Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la question de l’accès aux soins des étrangers en situation irrégulière à travers l’étude de l’attribution de l’aide médicale d’Etat (AME), une couverture maladie qui leur est réservée. A partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée des deux côtés du guichet des caisses primaires d’Assurance maladie (CPAM), nous interrogeons les effets du développement d’une conception gestionnaire de la santé et des mutations du travail dans les CPAM sur l’attribution de l’AME. Nous montrons qu’une rhétorique du soupçon se développe dans cette administration, et ce plus particulièrement à l’égard des étrangers. Bien que cette rhétorique soit institutionnalisée, nous verrons qu’elle donne aussi lieu à des réappropriations individuelles, dans un contexte de forte remise en question du sens du travail et de déstabilisation des identités professionnelles. Nous verrons que si l’ensemble des agents partagent ce discours sur la lutte contre la fraude sociale, ils usent néanmoins de cette logique de diverses façons. Cette dernière peut ainsi leur permettre de valoriser un savoir-faire gestionnaire, un savoir-faire social, ou encore un savoir-faire de gardien du système. Enfin, la thèse montre que l’usage de la rhétorique du soupçon n’engendre pas forcément une lecture rigoriste de l’AME, même si cette dernière reste dominante. Elle peut au contraire, quand elle permet de mobiliser un sens social ou gestionnaire, du fait de la spécificité de l’AME et de son traitement à l’écart, s’avérer aussi faciliter l’accès aux soins des étrangers en situation irrégulière. / In this dissertation, we address the issue of healthcare access for undocumented immigrants through the study of State Medical Aid (referred to as AME – Aide Médicale d’Etat) – a healthcare coverage specifically dedicated to them. Based on an ethnographic study carried out on both sides of the counter at Health Insurance Offices (referred to as CPAM - caisses primaires d’Assurance maladie), we question the impact of an increasingly managerial approach to healthcare and of CPAM occupational mutations on AME attribution. We show how a rhetoric of suspicion developed in this administration, towards foreigners in particular. Event though this rhetoric is institutionalized, we shall see how it can also be individually reappropriated, in a context where the meaning of labor is strongly called into question, and where professional identities are undermined. While all agents share a common discourse on the fight against social fraud, they nevertheless use this logic in different ways. As a result, agents may distinctively promote a managerial expertise, a social expertise, or a system gatekeeper expertise. Finally, this dissertation shows how the use of a suspicion rhetoric does not necessarily produce a rigorist reading of AME, even if the latter dominates. On the contrary, it may also call on a social or managerial perspective – given the specificity of AME and its separate processing – that may facilitate healthcare access for undocumented immigrants.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-65). Also available via World Wide Web.

Eyewitnesses to crimes sometimes perform cognitively demanding tasks while simultaneously observing a perpetrator. This division of attentional resources can cause them to remember the perpetrator less accurately. Pickel et al. (in press) showed that judging a target individual’s veracity impairs subsequent memory for his or her appearance and message. They argued that this result occurred because judging veracity is an attention-demanding task that is difficult to perform while simultaneously encoding the target’s information. The previous study also demonstrated that suspicion exaggerated the memory impairment effect, apparently by inducing suspicious witnesses to scrutinize the target more closely than non-suspicious witnesses. The goal of the present study was to replicate the findings that judging veracity impairs witnesses’ memory for the target’s appearance and message using a different video (i.e., a different target, crime scenario, and message) and that induced suspicion exaggerates this effect. In addition, I hypothesized that judging veracity also impairs witnesses’ performance on a lineup task and inflates confidence and ratings on other testimony-relevant judgments by giving witnesses the false sense that they have attended closely to the suspect’s physical appearance and message. I hypothesize that suspicion will exaggerate this effect. Results were found to be consistent with Pickel et al.’s (in press) previous findings. Witnesses who judged veracity performed more poorly on the lineup task than those who were not informed they would need to judge veracity, and witnesses who were made suspicious performed worse than those who judged veracity. Differences were discovered across the groups in relation to certainty ratings and other testimony-relevant judgments about the eyewitness experience. / Department of Psychological Science

Anthropological approaches to contexts of violence and conflict often focus on the exceptional and extraordinary moment of violence or its memory, leaving little room for the ordinary ways in and through which much conflict is lived. How might conflict and violence permeate ordinary practice, daily events and experience? What about the mundane and anticipatory moments through which violence may be predicted, anticipated and waited upon? This thesis explores ordinary security perspectives and practices among Jewish-Israelis in Tel Aviv. It is based on 21 months of ethnographic fieldwork among security guards, civil guards and city residents between 2005 and 2007 as they do and discuss bitachon (security). Participant observation with street-level security staff, with civil guard patrols and within the critical activities and conversations at a local neighbourhood kiosk café all explore practices, perspectives and experiences of security. This thesis argues that security practices that are often invoked as a precaution against danger and a provider of protection may paradoxically produce a sense of even more danger, uncertainty and insecurity. Security is not only about spectacular conflicts or strategic concepts but is also engaged with and experienced through mundane and ordinary social life. As well as claiming to protect the nation-state or managing strategic threats, security is also a kind of practice and emotion; an atmosphere, activity, and a feeling. Security is not only about extraordinary events and explosive situations, but also about a particular kind of waiting; an uncertain and boring anticipation of potential violence to come. It may be less about performance, legibility, or defence against dangerous others, than the identification of intimate and illegible populations, the playing out of racialized notions of danger and the ethno-nationalist uncertainties of the nation-state. In this context, collective anxieties and insecurities may be brought about not by the scale or magnitude of security threats, but by the perceived incapacity and protective impotence of the state. This thesis contributes to the anthropology of conflict and violence, the anthropology of Israel/Palestine and urban anthropology more generally. It points towards ways in which anthropology may meaningfully contribute to and enter dialogue with security studies, and argues in favour of an ordinary approach to the analysis of conflict and security.

The primary aim of this research was to assess the adequacy of postexperimental inquiries (PEI) used in deception research, as well as to examine whether mood state, reward, or administering the PEI as a face-to-face interview or computer survey impacts participants' willingness to divulge suspicion or knowledge about a study. We also sought to determine why participants are not always forthcoming on the PEI. Study 1 examined how frequently PEIs are included in research and found that most researchers employing deception do use a PEI. Studies 2 and 3 showed that participants are often unwilling to divulge suspicion or awareness of deception or to admit to having prior knowledge about a study, though offering a reward and completing the PEI on a computer modestly improved awareness and admission rates. Study 4 indicated several reasons why participants may not reveal suspicion or knowledge about a study on the PEI.

Fréquemment utilisé en droit pénal et procédure pénale mais également présent dans d’autres domaines de la matière juridique, le soupçon en droit n’a pourtant jamais fait l’objet d’une étude juridique transversale. Présent mais non encadré, le soupçon en droit laisse dans son sillage un certain nombre de dérives et d’atteintes à des principes ou droits fondamentaux. Cette constatation parachève l’idée d’une nécessaire conceptualisation juridique de la notion à travers notamment l’élaboration d’une définition. Partant du recensement des différentes manifestations du soupçon en droit la thèse a cherché à dégager les points convergents mais aussi les différences découlant de ces différentes utilisations du soupçon afin de la caractériser. La détermination du soupçon étant ainsi achevée, la question de son traitement s’est posée. D’un point de vue actuel, le constat a été celui d’une certaine subjectivation engendrée par l’utilisation du soupçon que ce soit de la part du législateur ou de celle du juge. Il en découle un certain nombre d’atteintes à des éléments pourtant essentiels tel que le principe de la présomption d’innocence mais également le principe de la légalité des délits et des peines ou plus généralement la nécessité d’une stabilité et d’une sécurité juridique. La volonté affichée par la thèse a alors été de proposer un encadrement juridique futur du soupçon qui permettrait de parer à ce risque de subjectivisme. Pour cela un travail définitionnel de la notion a été opéré. De cette définition, des propositions de réécriture de certains articles du Code de procédure pénale se sont imposées / Frequently used in criminal law and proceedings but also present in all the other Law matters, the suspicion has never been the subject of a legal study as it will here. Although the suspicion is closely linked to the legal matter as a whole, the first observation that can be made is that there is no legal definition of it. Present, but not clearly defined, the suspicion is an open door to all kind of abuses and could infringe fundamental rights and principles. This observation lead to the idea to make headway in the conceptualization of this notion, its delimitation and its definition. Therefore, beginning with the different legal appearances of the Suspicion - in the criminal law and above - the thesis tried to expose all the converging points and the differencies coming from all the uses of the suspicion in order to synthesise and define it clearly. We thus had to deal with the question within the following observations. From today’s point of view, the suspicion stay a subjective term whether it is use by the legislators or the judges. The main purpose of this thesis has been to suggest a futur legal framework for the notion of suspicion which could eliminate, or at least severely reduce the possibility of bias due to the subjectivism. For this to happen, we had to define, first of all, the notion distinctly from the twin notions of doubt, presumption, and then to propose a genuine legal definition of the suspicion. From this definition came some proposals to rewrite certain articles of the Criminal Code

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta__o de Metrado_Jael Gon_alves.pdf: 2772407 bytes, checksum: f376f063021a78a3db19e96e67e45340 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / The present research focuses on the speech prosodic and intonational characterization under suspicion, being suspicious the condition in which the formally accused individual is due to the practice of an act contrary to the legal system. In the prosodic characterization, there is the analysis of the training tone of the first Intonational Phrases (Is) of the speech under suspicion, in order to find the relationship between the prosodic and the intonational structure of this speech, according to the theoretical outline of the Prosodic Phonology, from Nespor and Vogel (1986) and the Intonational Phonology, from Ladd (1996, 2008). Concerning the intonational characterization, the analysis of values of the Fundamental Frequency is proposed (F0) for the statements under suspicion. To do the research, statements produced by a suspect individual (B) in a TV interview were selected, in which, along with the subject accused of coauthorship (A), responded to questions concerning the crime for which the subject was being charged: homicide. As it consisted of an interview, two categories of suspicion: the Latent Suspicion (LS), existing in the statements which directly respond to the interviewer‟s question, and the Non-Latent Suspicion (NLS), present in the statements produced in the turn changes between B and A, which have a content that is not related to the interviewer‟s question. According to selection criteria of I, 15 LS statements and 13 NLS statements were selected to compose the corpus of the present study, which were transcribed according to the ToBI (Tone and Break Indices) notation, with the use of the software PRAAT. The obtained results in the training tone analysis of the Is either LS as well as NLS showed that, predominantly, the speech under suspicion presents the same tone characterization described in the literature about intonational outlines of statements in the Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as mentioned by Tenani (2002), Fernandes (2007) and Serra (2009), which demonstrates the explanatory power of the Prosodic Phonology and the Intonational Phonology for the prosodic characterization of BP statements. In LS, the attention was drawn for the presence of the hybrid‟ tone L+H L%, in the small Is which constitute composed Is; hybrid as it presents pitch accent of beginning of I and a frontier tone for the end of I. In terms of the measures analysis of F0 of LS and NLS, the results showed that the presence of discourse marker is connected to the decrease of F0 values of the statement. On the other hand, if the LS and the NLS statements without a discourse marker are compared, it had also been noticed that the first ones have a higher F0 value, which highlights the relevance of the proposed suspicion categorization: LS and NLS. Besides this, the present research indicates study possibilities still not developed concerning the prosody and intonation of BP statements, specially involving the implications of the presence or not of discourse marker or of paralinguistic elements, common to the spontaneous speech / A presente pesquisa tem como tema a caracterização prosódica e entoacional da fala sob suspeição, sendo suspeição a condição jurídica em que está o indivíduo acusado formalmente pela prática de ato contrário ao ordenamento jurídico. Na caracterização prosódica, tem-se a análise da formação tonal das primeiras Frases Entoacionais (Is) da fala sob suspeição, na busca da relação entre estrutura prosódica e entoacional dessa fala, segundo o arcabouço teórico da Fonologia Prosódica, de Nespor e Vogel (1986) e da Fonologia Entoacional, de Ladd (1996, 2008). Quanto à caracterização entoacional, propõe-se a análise dos valores de Frequência Fundamental (F0) das sentenças sob suspeita. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram selecionadas sentenças produzidas por um sujeito suspeito (B) em uma entrevista televisiva, em que, juntamente com o sujeito acusado de coautoria (A), respondia a questionamentos acerca do fato criminoso que lhe era imputado: homicídio. Por se tratar de uma entrevista, são consideradas duas categorias de suspeição: a Suspeição Latente (SL), existente nas sentenças que respondem diretamente à pergunta do entrevistador, e a Suspeição Não-Latente (SNL), presente nas sentenças produzidas entre as trocas de turno entre B e A, que não têm conteúdo relacionado à intervenção do repórter. Segundo critérios de seleção de I, foram selecionadas para compor o corpus deste estudo 15 sentenças de SL e 13 sentenças de SNL, que foram transcritas segundo a notação ToBI (Tone and Break Indices), com uso do software PRAAT. Os resultados obtidos na análise da formação tonal das Is tanto de SL como em SNL mostraram que, predominantemente, a fala sob suspeição apresenta a mesma caracterização tonal descrita na literatura sobre contornos entoacionais de sentenças no PB, como em Tenani (2002), Fernandes (2007) e Serra (2009), o que demonstra o poder explicativo da Fonologia Prosódica e da Fonologia Entoacional para a caracterização prosódica de sentenças do PB. Em SL, chamou atenção a presença do que o presente estudo denomina de tom híbrido‟ L+H L%, nas Is pequenas que constituem Is compostas; híbrido porque apresenta pitch accent de início de I e tom de fronteira de final de I. Quanto à análise das medidas de F0 de SL e SNL, os resultados mostraram que a presença de marcador discursivo tem relação com a diminuição dos valores de F0 da sentença. Por outro lado, se comparadas as sentenças de SL e SNL sem marcador discursivo, também se verificou que as primeiras têm valor de F0 maior, o que evidencia a pertinência da categorização de suspeição proposta: SL e SNL. Além disso, a presente pesquisa indica possibilidades de estudos ainda não realizados sobre a prosódia e entoação de sentenças do PB, especialmente no que diz respeito às implicações da presença ou não de marcador discursivo ou de elementos paralinguísticos, comuns à fala espontânea

Svår sepsis är ett allvarligt tillstånd med ett snabbt förlopp. Patientens tillstånd kräver tidig identi-fiering och behandling vilket minskar lidandet, morbiditeten och mortaliteten. Många patienter upptäcks och behandlas för sent både prehospitalt och hospitalt. Svår sepsis och septisk chock orsakar många dödsfall världen över, en av fyra avlider. I Sverige insjuknar cirka 19000 individer årligen. Patienten kan ha ett eller flera symtom som är allmänna och kan tolkas vara orsakade av andra sjukdomstillstånd. Symtomen på sepsis är feber, frossa, pettekier, hög eller låg andnings-frekvens, illamående, kräkningar, diarréer, svår smärta oftast i buken, muskelsvaghet och med-vetandepåverkan. Symtomen kommer ofta plötsligt men kan gå i regress för att bara något eller några dygn senare återkomma. Att tidigt kunna identifiera och behandla sjukdomstillståndet krä¬ver rätt kompetens av vårdaren och uppmärksamhet i vårdmötet. Som vårdare gäller det även att kunna ställa de rätta frågorna om insjuknande, tidigare sjukdomshistoria som infektioner och om en eventuell utlandsvistelse. Genom den här studien avser vi att förmedla kunskap om ambulanspersonalens bedömning av patienter med svår sepsis. Metoden som använts var kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer. Resultatet visade att utbildning är av stor vikt för att ambulanspersonalen tidigt ska kunna identifiera pati¬enter med sepsis. Feedback från mottagande enhet om den bedömning och behandling som gjorts prehospitalt har varit korrekt visade sig vara av betydelse för framtida korrekta bedömningar. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvård

Background: As a tactic of combating money laundering, auditors have been introduced asguardians and enforcers of the laws, due to their insight into company affairs. However, as shownby the Finance Police, it is rare that auditors report suspicions on money-laundering activities.That is, despite the obligations imposed on the profession, their share of total number or reportfiles each year a very small fraction. Aim: When investigating the infrequent reporting by auditors, it all boils down to a seemingexpectation gap. As such, the aim of this study has been to test that hypothesis, by conducting anattitude survey among Swedish auditors, as we believe the attitude towards the obligations tohave an impact on the tendency to report. Method: The perception of auditors on their role in combating money laundering and thehypothesized expectation gap between the audit profession and the state in its legislative capacitywas explore through the use of a questionnaire sent to 68 authorized or approved auditors withinthree different categories of firms; big-four firms, second tier firms and small local firms inStockholm and Uppsala. Conclusion: We cannot with certainty draw conclusion on whether the auditors’ perceivethemselves as having an obvious preventive role in the fight money laundering due to ambiguousanswers, but there seem to exist a somewhat opposed attitude toward the suggested duty to detectmoney laundering during audits. Nevertheless, traces of an expectation gap were found in thisstudy. However, with a sample size of 20 respondents, we cannot make generalizations withoutcareful consideration. As such, the findings of this study should be regarded as indicative ratherthan definitive.

Este trabalho se constitui em uma investigação sobre a presença da suspeita na fotografia contemporânea como estratégia de enfrentamento dos conceitos estabelecidos sobre o meio no período moderno e de criação de novas possibilidades de linguagem. Com a análise de obras de artistas brasileiros que se utilizam da fotografia, pretende-se evidenciar como o instante de captura da imagem deixa de ser o elemento central da expressividade. Através da manipulação, nos momentos anteriores e posteriores ao ato fotográfico, os artistas incluídos nesta pesquisa exploram as ambigüidades da imagem e questionam suas dimensões como objeto de práticas sociais e como mediação da cultura. A idéia da suspeita em relação à fotografia é abordada tanto como motivação das práticas artísticas quanto como meio de utilização da imagem como dispositivo de interlocução do artista com o público, que é convidado a decifrar a obra nas múltiplas possibilidades de sentido que se criam entre as etapas de sua construção. / This work constitutes an investigation about the presence of suspicion in the contemporary photography as a strategy to challenge the established concepts about this media in the modern age, and to allow the creation of a new language. By analyzing Brazilian artists that make use of photography, the author intends to make evident how the instant the image is captured is no longer the central element of expression. Through the manipulation of the image in the moments preceding and following the photographic instant, the artists included in this study explore the ambiguities of the image end question its dimensions as an object of social practices and as a mediator for culture. The idea of suspicion, as it relates to photography, is approached as a motivating factor in the artistic practice as well as a means of using the image as a device to promote the dialogue between the artist and the public, who is invited to decipher the work in its multiple possibilities of meaning created during its developmental phases.