observar como o eventual interesse de cada um pelo surrealismo surge mediado por outros, ligados àqueles debates. Desse modo, busca-se salientar a singularidade desse interesse e da forma objetiva que assumiu na produção de cada artista. / This work intends to survey the different ways by which the surrealist movement was perceived by Brazilian modernist artists and writers, between the 1920s and 1940s. It starts with a presentation and discussion of documents and bibliography about the surrealist discourse on art and its relevance in the context of the movement. Afterwards, based on a selection of works by five Brazilian artists (Tarsila do Amaral, Cícero Dias, Ismael Nery, Jorge de Lima and Flávio de Carvalho) together with a set of documents (articles, letters, manifestoes) produced in Brazil during the period studied, it analyses the approaches and detachments between the Brazilian and French movements. In order to avoid either a simplistic confrontation or labeling the works discussed \"surrealists\", the analysis is made without putting aside a discussion about the insertion of each artist in the context of artistic and intellectual local debates in the period. From this methodological perspective, it is possible to observe how the potential interest in the surrealism expressed by each artist appears mediated by other interests, affined to those debates. Thereby it underlines the singularity of that interest and the objective form it has assumed in the production of each artist

Le groupe surréaliste s'est livré, dès son éclosion, à un travail critique sans cesse développé au cours de l'entre-deux-guerres. La thèse se fonde sur un corpus de plus de 500 textes publiés par les poètes surréalistes entre 1917 et 1939. A vocation critique et de formes diverses, ces textes répondent à la qualification éditoriale actuelle d'écrits sur l'art. Ce corpus méritait d'être réuni et analysé davantage que pour la dimension subversive ou fantaisiste pour laquelle ils étaient considérés jusqu'à présent. La thèse identifie et analyse les enjeux que ces écrits ont représenté dans l'histoire du mouvement surréaliste notamment au moment crucial de son émergence. / From its birth, the surrealist group is engaged in a critical practice constantly developed during the interwar years. The thesis is based on a corpus of more than 500 texts published by surrealist poets between 1917 and 1939. With their critical vocation and their diverse forms, these texts can be called by the current editorial qualification of writings on art. This corpus deserved to be combined and analyzed for more than the subversive or imaginative dimension for which they were considered up to now. The thesis identifies and analyzes the stakes that these writings represented in the history of the surrealist movement in particular at the crucial moment of its emergence.

O presente trabalho pretende analisar como o diálogo existente entre a ficção de Almeida Faria e os desenhos de Mário Botas, na obra O Conquistador (1990), opera a dinamização do mito sebástico através da reconstrução do homem comum português. A abordagem do tema será realizada através do estudo de alguns conceitos do grotesco que esclarecem o posicionamento ideológico dos artistas com relação às expectativas míticas do povo lusitano, a partir da crise identitária desencadeada pelos ventos revolucionários dos anos setenta. A fundamentação teórica tem como base a teoria de Bakhtin sobre a carnavalização e o realismo grotesco. Far-se-á também uma comparação de elementos surrealistas entre a escrita de Almeida Faria e as ilustrações de Mário Botas. / This project intends to demonstrate the reconstruction of the ordinary Portuguese man through the analysis of O Conquistador (1990) by Almeida Faria, a Lusitanian writer and through the drawings of Mario Botas, who is also Lusitanian. The subject will be approached through the study of some concepts of the grotesque. The theoretical justification is based on Bakhtins theory about the carnavalization and the grotesque realism. There will also be a comparison of the surreal elements between the written work of Almeida Faria and the illustrations of Mario Botas.

Centrée sur la matérialité de la contrainte littéraire en tant que programme heuristique, cette thèse propose une analyse de cinq thèmes majeurs de La Disparition de Georges Perec : celui du travail « artisanal » régi par des règles conscientes, s’opposant aux explorations dadaïstes et surréalistes du hasard ou de l’inconscient ; celui de la dignité accordée au ludique, voire au « gratuit », dans le droit fil de la pensée pataphysique ; l’introduction volontaire d’erreurs dans l’application de la contrainte, autrement dit du « clinamen », dont il n’est pas juste de faire remonter l’origine, ainsi qu’on le dit souvent, à La Vie mode d’emploi ; la genèse de La Disparition, éclairant l’élaboration lipogrammatique à partir de l’écriture de soi ; l’application « sociologique » de la contrainte, enfin, dont la fonction heuristique se réoriente vers l’exploration du monde, dans le cadre de nouvelles tentatives de Perec étroitement liées aux recherches alphabétiques du roman sans e. Nous établirons ainsi une comparaison entre La Disparition et d’autres œuvres ou projets perecquiens, et introduirons une perspective historique fondée sur une réflexion sur plusieurs mouvements d’avant-garde du vingtième-siècle (Dada, Surréalisme, Internationale Situationniste, Tel Quel, etc.), pour démontrer l’originalité de ce roman fondé sur les principes de l’Oulipo / Focusing on materiality of literary constraint as a heuristic program, the following dissertation offers an analysis of five major themes of Georges Perec’s A Void: the notion of “craftsmanship” governed by conscious rules, as opposed to Dadaist and surrealist explorations of chance or of the unconscious; the dignity granted to playfulness, even to “gratuitousness”, in line with pataphysical thought; the voluntary introduction of errors in the application of constraints, in other words the “clinamen”, whose origin is often mistakenly located in Life A User’s Manual; the genesis of A Void, whose study will shed new light on the link between lipogrammatic constraint and the writing of the self; lastly, the “sociological” application of constraint, whose heuristic function is reoriented towards the exploration of the world, in the context of Perec’s later experiments, which derive from the alphabetical structure of the novel without e. In this way, we will compare A Void with other Perecquian works and projects and introduce a historical perspective based on a reflection on several avant-garde movements of the twentieth century (Dada, Surrealism, Situationist International, Tel Quel, etc.), in order to demonstrate the radical originality of this novel based on the principles of the Oulipo

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude en regard l’une de l’autre des œuvres picturales et littéraires de deux artistes nées en Europe, qui fréquentèrent les cercles surréalistes parisiens dans les années 30 avant de s’exiler au Mexique durant la seconde guerre mondiale : Remedios Varo (1908-1963) et Leonora Carrington (1917-2011). Il s’agit de rechercher les points de convergence et les divergences entre les processus créatifs des deux artistes, de faire dialoguer leurs œuvres et d’interroger leurs points de collaboration créative, en se centrant sur la question des images. L’approche proposée dans ce travail est tout à la fois comparative et pluridisciplinaire, puisqu’elle s’élabore au croisement de l’histoire de l’art, de l’analyse littéraire, de l’analyse picturale et de la civilisation.Le concept d’image, dont la délimitation fait l’objet du préambule, est entendu dans quasiment toutes ses acceptions – depuis l’image picturale et l’image verbale jusqu’à l’image mentale, dont l’image onirique – et est conçu comme lieu d’intersection par excellence.La première partie de ce travail explore la question de la fabrique des images ou, pour utiliser une métaphore empruntée au langage alchimique, du laboratoire des images. Le chapitre 1 présente et théorise l’image surréaliste afin de démontrer la manière dont les deux créatrices ont su s’approprier l’« esprit » du surréalisme, invitation à une remise en cause du monde visible, pour mieux le dépasser à travers l’élaboration de « modèles de monde », en analogie avec certains processus alchimiques et occultistes. Le chapitre 2 envisage pour sa part l’exil non pas seulement comme un contexte historique et culturel ayant donné lieu à de profondes dynamiques d’influences mutuelles, mais comme une notion pivot permettant d’appréhender les phénomènes de réappropriations, d’hybridations, de transfusions créatives ou de transgressions à l’œuvre dans leurs productions.La seconde partie approfondit la mise en regard des images des deux artistes suivant un mouvement dialectique unissant images-reflets et images-distorsions. Le chapitre 3 entreprend l’analyse des autoreprésentations féminines et s’attache à mettre en évidence la façon dont celles-ci défient les images du féminin élaborées par les créateurs surréalistes masculins ; les notions de déguisement, de travestissement et de mascarade sont examinées et présentées comme inséparables de la quête de soi. Le chapitre 4, enfin, s’intéresse aux « miroirs de la relation » et à la « relation aux miroirs » des deux artistes. Dans un premier temps sont abordées les représentations de l’amitié créative unissant les deux artistes dans leur œuvre, notamment écrite, et les mécanismes de fictionnalisation qui les soutiennent. Les jeux de miroirs qu’ont disposés entre leurs images les deux femmes en écrivant à quatre mains sont ensuite analysés, ainsi que le motif pictural du miroir, lequel peut être considéré comme un emblème de la démarche créative de Remedios Varo et de Leonora Carrington, objet symbolique et magique plus que dispositif spéculaire. / This PhD dissertation focuses on a literary and pictorial comparative analysis of European-born artists Remedios Varo (1908-1963) and Leonora Carrington (1917-2011) who, in the 1930s, participated in the Surrealist group in Paris and then went into exile in Mexico during World War II. The purpose of this study is to identify points of convergence and divergence in the creative process of these two artists. Equally important, this thesis will endeavor to enable a dialogue between their artworks and to examine their creative collaboration while focusing on the concept of images. The standpoint of this dissertation is at the same time comparative and multidisciplinary, for it is formulated at the junction of art history, literary analysis, pictorial analysis, and history.The notion of image, the conceptual contours of which are explained in the preamble 2 is to be understood in almost all of its significations – from pictorial and verbal image to mind-made image, in which oneiric image is to be included – and is seen as a conceptual intersection point par excellence.The first part of this study questions the construction of images or, using a metaphor borrowed from the alchemical language, the image laboratory. Chapter 1 introduces and theorizes the notion of surrealist image in order to reveal the ways in which both artists integrated into their works the surrealist state of mind, being an invitation to question the visible world, and went beyond it through the elaboration of “world models”, by analogy with specific alchemical and occultist processes. Chapter 2 not only considers exile as a historical and cultural context that gave way to profound mutual and dynamic influences, but also as a pivotal notion that enables to comprehend, in their productions, phenomena of reappropriation, hybridization, creative transfusion and transgression.The second part delves deeper into the comparison of images realized by both artists – an analysis that follows a dialectical pattern that combines the concepts of image-reflections and image-distortions. Chapter 3 analyzes female self-representations and is dedicated to reveal the way in which these representations challenge the images of the feminine as elaborated by male surrealist creators. Notions of transvestism and masquerade are examined and presented as inseparable from the quest to self-discovery.Finally, Chapter 4 pays attention to both artists’ “mirrors of relation” and “relation to mirrors”. On the one hand, this analysis addresses the creative friendship that unites both artists in their work, more specifically in their written expression, and the mechanisms of fictionalization pertaining to it. The mirror effects that are at play in the images of both artists who created fourhanded works and the pictorial motif of the mirror are also focused on in this research. Indeed, the mirror may be considered as an emblem of Remedios Varo’s and Leonora Carrington’s creative approach, not only as a specular tool but also and more importantly, as an object of symbolism and magic.