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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Barriers and Motivational Drivers for Sustainable Building in a Developing Country : The Case of Ghana / Barriärer och motiverande drivkrafter för hållbart byggande i ett låg- eller medelinkomstland : En fallstudie i Ghana

Johansson, Emma, Winge, Elsa January 2023 (has links)
As the building and construction industry contributes considerably to global warming there isa need to increase sustainable building, especially in developing countries where the conceptis often overlooked. Even though there is a need to implement more sustainable alternatives,research shows that it comes with many challenges. The aim for this study is therefore toanalyze the barriers and motivational drivers when implementing sustainable building inGhana. Chan et al. (2018) have previously conducted a categorization of the barriers forsustainable building through a quantitative study. This categorization was used as a guidingtool in this qualitative study, which was done through a Minor Field Study (MFS). Hence,eleven interviews with green champions were held on-site in Ghana. Further, to understand themotivation of the interviewees better, self-determination theory (SDT) was used to analyze thedata. The theory divides motivation into two different levels, extrinsic and intrinsic. The formeris a more controlled form of motivation, while the latter is more autonomous. The findingsshow that the most critical barriers were lack of professional knowledge and expertise, lack ofawareness of sustainable building and its benefits, together with higher costs. Despite thesebarriers, the green champions are still highly motivated. While intrinsic motivation is dominantamongst the green champions interviewed for this study, there is still a level of extrinsicmotivation at play. When comparing the barriers to the motivational factors one suggestion isfor the private and public sector to invest in demonstration projects. This would fulfill the greenchampions’ motivation to create their own identity for African architecture combined with anincreased awareness for sustainable building. This paper contributes with a unique andcomprehensive look at sustainable building in Ghana. Additionally, the study's theoreticalframework is not often used in the field of construction management, making this a valuablecontribution as the paper can be beneficial to leaders or managers in the construction industry. / Bygg- och anläggningsindustrin bidrar avsevärt till den globala uppvärmningen vilket harskapat ett behov av att öka hållbart byggande, särskilt i låg- eller medelinkomstländer därkonceptet ofta förbises. Även om det finns ett behov av att implementera mer hållbara alternativvisar forskning att det kommer med många utmaningar. Syftet med denna studie är därför attanalysera barriärerna och drivkrafterna vid implementering av hållbart byggande i Ghana.Chan et al. (2018) har tidigare kategoriserat barriärerna för hållbart byggande genom enkvantitativ studie. Kategorisering har använts som ett vägledande ramverk i denna kvalitativastudie, som gjordes genom en fältstudie. Elva intervjuer genomfördes med aktörer definieradesom “green champions” på plats i Ghana. För att bättre förstå motivationen hos de intervjuade,applicerades självbestämmandeteorin (SBT) vid analysering av data. Teorin delar in motivationi två olika nivåer, extern och intern. Extern motivation är en mer kontrollerad form avmotivation, medan intern är mer autonom. Resultatet visar att de mest kritiska barriärerna ärbrist på professionell kunskap och expertis, bristande medvetenhet om hållbart byggande ochdess fördelar, samt högre kostnader. Trots dessa hinder är de intervjuade aktörerna motiverade.Även om intern motivation är dominerande bland de intervjuade, finns en nivå av externmotivation. Efter jämförelse mellan barriärerna och motivationsfaktorerna är ett förslag att denprivata och offentliga sektorn investerar i demonstrationsprojekt. Detta skulle uppfyllaaktörernas motivation att skapa sin egen identitet för afrikansk arkitektur kombinerat med enökad medvetenhet om hållbart byggande. Den här studien bidrar med ett unikt och heltäckandeperspektiv på hållbart byggande i Ghana. Dessutom är det unikt att använda studiens teoretiskaramverk inom området byggprojektledning, vilket gör detta till ett värdefullt bidrag eftersomuppsatsen kan vara till nytta för ledare eller chefer inom byggbranschen.
52

Kartläggning av problem vid projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar / Mapping of problems with the design, installation and operation of heat pumps

Åhlander Pettersson, Victoria, Mattsson, Anton January 2018 (has links)
För att kunna utföra energieffektiviserande åtgärder i en befintlig byggnad, och generera ett bra utfall, krävs goda kunskaper om projektet. Detta betyder att alla discipliner måste ha ett gott samarbete och att varje disciplin måste ta sitt ansvar för uppgiften. Det är inte alltid som utfallet blir det optimala. En sammanställning i tabellform kan tydligt påvisa de frekventa problemen. Detta har genom att belysa de problem som uppstår i samband med projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar i tre olika fall genererat en sammanställd tabell. Resultatet visar att åtta olika problem förekommer och samtliga resultat förklaras och analyseras. Genom att påvisa svagheter, och ge förslag på möjliga åtgärder kan problem med projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar minska. / In order to be able to perform energy efficiency measures in an existing building, and generate a good outcome, good knowledge of the project is required. This means that all disciplines must have a good cooperation and that each discipline must take responsibility for the task. It is not always that the outcome will be optimal. A summary in tabular form can clearly identify the frequent problems. This is done by highlighting the problems that arise in connection with the design, installation and operation of heat pumps in three different cases, generating a compiled table. The result shows that eight different problems occur and all results are explained and analyzed. By detecting weaknesses, and suggesting possible measures, problems with the design, installation and operation of heat pumps may decrease.
53

Kartläggning av barriärer sombromsar EPC-marknadensutveckling : En empirisk studie i Sverige

Palén, Jennifer January 2018 (has links)
I Sverige står bostad- och servicesektorn för 40 procent av landets totala energianvändningoch utfaller således i en högre förbrukning än både transport- och industrisektorn. Entredjedel av denna energi förbrukas inom de 90 miljoner kvadratmeter ägda av offentligsektor. I dagsläget erbjuder den svenska marknaden ett antal olikaenergieffektiviseringstjänster inom offentlig sektor. Energy Performance Contracting, (EPC), ären av dem. Denna typ av energitjänstemodell bygger på att EPC-leverantören hjälperbeställaren att ta ett helhetsgrepp på fastighetsbeståndets energi- och drifteffektivisering, föratt sedan ingå i ett långsiktigt avtal om energieffektiviseringsåtgärder och garantibesparingar.De formulerade åtgärderna finansieras därmed av framtida garanterade energibesparingar,garantier som undertecknas av EPC-leverantören. Genom att ingå i ett EPC-avtal kankommuners ekonomiska risker minimeras och fastighetsbeståndet uppgraderas samtidigtsom internationella och nationella klimat- och miljömål kan nås.Energibehovet i Sverige ökar ständigt och förutspås fortsätta stiga. Europaparlamentet ochEuropeiska unionens råd beskriver i sina direktiv att takten för energieffektivbyggnadsrenovering fordras öka för att det förhöjda behovet skall kunna möta allt striktaremiljökrav. Den antropogena globala uppvärmningen resulterar i extrema väderförhållandenoch orsakar förödande konsekvenser på olika delar av vår planet. Värmeböljor, ökenbildning,flyktingströmmar och svält är några av de allvarligaste följderna. Hållbar energianvändning ärdärför oerhört viktigt för att jorden skall fortsätta att vara en plats att leva på. 90 procent avde fastigheter vi har idag kommer att finnas kvar år 2050, och energieffektivisering i sambandmed renovering är därför avgörande för minskning av den totala energianvändningen inomsektorn. Trots flertalet goda exempel på nöjda kunder och kalkyler som visar på stor potentialhar enbart en tredjedel av Sveriges kommuner beslutat om att genomföra ett EPC-projektunder de knappa 20 åren som marknaden funnits. I dagsläget är marknaden nästintillobefintlig.En empirisk studie genomfördes där 20 intervjuer hölls mot beställare, entreprenörer ochområdesexperter för att definiera barriärer som begränsar EPCs utveckling i avsikt attförstärka positionen på marknaden. Studien visade att de mest påtagliga barriärerna för EPCär avsaknad av ansvarskänsla för energieffektivisering hos kommuner följt av frånvaro avincitament att arbeta med de satta målen. Låg beställarkompetens beträffande tekniskbefogenhet och allmän kunskap om energieffektivisering och hållbar energianvändning ledertill problematik att ta till sig EPC och släppa in entreprenör vilket är nästa barriär. Utöver detäven mytspridning som gett EPC dåligt rykte. Genom att likaledes definiera incitament attgenomföra ett EPC-projekt kan en klar bild av ursprungsläget målas upp för att tillsammansmed de konstaterade barriärerna förändra positionen. Intervjuerna visade att drivkrafternaatt genomföra ett EPC projekt kunde sammanfattas till viljan att ta ett helhetsgrepp påeftersatt underhåll och öka tekniknivån samtidigt som man sparar energi. Studien ämnarsåledes åt att förstå vad som saknas för att vilja nå dessa positiva effekter. / The housing and services sector in Sweden constitutes 40 percent of the country’s totalenergy consumption, resulting in higher consumption than both the transport and industrysectors. One third of that energy consumed is utilised throughout the 90 million square meterarea owned by the public sector. There is a number of different companies that currentlyoffers energy efficiency services to the public sector, and Energy Performance Contracting(EPC) is one of them. The EPC model is based on the concept that the property owner obtainshelp from an energy service provider, in order to adopt a holistic approach towards energyefficiency measures and warranty savings. The contractor, which in this case is the EPCsupplier,provides the warranty by signing a long-term agreement on the calculated energyreduction. By committing to an EPC agreement, the municipalities' financial risks can beminimised, properties upgraded as well as contributing towards the attainment ofinternational and national climate and environmental goals.Energy demand is continuously increasing and it is predicted to continue to rise. TheEuropean Parliament and the Council of the European Union state in their directives that thepace of energy efficient property renovation must increase, in order to meet ever morestringent environmental requirements. Anthropogenic global warming has resulted inextreme weather conditions causing devastating consequences to our planet, with heatwaves, desertification, refugee flows and starvation being some of the most serious.Sustainable energy utilization is therefore critical to maintain the earth’s inhabitability. 90percent of the properties we have today will still exist in 2050. That is why energy efficiency inconnection with renovation is crucial for reducing overall energy usage within the sector.Despite many good examples of satisfied customers and economically viable implementationsshowing great potential, only a third of Sweden's municipalities have decided to implementan EPC project. Hence, there is currently no substantial market for EPC projects.To identify what is needed to strengthen EPC's position on the market, an empirical study wasconducted where 20 interviews were held with clients, entrepreneurs and industry experts.The study revealed that the most significant barriers facing the EPC market are the lack ofsense of responsibility for energy efficiency within municipalities, followed by the absence ofmeasures incentivising attainment of the set targets. A further barrier is the customer´s lackof technical competence and general knowledge regarding energy efficiency and sustainableenergy usage resulting in problems in adoption and implementation of EPC, which in turnresults in EPC getting a bad reputation. The interviews demonstrated that the driving forcesencouraging the implementation of an EPC project could be summarized as the desire to takea holistic approach to neglect maintenance and increase the technology standard, whilstsaving energy at the same time. The analysis provides a clear picture of the current state ofthe EPC market, both in terms of barriers to its development and possible incentives requiredin order to encourage implementation of EPC projects. The study aims to provide insight intowhat measures can be taken to increase the market appeal of EPCs.
54

[en] BUILT ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY: REFLECTIONS AND ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURE OFFICES PRACTICE IN RIO DE JANEIRO AND SÃO PAULO / [pt] SUSTENTABILIDADE DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO: REFLEXÕES E AVALIAÇÕES DA PRÁTICA DE ESCRITÓRIOS DE ARQUITETURA DO RIO DE JANEIRO E DE SÃO PAULO

NATÁLIA LOPES TAVARES 07 March 2024 (has links)
[pt] Eventos globais como as mudanças climáticas, crescimento populacional e expansão urbana trazem o foco para a contribuição do ambiente construído na sustentabilidade das cidades. Visto que o setor da construção civil é um dos maiores responsáveis pelo consumo de recursos naturais, geração de resíduos e emissão de poluentes, uma significativa mudança de paradigma no setor se faz necessária. Por sua vez, o papel dos profissionais do mercado de arquitetura e urbanismo no desenvolvimento de projetos é estratégico na efetiva transformação desse cenário. É preciso que os processos de projeto sejam mais integrados, colaborativos e eficientes para que as edificações desenvolvidas contemplem soluções multidisciplinares que priorizem a redução do consumo de recursos naturais, que viabilizem o alto desempenho dos sistemas e garantam o conforto dos usuários. Ainda que as estratégias e soluções para o desenvolvimento de edificações sustentáveis sejam diversas e que a arquitetura integrada aos condicionantes ambientais seja prática comum no processo de projeto dos escritórios entrevistados, há desafios enfrentados no mercado que impactam a qualidade ambiental e a eficiência dos projetos. A priorização por custos iniciais mais baixos, a carência tanto de incentivos fiscais quanto de regulamentações específicas voltados à construção sustentável e a baixa cultura de planejamento do mercado nacional foram alguns dos principais desafios identificados. Apesar dos desafios, a compreensão sobre a importância da sustentabilidade no ambiente construído é unânime entre os entrevistados, assim como a atuação efetiva dos mesmos como agentes transformadores do cenário ambiental através da prática profissional ainda que muito precise ser realizado. / [en] Global events have been held for decades, with a view at ensuring the collective commitment among countries on planning and carrying out actions to stop and reverse the environmental degradation of the planet.The UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 and the World Commission on Environment and Development, held in 1983, were some of the main events leading up to the discussion of parameters and goals that culminated in the Agenda 21 (HANDL, 2012; LAYRARGUES, 1997; ONU, 2015), predecessor of the current Agenda 2030, which includes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs, launched by the UN in 2015 (MMA, 2020).In the same year, the SDGs were launched and, during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference – COP21, the Paris Agreement was set out with main focus on actions to address climate change and its resulting impacts (MMA, 2020).Cities concentrate more than 50 percent of the population of the planet (PNUD BRASIL, 2020) and buildings alone account for 40 percent of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, architects and other players in the construction sector have a professional and ethical duty” to lead the transformation of such scenario, not only to minimize negative environmental impacts but also to establish robust and resilient solutions to a future of extreme weather events” (RIBA, 2019).The identification of the socio-economic relevance of the construction industry in Brazil (IBGE, 2020), the severity of the long-term environmental impacts generated by buildings (RIBA, 2019) and the design as the starting point of the life cycle of a building (DEGANI & CARDOSO, 2002) leads to the search, in this study, to identify the processes and design strategies that contribute to achieve sustainability in buildings, as well as to understand the role and performance of architecture professionals in this scenario.To do so, a literature review on the subject has been conducted and interviews have been carried out with some of the main architecture offices operating in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, given their importance in the Brazilian scenario.
55

Byggnadskonstruktörens möjligheter att påverka valet av trä som stommaterial / The structural engineers possibilities to influence the choice of wood as frame material

Cefalk, Rickard, Wetterö, Alva January 2024 (has links)
Syfte - I Sverige står bygg- och fastighetssektorn för cirka en femtedel av de totala växthusgasutsläppen. Detta är ett problem och det är bråttom med åtgärder och lösningar om Sverige ska kunna nå sina klimatmål att år 2045 inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser. Tillverkning av byggmaterial är en av de mest bidragande orsakerna för branschens utsläpp. Det finns fler än ett sätt att tackla denna utmaning på, men genom att titta på en byggnads mest klimatpåverkande delar, är den största möjligheten att minska en byggnads klimatpåverkan genom att se över valet av stommaterial. Trots detta byggs fortfarande cirka 80 procent av alla flerbostadshus med betongstomme kontra 14 procent med trä. Det är bevisat att en ökning av användandet av trä skulle kunna sänka koldioxidutsläppen avsevärt. I denna studie undersöks byggnadskonstruktörens möjligheter att påverka valet av stommaterial genom att identifiera i vilket skede beslut tas, vilka de beslutsgrundande faktorerna är och vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som byggnadskonstruktörer upplever påverkar deras inflytande. Metod - Undersökningen är en fallstudie med kvalitativ inriktning där intervjuer och dokumentstudie valdes som datainsamlingstekniker. Intervjuerna genomfördes med beställare, projektledare och byggnadskonstruktörer som varit eller är delaktiga i projekt där korslimmat och/eller limträ ingår som konstruktionselement. Dokumentstudien genomfördes på förfrågningsunderlag som syftade till att komplettera studiens mål. Resultat och analys – Kunskapen om trä som stommaterial anses relativt låg. Flera respondenter har mest kunskap inom betong och stål. Vetskapen om hållbart byggande är stor, men det är svårare att realisera det i praktiken. Beslut om stommaterial tas oftast i förstudien eller programskedet. Beställaren har störst inflytande i valet av stommaterial och den ekonomiska faktorn är vanligtvis avgörande. Byggnadskonstruktörens möjligheter att påverka är goda men begränsade och varierar beroende på entreprenadform, projekt och beror även på i vilket skede som konstruktören involveras. För att ge konstruktören ett större inflytande i valet av stommaterial visar resultatet att det krävs högre miljökrav, men även fler politiska initiativ. Diskussion – Resultatet går i linje med tidigare forskning och studiens teoretiska ramverk. Det är träets klimatfördelar som har störst positiv påverkan på användningen av trä men resultatet visar att kostnad är den mest avgörande faktorn. Teorier visar att utmaningar med fukt, brand, akustik och kunskapsbrist bromsar användningen av trä, vilket denna studie samstämmer med. Resultatet går i linje med teorier som belyser att ingenjörer har relativt lågt inflytande i byggvärdekedjan. Beställare och entreprenörer har störst inflytande. Byggnadskonstruktörens möjligheter att påverka är därför begränsade och varierar beroende på entreprenadform och projekt. Teorierna stärker att det krävs högre miljökrav för att gynna användningen av trä. / Purpose – In Sweden, the construction and real estate sector accounts for around one fifth of the total greenhouse gas emissions. This is a problem and requires urgent action and solutions if Sweden is to meet its climate targets of zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. The production of building materials is one of the main contributors to the industry’s emission. There is more than one way to approach this challenge, but by looking at the most climate-impacting parts of a building, it shows that the biggest opportunity to reduce a building’s climate impact is to review the choice of frame material. Despite this, around 80 percent of apartment buildings are still built with a concrete frame and only 14 percent with wood, which has been proven to significantly reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to examine the structural engineer’s ability to influence the choice of frame material by identifying the stage at which decisions are made, what the decision-making factors are, and what opportunities and challenges structural engineers experience that affect their influence. Method – The study is a case-study with qualitative focus where interviews and document study were chosen as data collection techniques. The interviews were conducted with client, project managers and structural engineers who have been or are involved in projects where cross laminated timber and/or glulam are included as structural elements. The document study was carried out on tender documents and aimed to complement the objectives of the study. Results and analysis – Knowledge of wood as a structural material is considered relatively low. Several respondents have most knowledge of concrete and steel. The awareness of sustainable building is high but is considered difficult to put to practice. Results show that decisions on frame materials are usually made in the pre-study or program phase. The client has the greatest influence and role in the choice of frame material and results show that the cost is decisive. The structural engineer’s opportunities to influence are good but limited and vary depending on the type of contract, project and the stage at which the engineer is involved. To give the structural engineer more influence in the choice of frame materials, the results show that more sustainability requirements and political initiatives are needed. Discussion – The results are in line with previous research and the theoretical framework of the study. The climate benefits of wood have the greatest positive impact on the use of wood, while the results show that cost is the biggest obstacle. Theories show that challenges with moisture, fire, acoustics and lack of knowledge slow down the use of wood, which this study agrees with. Results are in line with theories that highlight that engineers have relatively low influence in the construction value chain. Clients and contractors have the greatest influence. The structural engineer’s opportunities to influence are therefore limited and vary depending on the type of contract and project. According to respondents, more sustainability requirements and political initiatives are needed to increase the use of wood and the structural engineers influence in the choice of materials – which is supported by the theory.
56

Estudio de la resistencia a la compresión y permeabilidad en unidades de albañilería de tierra reforzada con estiércol de Equus asinus y estearato de calcio

Campos Manayay, Ernesto Alonso January 2024 (has links)
La Tierra es uno de los recursos constructivos más empleados globalmente. Sin embargo, su aplicación en áreas propensas a terremotos y su susceptibilidad a la erosión por agua son aspectos que generan inquietud entre los ingenieros. La investigación se enfocó en integrar estiércol de Equus asinus en la producción de unidades de tierra reforzada con el fin de aumentar su resistencia a la compresión y tracción, además de explorar el efecto de aplicar estearato de calcio en su superficie para disminuir su permeabilidad. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas tanto en campo como en laboratorio para elegir la cantera de suelo y el agua a emplear. Se analizaron las características mecánicas (compresión y tracción) de los bloques de tierra reforzada según lo estipulado en la norma E.080. Además, se sugirieron pruebas de absorción e inundación simulada para evaluar la permeabilidad. Los resultados indicaron un aumento del 19% en la resistencia a la compresión y un 50% en la resistencia a la tracción a nivel de unidades, y del 20% y 22% respectivamente a nivel de muros. El uso de estearato de calcio como recubrimiento permitió que las muestras absorbieran temporalmente agua sin desintegrarse, retrasando su deterioro. Por último, se determinó un aumento del 19.20% del precio de asentamiento con unidades de tierra reforzada y recubrimiento con estearato de calcio. En conclusión, la adición de estiércol de Equus asinus al 6% y el recubrimiento de estearato de calcio mejoran tanto las propiedades mecánicas como las hidrofóbicas de las unidades de tierra reforzada, con un pequeño aumento en su costo de producción. / Earth is one of the most commonly used construction materials. However, its application in earthquake-prone areas and susceptibility to water erosion are concerns for engineers. This research aimed to enhance the compression and traction resistance of earth units by integrating Equus asinus manure into their production. Additionally, it explored the effectiveness of applying calcium stearate to the surface to reduce permeability. Field and laboratory tests were conducted to select the soil quarry and water source. Mechanical properties (compression and traction) of the reinforced earth blocks were analyzed according to the E.080 standard. Furthermore, absorption and simulated flooding tests were suggested to evaluate permeability. Results indicated a 19% increase in compression resistance and a 50% increase in traction resistance at the unit level, and 20% and 22%, respectively, at the wall level. Coating with calcium stearate allowed samples to temporarily absorb water without disintegration, thus delaying deterioration. Lastly, a 19.20% increase in settlement price was observed with reinforced earth units and calcium stearate coating. In conclusion, the addition of 6% Equus asinus manure and calcium stearate coating improve both the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of reinforced earth units, albeit with a slight increase in production cost.
57

Evaluación de la permeabilidad de los revestimientos de muros de ladrillos incorporando al mortero sulfato de calcio con adición ceniza Delonix

Muñoz Chaname, Johan Walter January 2024 (has links)
El proyecto se direcciona a aumentar la característica de revestimientos en muros de ladrillos, utilizando una mezcla de mortero que incorpora sulfato de calcio con ceniza Delonix. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizaron pruebas y ensayos para caracterizar las variantes de dosificaciones del mortero, la resistencia a compresión para espécimen de cúbicos, la permeabilidad en muretes recubiertos con ceniza Delonix, también un análisis de los costos unitario para la fabricación. Además, de evaluar los objetivos específicos para evaluar la resistencia de las perspectivas y encontrar la propuesta más efectiva de la mezcla para mejorar sus características. Los datos obtenidos de los ensayos se muestran con tablas y se describen los procedimientos para realizar ensayos de inundación simulada y medir la capacidad de los muros. En general, el proyecto busca una solución técnica para mejorar la resistencia y la permeabilidad de los revestimientos de muros de ladrillos en edificios en Perú. / The project is aimed at increasing the coating characteristics of brick walls, using a mortar mixture that incorporates calcium sulfate with Delonix ash. To achieve this objective, tests and trials were carried out to characterize the mortar dosage variants, the compressive strength for 50 mm cubic specimen, the permeability in walls coated with Delonix ash, as well as an analysis of the unit costs for manufacturing. In addition, to evaluate the specific objectives to evaluate the resistance of the prospects and to find the most effective proposal of the mixture to improve its characteristics. The data obtained from the tests are shown with tables and the procedures for performing simulated flood tests and measuring the capacity of the walls are described. In general, the project seeks a technical solution to improve the strength and permeability of brick wall cladding in buildings in Peru.
58

Evaluación de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de unidades de tierra reforzada prensada adicionando fibra de totora y cal

Aldana Montenegro, Fernando Miguel January 2023 (has links)
Esta investigación surge debido a la necesidad de abordar los problemas de resistencia de los adobes, para ello se propone estabilizarlos mediante adiciones de fibra de totora debido a sus propiedades impermeabilizantes, y cal. Con ello se fabricaron bloques con dimensiones de 25x12.5x9 cm, que contenían paja de 1 cm de longitud y se estabilizaron utilizando fibra de totora y cal en diferentes porcentajes (2%, 4%, 6% de totora y 5%, 10%, 15% de cal en diferentes combinaciones). Se llevaron a cabo diversos ensayos en campo para seleccionar la tierra adecuada para la fabricación de los bloques. Estos ensayos incluyeron pruebas de cinta de barro, resistencia seca, resistencia a la compresión en cubos de barro y tracción indirecta en probetas de barro. En el laboratorio, se realizaron pruebas para caracterizar la tierra, como el Proctor modificado, contenido de humedad, límites de Atterberg y granulometría. Los bloques se secaron durante 14 y 28 días antes de someterlos a ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, absorción, succión, resistencia a la compresión de pilas y muretes, módulo de rotura, variación dimensional, alabeo e inundación simulada. Para realizarlos, primero se buscó determinar la mejor dosificación de las combinaciones realizadas, esta se basó en los resultados de resistencia a la compresión, succión y absorción, los cuales abordaron los principales problemas de las unidades. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la combinación óptima resultó ser del 4% de totora y 5% de cal. Concluyendo que el adobe mejorado presentó una mayor resistencia y un menor porcentaje de succión y absorción en comparación con los convencionales. / This research emerges from the need to address the strength issues of adobe blocks. To achieve this, the blocks are proposed to be stabilized through the addition of totora fiber, known for its waterproofing properties, and lime. Blocks with dimensions of 25x12.5x9 cm were manufactured, incorporating 1 cm long straw, and stabilized using different percentages of totora fiber (2%, 4%, 6%) and lime (5%, 10%, 15%) in various combinations. Several field tests were conducted to select the appropriate soil for block manufacturing. These tests included mud tape, dry strength, compression strength on mud cubes, and indirect traction on mud specimens. In the laboratory, soil characterization tests such as modified Proctor, moisture content, Atterberg limits, and particle size analysis were performed. The blocks were dried for 14 and 28 days before undergoing tests for compression strength, absorption, suction, compression strength of stacks and walls, modulus of rupture, dimensional variation, and warping. To carry out these tests, the optimal dosage of the combinations was determined based on the results of compression strength, suction, absorption and simulated flood, which addressed the primary issues of the units. The findings indicated that the optimal combination was 4% totora fiber and 5% lime. In conclusion, the improved adobe exhibited higher strength and lower percentages of suction and absorption compared to conventional blocks.
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Operativa beslut inom byggsektorn med hjälp av LCC-utvärdering / Operative decisions in the building sector by using of LCC evaluation

Ivansson, Signe, Starck, Kajsa January 2019 (has links)
Syfte: Det finns en stor brist på kunskap om att översätta klimatpåverkan till ett monetärt värde. Forskare har under flera decennium studerat och forskat inom området och tagit fram flera metoder och verktyg inom LCC (Livscykelkostnad). Forskarna frågar sig varför inte dessa används i branschen? Målet med denna studie är att ta fram ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av LCA (Livscykelanalys) utföra en LCC med invägd miljökostnad. Metod: De metoder som används för att nå målet med arbetet är mailintervjuer, observationer, dokumentanalys och litteraturstudie. Resultat: Arbetet beskriver att kommunala bostadsbolag inte använder sig av LCC i någon större utsträckning. En fallstudie har utförts på två hus i Kv. Vingpennan 2 i Kungsängen. Arbetet presenterar utifrån fallstudien, ett arbetssätt där miljökostnad översätts till ett monetärt värde med hjälp av LCA och LCC. Konsekvenser: Eftersom kommunala bostadsbolag inte arbetar med LCC analyser i den utsträckning som skulle behövas i nuläget skulle någon form av krav från kommun kunna bli aktuellt. Byggnation som är en stor koldioxidbov skulle behöva en sådan typ av krav, i form av till exempel en koldioxidskatt som räknas fram i början av varje nytt byggprojekt. Orsakerna varför inte LCC används i någon större utsträckning är många. Osäkerhetsfaktorerna för uppskattning av ett monetärt värde för miljöpåverkan inom LCC anses vara en bidragande orsak. Om dessa krav som detta arbete föreslår skulle ställas på beslutsfattarna då tvingas de att lära sig att arbeta aktivt med LCC. Den nya ISO standarden 14008:2019 kan vara en början till fungerande arbetsmetoder med LCC där miljökostnaden kan räknas fram. Begränsningar: Val av metoder och strategier har varit passande för detta arbete. Det som dels har begränsat resultatet är att fallstudien endast pågått en kort tid i projektet Kv. Vingpennan 2 och dels att det finns olika LCA-verktyg på marknaden. Innehållet i dessa LCA-program kan ha begränsat arbetet då de inte är exakta med verkligheten. De osäkerhetsfaktorer som finns i en LCC analys kan göra att den som utför analysen kan tolka de olika faktorerna på olika sätt och därför få olika resultat. / Purpose: There is a lack of knowledge of translating environmental cost to a monetary value. Sientcis has during the last decades studied and researched the field and developed several methods and tools within the Life cycle cost (LCC). The researchers are wondering why these are not used in the industry? The goal in this study is to develop a working method on how to build better for the climate using Life cycle assessment (LCA) and LCC. Method: The methods used to reach the goal of the study are mail interviews, observations, document analysis and literature review. Findings: The result of the study describes that municipal housing companies do not use LCC a lot. A case study is done on two houses in Kv. Vingpennan 2 in Kungsängen, Jönköping. The study presents, based on the case study a method for working with LCC with a environmental cost translated into a monetary value by using LCA. Implications: Since municipal housing companies at present do not work with LCC analyses to the extent that would be needed, some kind of demands from the municipality could be relevant. The construction sector is emitting a lot of carbon dioxide that is why some kind of tax should be calculated in the beginning of a new building project. There are many reasons why LCC is not so much in use. The uncertainty factors for estimating a monetary value for the environmental cost within the LCC might be a contributing factor. If the requirements that we propose would be put to the decision makers they would be forced to learn how to and work with LCC. The new ISO standard 14008:2019 could be the beginning of work methods for LCC where the environmental cost could be calculated. Limitations: The choice of methods and strategies for this study has been appropriate. The limitation is that the case study has only been studied over a shorter time of the studied projects time and that there is a lot of different programs for making a LCA and the materials in those programs is not always the exact same as in the real project. The uncertainties in an LCC could make the results variate a lot depending on who makes it.
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Avaliação do desempenho do sistema de descarte de água de chuva coletada em coberturas de três diferentes tipos de materiais / Performance assessment of disposal units from Rainfal collection system from roofs made by three different materials

ROCHA, Bárbara Cristina Castro de Melo 20 May 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbara cristina castro.pdf: 4909158 bytes, checksum: 97c33d72b85f6014d478bd8aea66f69b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / The water shortage has become one of the world's main problems, leading to the development of new technologies and practices of water conservation. In order to obtain more effective solutions to solve this problem, new researches have been carried on to create hydraulic and sanitary systems more sustainable or, at least, system that causes less impact to the environment. Among the technologies economically available on water conservation in buildings, the use of rainfall collected from roofs can be of great potential to become a viable solution. The objective of this work is to study the ideal conditions for the disposal process of rainfall collected from three roofs made of different materials: metal, asbestos cement and ceramic tiles, located nearby, with the purpose of identifying both the ideal volume of disposal and the achievement of water quality standards, so that it becomes feasible for future uses. To do so, experimental units were installed to collect, dispose and store rainwater from three buildings located within the area of the School of Civil Engineering at Federal University of Goiás. After monitoring the volume of disposal correlating it with the quality assessment of the rainwater collected in each type of roof and with the rainwater collected directly from the atmosphere, the processes were evaluated based on the observed parameters and on the criteria established by the NBR 15,527 (ABNT, 2007), in order to identify the best way to implement disposal units in rainwater usage systems in buildings. It had been found that the rainwater disposal process is essential for obtaining water with better quality from these systems. It had also been observed that the disposal based on time does not seem to be securely enough to guarantee the necessarily quality in the collected water. Among the roofs in study, the metal roof gave water with the best quality after the disposal of the first 100 liters collected (this corresponds to 1,33 mm of accumulated rainfall in the area of study). It is presumed that the metal roof is the best choice to collect rainfall water because it is smoother and has almost no overlapping tiles. On the other hand, the 2 mm rainwater disposal suggested by NBR 15,527 (ABNT, 2007) has shown to be insufficient to guarantee the safe and secure use of the collected water to both users and hydraulic installations, requiring for this purpose the installation of at least a simplified water treatment unit. / A escassez de água tem se tornado um dos grandes problemas mundiais, o que vem levando a necessidade de estudos de novas metodologias e técnicas de conservação de água. Visando a obtenção de soluções eficazes para minimizar esse problema, dentro do ambiente construído, vários estudos estão sendo realizados em busca de sistemas prediais hidráulicos e sanitários mais sustentáveis ou que promovam menor impacto ambiental. Dentre as possíveis tecnologias que visam à conservação de água em edificações, os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas de chuva podem ser uma alternativa viável e de grande potencial para a solução desse problema. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar as condições ideais do processo de descarte da água da chuva coletadas em três coberturas de diferentes tipos de materiais: metálico, cimento amianto e barro, situadas em uma mesma localidade, visando identificar o volume ideal de descarte e padrões de qualidade de água que viabilizem sua posterior utilização. Para tanto, foram instaladas unidades experimentais de captação, descarte e armazenamento de água de chuva em três edificações na área da Escola de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Após o monitoramento do volume de descarte correlacionado com a avaliação da qualidade da água de chuva coletada em cada tipo de cobertura e, com a água de chuva coletada diretamente da atmosfera, foram avaliados os processos com base nos parâmetros observados e nos critérios estabelecidos pela NBR 15.527 (ABNT, 2007), de forma a identificar a melhor forma de viabilizar a implantação de unidades de descarte em sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva em edificações. Foi verificado que o processo de descarte de água de chuva é essencial para a obtenção de água de melhor qualidade nestes sistemas. Também foi possível observar que o descarte por tempo não se mostrou suficiente para garantir a captação de água de chuva de qualidade assegurada. Dentre os telhados avaliados, a cobertura de telhas metálicas proporcionou a obtenção de uma água de melhor qualidade após o descarte dos primeiros 100 litros coletados (correspondente a 1,33 mm de chuva para as áreas de contribuição estudadas). Presume-se que este resultado tenha sido obtido devido a sua superfície de contato ser mais lisa que os outros telhados estudados e, também de não haver sobreposição de telhas. Por outro lado, os 2 mm de descarte de água de chuva, sugeridos pela NBR 15.527 (ABNT, 2007), não se mostraram suficientes para garantir que a água de chuva coletada possa ser utilizada sem que haja risco aos usuários e às instalações hidráulicas, exigindo para tanto ao menos um tratamento simplificado.

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