La présente étude a pour objet d’examiner les écrits d’André Breton sur l’art et d’éclairer l’importance des recherches opérées sur l’image dans les principales questions abordées par l’écrivain entre les premières années de sa carrière et la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale. Si le surréalisme a commencé comme un mouvement littéraire, il va de soi que les arts plastiques n’ont pas tardé à y occuper une place essentielle. De toute évidence, les succès du surréalisme en matière d’art plastique sont encouragés par la passion vive et constante de Breton lui-même en ce domaine. Les œuvres d’art ont souvent été pour Breton autant d’occasions d’écriture. Une part de ces textes est généralement considérée comme relevant de la critique d’art. Cependant les réflexions de l’écrivain sur l’art ne se limitent pas au genre critique. Certains essais et les récits autobiographiques rendent compte d’événements étonnants suscités par les œuvres d’art. La question artistique peut en outre prendre la place principale dans les textes argumentatifs et théoriques.Les écrits de Breton peuvent être situés dans la grande filiation de la modernité poétique, de Baudelaire à des contemporains comme Jacques Dupin ou Bernard Noël. Ces textes mettent en jeu le rapprochement et la concurrence entre poésie et peinture. Le propos de l’écrivain ne vise pourtant pas à accorder la supériorité à l’expression verbale plutôt qu’à la représentation visuelle ou vice-versa, mais à faire remarquer l’entrelacement du langage et de l’image. Breton s’efforce en outre de mettre à profit l’entrecroisement hiérographique de l’écriture et de l’image. Loin de chercher à dégager une conception cohérente de l’écrivain concernant les arts plastiques, notre analyse s’efforce de montrer comment les images visuelles ont au contraire pour objet de déstabiliser l’écriture de Breton et de la remettre en cause. Dans la première partie, nous nous pencherons sur les réflexions de Breton sur l’art au cours des années 1920, dont le développement traverse les frontières génériques des textes. Dans la partie suivante, nous constaterons qu’une place plus importante est accordée dans les années 1930 aux recherches sur les représentations visuelles, qui concernent alors directement les préoccupations principales de l’écrivain : le problème porte sur le désir inconscient, sa révélation et sa réalisation. Tandis que les tableaux sont susceptibles de mettre en place un nœud entre réalité et rêverie, l’ « objet surréaliste » consiste à déplacer sans cesse la frontière de ceux-ci. La dernière partie sera consacrée à l’apport des représentations visuelles dans la conception du « mythe surréaliste », qui occupe la place principale dans les préoccupations du groupe aux cours des années 1940. Le recours aux produits de l’imaginaire collectif n’empêche pas de profiter du caractère polyphonique des images pour en révéler le caractère mystificateur. En suivant ainsi l’évolution des recherches de Breton sur l’art plastique dans l’ordre chronologique, nos analyses voudront montrer que l’activité de Breton autour de l’art visuel entretenaient un rapport étroit avec l’écriture. L’intérêt conjoint pour les arts plastiques et pour la poésie n’aboutit pas à proclamer la suprématie de l’une sur les autres, encore moins à prétendre à la fusion des deux domaines. Inséparable de l’écriture, mais toujours en dehors ou plutôt en marge de celle-ci, les représentations visuelles ont pour effet de remettre les écrits en question en perturbant la lecture. Or, un tel décalage suppose incontestablement la participation du lecteur-spectateur qui, dans son embarras devant cette double incohérence, est convié à se mêler au jeu des textes et des images. L’écrivain s’efforce ainsi d’inviter le lecteur-spectateur à l’intérieur des champs surréalistes, en lui proposant de vivre la même expérience que lui. / The purpose of this study is to examine the writings of Andre Breton on the arts between the first years of his career and the end of The Second World War. If Surrealism began as a movement of literature, it goes without saying that arts have occupied an essential place in this group. Obviously, the success of the surrealism in the field of art is encouraged by the passion of Breton in this area. The art works inspired Breton to write many texts. A part of these texts is generally regarded as “art critic”. However the reflections of the writer on the art is not confined to this genre. Some essays and autobiographical stories tell episodes created by the art works. In addition, the artistic question may take the main place in the argumentative and theoretical texts.The writings of Breton may be located in the filiation of the modern poetry, from Baudelaire to contemporary poets as Jacques Dupin or Bernard Noël. These texts discuss the competitive relation between poetry and painting. The texts of Breton don’t try to give the superiority to the verbal expression rather than to the visual representation or vice versa, but to point out the interlacing of language and image. Far from seeking to find a coherent concept of the writer concerning the field of art, our analysis tries to show how the visual images have influence on the writing of Breton. In the first part, we will focus on the reflections of Breton on the art in the 1920s, the development of which crossed the borders of genres of texts. In the next part, we will find that a more important place is given in the 1930s to research on the visual representations, which then relate directly the main concerns of the writer : unconscious desire, its revelation and realization. The last part will be devoted to the contribution of visual representations in the “myth of Surrealism”, which occupied the important place in the concerns of the group during the 1940s. Following the evolution of Breton’s reflections on the plastic art in chronological order, our analysis will show that the activity of Breton around the visual art had a close relationship with his writing. The interest both for the plastic arts and for the poetry does not lead to proclaim the supremacy of one over the other, still less to pretend to the fusion of the two areas. Inseparable from the writing, but always outside or rather at the margin of the wrigting, the visual representations have the effect of putting the writings in question. However, such a discrepancy between texts and images implies the participation of the reader-spectator who, is invited to magnetic field of the Surrealism.

O presente trabalho é uma escolha, entre muitos caminhos, de uma pesquisa iniciada no Curso de Mestrado. A dissertação, defendida em 2000, na FFLCH, USP, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Maria Lúcia Pimentel de Sampaio Góes, recebeu o título de O REINO VEGETAL E O IMAGINÁRIO: comparação entre mitos do Leste do Mediterrâneo, narrativas indígenas brasileiras e textos literários da Cultura Ocidental Européia, (ênfase a Portugal e Brasil). O caminho escolhido, agora, é detectar a influência dos vegetais na criação poética de Manoel de Barros. Voltados para o mundo das plantas, recortando poemas fitomórficos, relacionados aos vegetais do referido autor, comparando-os com textos visuais e verbais, observaremos possíveis semelhanças e ou diferenças Autores de Portugal, Brasil e África estarão presentes, com textos poéticos. O trabalho está estruturado em dois grupos de comparações: 1 autores brasileiros, portugueses e africanos de língua portuguesa. Escolhemos criações de autores como Cecília Meireles, Murilo Mendes, Lúcia Pimentel Góes, Fernando Pessoa, Herberto Hélder, Ruy Cinatti, Rui Knopfli, João Melo e outros. 2 textos visuais de Arcimboldo, pintor italiano, Van Gogh, holandês, René Magritte, belga e Frida Khalo, mexicana. Seguindo a Dissertação defendida em 2000, nosso trabalho está apoiado em três centros de interesse, seguindo as principais tendências observadas por Mircea Eliade1, em seus estudos sobre os mitos relacionados aos vegetais de diversos povos: a) A identificação da árvore com o cosmos b) A identificação da árvore com o homem c) A nostalgia do paraíso Esses centros de interesse aparecem entrelaçados de modo plural. Além disso, estarão mesclados em nossa pesquisa, os elementos: Terra, Ar, Fogo e Água, envolvendo os três níveis cósmicos: Mundo Subterrâneo, Mundo Terrestre e Mundo Celeste. / The current thesis is a choice, among many roads, of a research initiated during the Master´s course. The M.A.´s dissertation, defended in 2000, is the Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences, at the Universidade de São Paulo, under the supervision of Professor Dr. Maria Lúcia Pimentel de Sampaio Góes, was entitled O Reino Vegetal e o Imaginário: comparação entre mitos do Leste do Mediterrâneo, narrativas indígenas brasileiras e textos literários da Cultura Ocidental Européia (ênfase em Portugal e Brasil). The chosen path this time has been the detection of the influence of vegetals in Manoel de Barros´s poetic creation. Through the observation of the world of plants, the depiction of Manoel de Barros´s phitomorphic poems, related to vegetals and the comparasion to visual and verbal texts, we shall focus on possible similarities and or differences. This work is structured in two comparative groups: 1 Brazilian, Portuguese and African of the Portuguese language authors. We have chosen works by authors such as Cecília Meireles, Murilo Mendes, Lúcia Pimentel Góes, Caetano Veloso, Fernando Pessoa, Herberto Hélder, Ruy Cinatti, Rui Knopfli, João Melo and others. 2 Visual texts by Arcimboldo, Italian painter, Van Gogh, Dutch, René Magritte, Belgian and Frida Khalo, Mexican. According to the 2000 Master´s dissertation, this work has its basis upon three centers of interest, which follow the main tendencies that appear in Mircea Eliade´s studies on myths related to diverse peoples ´ vegetals: a) The identification of trees to the cosmos. b) The identification of trees to men. c) Paradise´s nostalgia. These centres of interest are plurally intertwined. Moreover, they are here mixed with such elements as Earth, Air, Fire and Water, involving the three cosmic levels: the Subterranean, Terrestrial and Celestial worlds.

Essa dissertação apresenta mais uma aventura de Alice atravessando mais de um século de diálogos e figuras (e de que serve um livro sem figuras e nem diálogos, pensou Alice) com foco no surrealismo. A viagem parte do passeio de barco quando a estória de Alice foi contada pela primeira vez, chegando até as viagens da menina pela webland no mundo contemporâneo. As ilustrações de Lewis Carroll e John Tenniel apresentam a menina vitoriana, contrapondo às influências românticas e pré-rafaelitas de Carroll, à caricatura e às intertextualidades que cruzam às ilustrações de John Tenniel. Num Segundo momento a menina salta do livro de estórias infantis para o livro de imagens poéticas, viajando por um labirinto aonde encontra diversas Alices surrealistas. A femme enfant, a colagem, a imagem poética, a metamorfose, o objeto surrealista e o maravilhoso são os caminhos percorridos nessa aventura. Num terceiro momento Alice viaja pelo mundo contemporâneo aonde a ilustração ganha contornos mais complexos e desafiadores. Arte e ilustração se cruzam nas trilhas da menina de muitas faces. / This dissertation presents another adventure of Alice through more than a century of pictures and conversations (and what is the use of a book without pictures and conversations?, thought Alice to herself). The travel departs from the boat trip where the story of Alice was first told, arriving to the adventures of the girl in the web-land in contemporary world. The illustrations by John Tenniel and Lewis Carroll present the Victorian Alice, contrasting Carroll\'s influences of romanticism and pre-Raphaelism with the caricatures and intertextual procedures of John Tenniel\' illustrations. In a second moment the girl jumps from the book of children\'s stories to the book of poetic images, traveling through a maze where she will find several surreal Alices. Femme enfants, collages, poetic images, metamorphosis, surreal objects and the marvelous are paths crossed in this adventure. In the third part Alice travels in the contemporary world where illustration gets more complex and challenging contours. Art and illustration are on the trail of the girl of many faces.

Cette étude se situe dans le contexte des échanges culturels franco-chinois qui se produisent à Shanghai pendant les années vingt et trente et à Taïwan pendant les années cinquante et soixante. Nous nous proposons d’interroger la quête poétique — la quête de la métamorphose — à laquelle s’adonnent, avec l’aide du symbolisme ou du surréalisme, des poètes chinois sur un fond de conflits intellectuels, idéologiques et militaires. Ces écoles françaises sont intimement liées au destin personnel de ces poètes qui se voient à la merci de celui de leur pays. Aussi munis des ailes symbolistes ou surréalistes, ils ne peuvent échapper à une réalité pénétrée par la politique. Le fond historique et culturel en question renvoie à un cadre de référence structuré par les six principaux groupes d’écrivains qui contribuent à l’échange poétique franco-chinois et qui sont inévitablement impliqués dans la politique : la “Société d’études littéraires”, “Création”, l’école “Le croissant” et l’école “Moderne” à Shanghai durant les années vingt et trente ; l’“École moderne” et “Genèse” à Taïwan durant les années cinquante et soixante. C’est dans ce cadre que nous discutons, sur la base d’une analyse textuelle, de la réception du symbolisme à Shanghai et de celle du surréalisme à Taïwan. / Situated in the context of the Franco-Chinese cultural intercourse which happens in the Shanghai of the 20s and the 30s and in the Taiwan of the 50s and the 60s, this study aims to discuss the poetic quest — the quest of metamorphosis — to which some Chinese poets devote themselves by referring to symbolism or surrealism, a quest which takes place against a background of intellectual, ideological, and military conflits. These French literary schools are intimately linked with the fate of these poets at the mercy of the fate of their country. No matter how well they are equipped with symbolist or surrealist wings, they cannot escape from the reality of an age penetrated by politics. The historical and cultural background in question has to do with the frame of reference constituted by the six principal groups of writers reputed for their contributions to Franco-Chinese poetic intercourse : “Society of literary studies”, “Creation”, the school “New Moon”, and the school “Modern” in Shanghai during the 20s and the 30s; “Modern School” and “Genesis” in Taiwan during the 50s and the 60s. They are all involved in politics. It is within this frame of reference that we approach the subject of the reception of symbolism in Shanghai and that of the reception of surrealism in Taiwan on the basis of a textual analysis.

Journaliste, poète et essayiste dont l’écriture s’est cadencée sur la révolte, Georges Henein, fils du Caire de l’entre- deux-guerres, a tenté de redéfinir Dieu afin de reconquérir son statut d’homme. Affilié au mouvement surréaliste par le biais de la Fédération Internationale pour un Art Révolutionnaire Indépendant de Trotski et Breton, Henein a fait de l’écriture son alliée, seule capable d’effleurer ce qu’il reste de pur en ce monde. Auteur de théories péremptoires aiguisées à l’aphorisme convaincant, il a donné à son écriture des reflets nihilistes, dans un refus du monde organisé autour du réel. Or, après l’étude de son corpus balisant une période de quarante ans, il est apparu une dimension cachée en filigrane, presque codée, disséminée à fleur d’énigmes. Traduisant le désir de repenser le sacré dans un lien qui unirait l’être à lui-même, Henein a livré une poétique transgénérique destinée à l’exploration de la conscience. Se reposant sur uneterminologie spirituelle réinvestie dans une colère sourde, l’auteur a passé au crible chaque ennemi de la pensée, laissant au lecteur l’appréciation d’un pacte avec l’impossible / Journalist, poet, essay-writer whose writing has paced itself on rebellion, Georges Henein, son of Cairo between the two wars, has tried to redefine his status as a man. Affiliated to the surrealist movement through Trotski and Breton's "Fédération Internationale pour un Art Révolutionnaire", Henein has made writing his ally, the only one able to touch what is still pure in this world. As a writer of assertive sharp theories, with convincing aphorisms, he has given his writing some nihilistic aspects, in a refusal of the world organized around the real. Yet, after the study of his 40-yearsrange corpus, a hidden dimension appears, almost coded, spread here and there through enigmas. Translating the desire to rethink the sacred into something that would link the being to itself, Henein offered a transgeneric poetics meant to explore the consciousness. Relying on a spiritual terminology reinvested in a deaf anger, the writer examined all enemies of the thought, leaving the reader appreciate a pact with the impossible

Den här uppsatsen behandlar Maja Lundgrens Pompeji (2001). Uppsatsen undersöker dels arvet i romanen från den surrealistiska traditionen, ger en kort historik över surrealismen och visar vilka drag från den som finns i romanen. Uppsatsen undersöker också romanens relation till den historiska romangenren samt ger en överblick över genren. Det klargörs också hur man bör förstå surrealismen och den historiska romanen i konjunktion med varandra. Med denna förståelse av romanen undersöks sedan hur historieskrivning görs i romanen. Detta både genom att se till genomgående generella drag i romanen samt nedslag i specifika sektioner som är representativa för romanen i stort. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att den surrealistiska tekniken ger upphov till en historieskrivning som karaktäriseras av holism och demokratisering, en syn på historien som yrkar på alltings lika vikt för förståelse av historien.

My dissertation examines the role played by the surrealist object in the avant-garde strategies of the French surrealist group, in the difficult political circumstances of the 1930s. In my reading, the surrealist object is located in a critical relation to modern art; it depends on the invention of collage for its own realization, but it also attempts to supersede modernism through an act of desublimation, the return of art to its sexual origins. A n understanding of this critical relation is established through Peter Burger's Theory of the Avant-Garde, through the use of psychoanalytic theory, and through an understanding of the difference between Kantian and Hegelian aesthetics. The object's invention in 1931 is then related to the cultural debates occurring on the revolutionary left in France and the Soviet Union. The surrealists wish to achieve an alliance with the Parti Communiste Francais, but avoid the politicization of the cultural field undertaken by the Communists in both countries. They answer the demand for the politicization of art with the supersession of art, for which the object provides a model. In the 1930s, the surrealists develop the notion of a revolutionary science that would forge a relation between action and interpretation. They attempt to indicate such a relation in a number of experimental texts, taking unconscious thought as the object of their investigation. As a central category of their reflection in this period, the surrealist objects are often given as extra-aesthetic examples of such thought in physical form. The rise of the Popular Front and the move of the P.C.F. towards a reformist politics presented a crisis for the surrealist movement. A number of surrealists, like Tristan Tzara, Rene Char and Roger Caillois, split with their group in order to work with the Popular Front, while the larger part of the surrealist group broke with the P.C.F. and the Soviet Union. The break with Stalinism led the surrealists to the point of an alliance with the modern art they had once claimed to supersede; from now on, interpretation would be preserved, at the expense of action. The surrealist object, which had exemplified the relation between action and interpretation, begins to recede from view after 1936, as the avant-garde project that had brought it into being became increasingly difficult to sustain. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

GHOST-JET is a collection of poems rooted in the lyrical tradition, often juxtaposing images of the natural world--the human body, insects, the Florida terrain--against images of surrealism--ethereal spirits, monsters, dreamscapes--in order to create metaphorical leaps of the imagination. In these poems there is the world as we know it and the world on the peripheral--zombies and babies turning into crocodiles, portraying the anxieties of the contemporary world we face as parents, children, and citizens. Written primarily in free verse, the collection also contains more traditional forms: pantoum, sestina, and haiku. There are no section breaks in this collection. Instead, the poems alternate between the personal and the political; between the particular fears of parenting and the more abstract fears in a new, post-September 11th America; between the violence perpetuated by family members and violence committed by the unknown, faceless aggressors in the world around us.

Les écritures et représentations surréalistes offrent, à partir de 1919, des visions nouvelles de la réalité, tributaires d’un ressenti original. S’éloignant de l’académisme et de l’imitation, celles-ci explorent l’inconscient, ouvert par le champ psychanalytique freudien, afin de tenter de cerner les pensées cachées. Le résultat des expérimentations et des jeux sémantiques des surréalistes laisse ainsi entrevoir des représentations absurdes où objets et définitions ne coïncident plus. C’est à partir de cette dissociation entre l’idée de la chose et de sa représentation que naissent certaines dimensions comiques et tragiques, réelles ou irréelles. Le surréalisme transcende et transgresse alternativement les normes communément admises par la société. Grâce à cette subversion, apparaissent des images novatrices. La poésie surréaliste cherche à dévoiler une réalité intérieure créée par l’imagination et une réalité extérieure formée par la pensée consciente. Un déséquilibre surgit alors et des indices sémiotiques nous laissent découvrir la vraie nature de chaque représentation. Tantôt burlesque, tantôt sublimée, la représentation de la vie et de la mort, prend une signification encore méconnue du grand public. En entrant dans le labyrinthe de l’analyse psychanalytique, les surréalistes ont créé une voie et se sont affranchis des courants artistiques précédents. / Starting 1919, the surrealistic writings and representations offer new visions of reality, dependent from an original perception. Moving away from academism and imitation, they explore the unconscious, open by a psychanalytic Freudian field in order to express hidden thoughts of their consciousness. The result of their experimentations and of their semantic games allow leeway for absurd representations where objects and their definitions do not coincide anymore. It is from this dissociation between the idea of the object and its representation that comic and tragic dimensions are born, from the real and the unreal. Surrealism transcends and transgresses alternatively the norms commonly adopted by society. It is from this subversion that new images appear. Surrealistic poetry reveals an interior reality that is created by the imagination and by an exterior reality shaped by unconscious thoughts. Thus an imbalance arises and semiotic hints allow one to discover the real nature of each representation. Sometimes burlesque sometimes sublime, the representation of life and death takes on a significance still unknown by the grand public. By entering the maze of the psychanalytic analysis, the surrealists created a pathway and emancipated themselves from previous artistic movements.

TITLE : Paris-Prague : converging surrealist views. Poetical birth of town AUTHOR : Sophie Ireland DEPARTMENT : Literature,languages, theatre - Romance literature SUPERVISORS : Prof. Myriam Boucharenc - Doc. PhDr. Aleš Pohorský, Csc ABSTRACT : This work aims to study the intersection of urban poetry produced by trips to Paris and Prague of artists who have contributed to the foundation of surrealism and by publication of their works in both cities. The travels of artists from Paris and Prague in each city allow encounters revealing artistic affinities. They promote aesthetic links and poetic exchanges between the founding artists of surrealism in Paris and Prague. The treatment of each capital through poetic transcriptions of stays in a foreign city and through works that reveals the possibilities of adventure in a familiar ciy leads to a comparaison of realities from Paris and Prague. The study of works makes possible to distinguish subjects circulating from a text to another and to put in light a common semiotic through witch appear features of surrealist city. The revival desire of avant-garde artists underlies that exploration of the city and contributes to the development of a subversive image of the city. Poetry creates a disruption of representations and is an opposition to ordinaries...