O comportamento natatório de larvas de peixes na fase da primeira alimentação de Rachycentron canadum e Epinephelus marginatus foi descrito usando imagens de câmeras de alta frequência (60 a 2000 quadros por segundo) pelas técnicas de imageamento: microscopia de campo claro, sistema de filtros pareados e holografia. Oito métricas comportamentais foram registradas na presença de náuplios de copépodes; rotíferos Brachionus sp. e; sem alimento: natação rotineira (1 a 2,9 vezes o comprimento do corpo por segundo, CP s-¹); natação explosiva (3 a 40 CP s-¹); recuo; distâncias percorridas; batimentos do complexo caudal na natação e manutenção da posição (40 b s-¹); contrações rápidas do corpo em formato de C (de 0,16 a 0,40 s) e S (0,009 a 0,17 s); repouso; e comportamento alimentar (visualização das presas e tentativa de captura). As larvas alteraram a velocidade de natação na presença de presas e aumentaram em função da idade. Os maiores valores alcançados do número de Reynolds foram na presença de presas, para natação rotineira foi 200. As contrações da musculatura e mudanças na velocidade de natação indicam relação com aspectos ecológicos dos organismos, como busca por alimento e interações intra e interespecíficas. / The swimming behavior of first feeding fish larvae Rachycentron canadum and Epinephelus marginatus was described using images acquired with high-speed cameras (60 to 2000 frames per second) by the imaging techniques: bright field microscopy, matched filters system and holography. Eight behavioral metrics were recorded in the presence of copepod nauplii; rotifer Brachionus sp.; and unfed: routine swimming (1 to 2.9 body lengths per second, BL s-¹); burst swimming (3 to 40 BL s-¹); backward swimming; distance traveled; caudal beat frequency of swimming and maintaining of the position (about 40 b s-¹); fast C-turns (0.16 to 0.40 s) and S-turns (0.009 to 0.17 s); rest; and feeding behavior (observation of prey and attempts to capture). The larvae altered their swimming velocity in the presence of prey and incresead according to age. The highest values of the Reynolds number were reached in the presence of prey, to routine swimming was < 20, and to bust swimming > 200. Muscles contractions and changes in the swimming showed a relation to ecological aspects of organisms, like food searching and intra and interspecific interactions.

Acredita-se que diferenças hodológicas e diferente padrão de expressão gênica ao longo do eixo dorso/ventral do hipocampo seriam responsáveis pela distinta função entre a porção dorsal (HD) e ventral do mesmo (HV). HD seria responsável por processos cognitivos, tais como memória e aprendizagem espacial, e o HV pelas respostas neuroendócrinas e emocional-motivacionais ao estresse. No entanto, não há muitos estudos acerca de diferenças entre HD e HV na modulação de comportamentos relacionados à neurobiologia da depressão. Há, contudo, dados indicando que o bloqueio de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA ou da síntese de NO no HD induz efeito semelhante ao dos antidepressivos (i.e. do tipo antidepressivo) no teste do nado forçado (TNF). Quanto ao HV, a função da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica/nitrérgica na neurobiologia da depressão permanece não investigado. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o bloqueio reversível do HD ou do HV, em diferentes momentos, em animais submetidos ao TNF. O próximo passo foi realizar a micro-injeção intra-HD ou intraHV do antagonista NMDA AP-7 ou do inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS), N-PLA, ou do inibidor da guanilato ciclase solúvel (sGC), ODQ. Os resultados mostram que o bloqueio do HD ou do HV com cloreto de cobalto (CoCl2, bloqueador da neurotransmissão sináptica dependente de cálcio) não modificou o comportamento dos animais no TNF. No entanto a administração de AP-7 ou N-PLA ou ODQ no HV antes do teste, reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no TNF. Por outro lado, a injeção dessas drogas no HD foi capaz de reduzir o tempo de imobilidade quando administradas tanto depois do pré-teste quanto antes do teste. Estes resultados sugerem que as vias NMDA-NO do HD e do HV, estariam envolvidas na modulação da resposta comportamental frente ao estresse do nado forçado. Além disso, os dados indicam que a participação dessas estruturas é importante em diferentes momentos após a exposição ao estresse. / It is believed that hodological and genetic pattern of expression differences along dorsal/ventral hippocampal axis would be responsible for distinct functions attributed to its dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) poles. DH would be responsible for cognitive process, such as spatial memory and learning, whereas the VH would be responsible for neuroendocrine and emotional-motivation responses to stress. However, there is no many studies about possible differences between DH and VH in the modulation of behavioral responses related to the neurobiology of depression. Though, there are data showing that the blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors blockers or NO synthesis inhibition within the DH induces similar effect to that of antidepressant drugs (like antidepressant effect) in the forced swimming test (FST). On the VH, The role of the glutamatergic/nitrergic neurotransmission remains to be investigated. Thus, the aim of this work was to perform the reversible blockade of DH or VH, at different times, in animals subjected to FST. Additionally, the next step was to perform a microinjections into the DH or the VH of NMDA antagonist (AP-7), inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, N-PLA), or the inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC, ODQ). The results show that blocking the VH or the DH (cobalt chloride, calcium dependent neurotransmission inhibitor) did not modify the behavior of animals during the TNF. However administration of AP-7, N-PLA or ODQ intra-HV, before testing, caused antidepressant-like effects. Moreover, injection of such drugs, intra-HD, was able to induce similar results when administered both after the pre-test and before testing. These results suggest that NMDA-NO pathway of both VH and DH is involved in the modulation of emotional responses to the forced swim stress, although there may be an interest differential participation of these structures at different times after exposure to stress.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liege.pdf: 1528273 bytes, checksum: 24802d187b49fbdd9ae41bc256da6f08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Predict how biological characteristics of the species fit the peculiarities of habitats is a key issue in ecology. Morphology assists in understanding this process, which is important for evaluating the effects of the habitat disturbances in the aquatic community, while reservoirs are complex ecosystems with ideal spatial gradients to examine the habitat s effect on species distribution. Thus, the hypothesis evaluated is that the species which share similar characteristics to form groups occupy similar habitats. Samples of fish were performed in longitudinal and transverse gradients for 3 years and selected 14-18 adults of each species were selected for morphometry. Mantel s and Partial Mantel s Tests identified relationships between spatial distribution, ecomorphological index and the phylogenetic distances. By non-metric multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analysis of variance it was identified that both, longitudinal and transversal gradients, had influence on species distribution, but the transversal gradient was the most influential on the abundance of species. From common species, according to Indicator Species Analysis (INDVAL), six were indicators of the littoral zone, three were indicators of deep zone, and two were indicators of the pelagic zone end four species occurred in more than one. Canonical Discriminate analysis was used to identify ecomorphological index that contributed to groups of species formed at INDVAL. Index related to head and mouth separate the species of the deep zone from littoral and pelagic ones, while body form and eye separated the pelagic from littoral zone. The morphology helped to define groups of species according to transversal gradient. The littoral zone had the greatest number of indicator species and greater morphological diversity than the pelagic and deep zones of Salto Santiago Reservoir, representing the importance of this habitat for species. Among the pelagic zone and deep, the morphology of the species is more specialized in locomotion and foraging, demonstrating the close relationship between habitat and morphology / Prever como características biológicas das espécies se ajustam às peculiaridades dos habitats é uma questão-chave na Ecologia. A morfologia auxilia na compreensão desse processo, o qual é importante para avaliar os efeitos das perturbações do habitat sobre as comunidades aquáticas, enquanto que reservatórios são ecossistemas complexos que formam gradientes espaciais ideais para inferir efeitos de habitats na distribuição das espécies. Deste modo, a hipótese testada foi que espécies que partilham características similares formam grupos que ocupam habitats semelhantes dentro do reservatório. Amostragens de peixes foram realizadas nos gradientes longitudinal e transversal durante três anos e selecionados de 14 a 18 adultos de cada espécie para morfometria. Os testes de Mantel e Mantel parcial identificaram interdependências entre distribuição espacial, índices ecomorfológicos e filogenia das espécies. Através da técnica de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico e da análise multivariada de variância permutacional foi identificado que ambos os gradientes longitudinal e transversal influenciaram na distribuição das espécies, porém o gradiente transversal foi o mais influente. Das espécies mais abundantes, a Análise de Espécies Indicadoras (INDVAL) identificou 6 espécies com preferência à zona litorânea; três à zona profunda; duas à zona pelágica e 4 espécies ocorreram em mais de uma zona. A Análise de Discriminante Canônico foi utilizada para identificar os índices ecomorfológicos que mais contribuem para distinção entre os grupos de espécies indicadoras formadas na INDVAL. Índices relacionados à cabeça e boca separam espécies da zona profunda das zonas litorânea e pelágica, enquanto forma do corpo e olho separou espécies da zona pelágica da litorânea. Assim, a morfologia contribuiu para a formação dos grupos de espécies de acordo com o gradiente transversal. A zona litorânea apresentou maior número de espécies indicadoras e maior diversidade morfológica que as zonas pelágica e profunda do reservatório de Salto Santiago, indicando a importância desse habitat para as espécies. Entre as zonas pelágica e profunda, a morfologia das espécies foi mais especializada na locomoção e forrageio, demonstrando a intima relação entre habitat e morfologia

Acredita-se que diferenças hodológicas e diferente padrão de expressão gênica ao longo do eixo dorso/ventral do hipocampo seriam responsáveis pela distinta função entre a porção dorsal (HD) e ventral do mesmo (HV). HD seria responsável por processos cognitivos, tais como memória e aprendizagem espacial, e o HV pelas respostas neuroendócrinas e emocional-motivacionais ao estresse. No entanto, não há muitos estudos acerca de diferenças entre HD e HV na modulação de comportamentos relacionados à neurobiologia da depressão. Há, contudo, dados indicando que o bloqueio de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA ou da síntese de NO no HD induz efeito semelhante ao dos antidepressivos (i.e. do tipo antidepressivo) no teste do nado forçado (TNF). Quanto ao HV, a função da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica/nitrérgica na neurobiologia da depressão permanece não investigado. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o bloqueio reversível do HD ou do HV, em diferentes momentos, em animais submetidos ao TNF. O próximo passo foi realizar a micro-injeção intra-HD ou intraHV do antagonista NMDA AP-7 ou do inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS), N-PLA, ou do inibidor da guanilato ciclase solúvel (sGC), ODQ. Os resultados mostram que o bloqueio do HD ou do HV com cloreto de cobalto (CoCl2, bloqueador da neurotransmissão sináptica dependente de cálcio) não modificou o comportamento dos animais no TNF. No entanto a administração de AP-7 ou N-PLA ou ODQ no HV antes do teste, reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no TNF. Por outro lado, a injeção dessas drogas no HD foi capaz de reduzir o tempo de imobilidade quando administradas tanto depois do pré-teste quanto antes do teste. Estes resultados sugerem que as vias NMDA-NO do HD e do HV, estariam envolvidas na modulação da resposta comportamental frente ao estresse do nado forçado. Além disso, os dados indicam que a participação dessas estruturas é importante em diferentes momentos após a exposição ao estresse. / It is believed that hodological and genetic pattern of expression differences along dorsal/ventral hippocampal axis would be responsible for distinct functions attributed to its dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) poles. DH would be responsible for cognitive process, such as spatial memory and learning, whereas the VH would be responsible for neuroendocrine and emotional-motivation responses to stress. However, there is no many studies about possible differences between DH and VH in the modulation of behavioral responses related to the neurobiology of depression. Though, there are data showing that the blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors blockers or NO synthesis inhibition within the DH induces similar effect to that of antidepressant drugs (like antidepressant effect) in the forced swimming test (FST). On the VH, The role of the glutamatergic/nitrergic neurotransmission remains to be investigated. Thus, the aim of this work was to perform the reversible blockade of DH or VH, at different times, in animals subjected to FST. Additionally, the next step was to perform a microinjections into the DH or the VH of NMDA antagonist (AP-7), inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, N-PLA), or the inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC, ODQ). The results show that blocking the VH or the DH (cobalt chloride, calcium dependent neurotransmission inhibitor) did not modify the behavior of animals during the TNF. However administration of AP-7, N-PLA or ODQ intra-HV, before testing, caused antidepressant-like effects. Moreover, injection of such drugs, intra-HD, was able to induce similar results when administered both after the pre-test and before testing. These results suggest that NMDA-NO pathway of both VH and DH is involved in the modulation of emotional responses to the forced swim stress, although there may be an interest differential participation of these structures at different times after exposure to stress.

L’utilisation excessive de pesticides engendre des pollutions et des dégradations importantes de l’environnement y compris sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. L’activité viticole ne fait pas exception à cette règle, et c’est pour cette raison que ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux réponses adaptatives ou délétères aux premiers stades de vie de poissons exposés à trois produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture ainsi qu’à leur mélange et à des échantillons environnementaux. La thèse s’intéresse aux stades précoces de développement de la truite arc-en-ciel, mais également à la lignée cellulaire de foie de truite RTL-W1. Les embryons de truite ont été exposés au cuivre, au glyphosate et au chlorpyrifos seuls ou en mélange. Une autre partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier les effets toxiques des échantillons environnementaux d’eau et de sédiment provenant d’un cours d’eau, La Livenne, à proximité de parcelles viticoles. Toutes les expériences ont été faites en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire. Les réponses induites par ces expositions ont été mesurées à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique : au niveau moléculaire, phénotypique et comportemental pour l’étude in vivo (larves de la truite arc-en-ciel) ; et l’analyse des effets cytotoxiques de l’induction des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) et des dommages à l’ADN pour l’étude in vitro (lignée RTL-W1). Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que l’exposition aux pesticides individuels, ou en mélange, chez les larves de truites arc-en-ciel n’a pas produit d’effets létaux aux concentrations testés. En revanche, ces substances ont provoqués différents effets sub-létaux, selon le composé et les concentrations étudiés, dont des effets tératogènes, des perturbations du comportement natatoire, des effets génotoxiques et l’expression différentielle de gènes cibles. Le cuivre s’est avéré le plus toxique provoquant un échec d’éclosion important. Des effets cytotoxiques et une production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) ont été observés sur cellules de truite exposées à des extraits d’eau de rivière. Par ailleurs, des effets comportementaux ont été observés sur les larves de truites exposées pendant 48 h à des sédiments et de l’eau de la Livenne. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse ont mis en évidence des effets sub-létaux sur les cellules et les stades précoces de développement de truite arc-en-ciel exposés à des concentrations environnementales de pesticides utilisés en viticulture. / The excessive use of pesticides generates significant pollution and degradation of the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. The viticultural activity is not an exception for this rule, and this is why the aim of this work is to study the adaptive or deleterious responses in the early life stages of fish exposed to three phytosanitary products used in viticulture as well as to their mixture and environmental samples. The thesis focuses on the early stages of development of rainbow trout, but also on the trout liver cell line RTL-W1. Trout embryos were exposed to copper, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos alone or as a mixture. Another part of this work consisted in studying the toxic effects of environmental samples of water and sediment coming from a river, La Livenne, close to vineyard plots. All experiments were done under controlled laboratory conditions. The responses induced by these exposures were measured at different levels of biological organization: at the molecular, phenotypic and behavioral level for the in vivo study (rainbow trout larvae); and the analysis of cytotoxic effects and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage for the in vitro study (RTL-W1 line). The results of this work showed that exposure to individual or mixed pesticides in rainbow trout larvae did not produce lethal effects at the tested concentrations. In contrast, these substances caused different sub-lethal effects, depending on the compound and concentrations studied, including teratogenic effects, swim behavior disturbances, genotoxic effects, and differential expression of target genes. Copper was found to be the most toxic causing a major hatching failure. Cytotoxic effects and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed on trout cells exposed to river water extracts. In addition, behavioral effects were observed on trout larvae exposed for 48 h to sediments and Livenne water. In conclusion, these thesis studies revealed sub-lethal effects on cells and early stages of development of rainbow trout exposed to environmental concentrations of pesticides.

A review of literature has revealed a dearth of research on leisure swimming patterns of Black females. Black youth, both male and female, have a higher rate of drowning than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States (“Water‐related injuries: Fact sheet”, 2005). Two known studies produced by (Irwin et al., 2009; 2010) examining hair as a constraint to swimming for African American youth produced conflicting results. In order to comprehensively examine hair as a constraint to African American female participation in swimming, the current study adopted a qualitative approach which allowed exploration of the cultural background and experiences of the participants enrolled in a required swimming class at Yates University (this is a pseudonym used throughout this research). The following research questions guided the study (a) How does hair influence swimming participation choices of Black females and (b) What is the self-reported degree of difficulty in the constraints negotiation process for Black females who do swim? The major finding is that hair acts as a constraint to swimming for participants of this study, but participants offered ways of negotiating this constraint to still be active participants in swimming.

What is a periphery? We can think about this word in more than one way. First off, peripheries are places that exist as spatial conditions in cities, They indicate edges and places that have been left behind. Spaces that have lost their meaning. But in this thesis I will use the word in another way as well. What does the periphery mean for us today? What are those parts of our lives that have been marginalized, and how can we begin to reclaim what has been lost? It is the aim of this thesis to address these issues of the individual in a site that exists on the edge of Manhattan--a place physically separated from the city by means of a highway, and in so doing, redeem both a physical space as well as a place within ourselves. One way in which we as a society create this edge condition within ourselves centers around how we structure our time. How do we work? When do we work? And, conversely, when do we rest? An important part of our twenty-first century lives centers around our ability to be in constant communication. Recent advancements in communication technology are fast shaping the way in which we live, and, as a result, we have constructed a world in which productivity and communication are no longer limited by our physical place. For its many benefits, one problem created by this is that of a population simultaneously connected to the world, yet easily disconnected from their physical place. When do we turn off? And, more importantly, what are we missing by being so endlessly connected? In response to this situation, I feel that we as a society need moments of repose to restore balance in our lives. It is during these breaks in our day that we are better able to synthesize information, form memory and maintain balance between engagement and rest. By connecting our minds with our bodies, moments of repose serve as physical and mental experiences that ground us in place.

<p>Die trainingswissenschaftliche Diagnostik in den Kernbereichen Training, Wettkampf und Leistungsfähigkeit ist durch einen hohen Praxisbezug, eine ausgeprägte strukturelle Komplexität und vielseitige Wechselwirkungen der sportwissenschaftlichen Teilgebiete geprägt. Diese Eigenschaften haben in der Vergangenheit dazu geführt, dass zentrale Fragestellungen, wie beispielsweise die Maximierung der sportlichen Leistungsfähigkeit, eine ökonomische Trainingsgestaltung, eine effektive Talentauswahl und -sichtung oder die Modellbildung noch nicht vollständig gelöst werden konnten. Neben den bereits vorhandenen linearen Lösungsansätzen werden in dieser Arbeit Methoden aus dem Bereich der Neuronalen Netzwerke eingesetzt. Diese nichtlinearen Diagnoseverfahren sind besonders geeignet für die Analyse von Prozessabläufen, wie sie beispielsweise im Training vorliegen.</p> <p>Im theoretischen Teil werden zunächst Gemeinsamkeiten, Abhängigkeiten und Unterschiede in den Bereichen Training, Wettkampf und Leistungsfähigkeit untersucht sowie die Brücke zwischen trainingswissenschaftlicher Diagnostik und nichtlinearen Verfahren über die Begriffe der Interdisziplinarität und Integrativität geschlagen. Angelehnt an die Theorie der Neuronalen Netze werden anschließend die Grundlagenmodelle Perzeptron, Multilayer-Perzeptron und Selbstorganisierende Karten theoretisch erläutert. Im empirischen Teil stehen dann die nichtlineare Analyse von personalen Anforderungsstrukturen, Zustände der sportlichen Form und die Prognose sportlichen Talents - allesamt bei jugendlichen Leistungsschwimmerinnen und -schwimmern - im Mittelpunkt. Die nichtlinearen Methoden werden dabei einerseits auf ihre wissenschaftliche Aussagekraft überprüft, andererseits untereinander sowie mit linearen Verfahren verglichen.</p> / <p>The diagnostic methods in training science concentrate on the core areas of training, competition, and performance. The methods commonly used are characterized by a high degree of practical applicability and distinct structural complexity. These characteristics have led to the question which scientific methods fit best for resolving problems like, for example, the optimization of athletic performance, efficient planning and monitoring of training processes, effective talent screening, selection and development, or the formation of analytical models. All these questions have not yet been answered sufficiently.</p> <p>Aside from the traditional mathematical approaches on the basis of the linear model, nonlinear methods in the field of neural networks are used in this dissertation. These nonlinear diagnostic methods are especially suitable for the analysis of coherent patterns in time series such as training processes.</p> <p>In the theoretical part of the dissertation, common aspects, mutual dependencies, and differences between training, competition, and performance are examined. In this context, a bridge is built between the diagnostic purposes in these fields and suitable nonlinear methods. Along the lines of the neural networks theory, the basic models Perceptron, Multilayer-Perceptron, and Self-Organizing Feature Maps are subsequently elucidated.</p> <p>In the empirical part of the thesis, three studies conducted with top level adolescent swimmers are presented that focus on the nonlinear analysis of personal athletic ability structures, different states of athletic shape, and the prognosis of athletic talent. The nonlinear methods are thus examined as to how worthwhile they are for analytical purposes in training science on the one hand, and they are compared to each other as well as to linear methods on the other hand.</p>

These studies compare neurotransmitter localization and the behavioral functions of homologous neurons in nudibranch molluscs to determine the types of changes that might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5 HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations and numbers of many other 5 HT-immunoreactive neurons were variable. Thus, particular parts of the serotonergic system have changed during the evolution of nudibranchs. To test whether the functions of homologous neurons are phylogenetically variable, comparisons were made in species with divergent behaviors. In Tritonia diomedea, which crawls and also swims via dorsal-ventral body flexions, the CeSP cluster includes the Dorsal Swim Interneurons (DSIs). It was previously shown that the DSIs are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG); they are rhythmically active during swimming and, along with their neurotransmitter 5-HT, are necessary and sufficient for swimming. It was also known that the DSIs excite efferent neurons used in crawling. DSI homologues, the CeSP-A neurons, were identified in six species that do not exhibit dorsal-ventral swimming. Many physiological characteristics, including excitation of putative crawling neurons were conserved, but the CeSP A neurons were not rhythmically active in any of the six species. In the lateral flexion swimmer, Melibe leonina, the CeSP-A neurons and 5-HT, were sufficient, but not necessary, for swimming. Thus, homologous neurons, and their neurotransmitter, have functionally diverged in species with different behaviors. Homologous neurons in species with similar behaviors also exhibited functional divergence. Like Melibe, Dendronotus iris is a lateral flexion swimmer. Swim interneuron 1 (Si1) is in the Melibe swim CPG. However, its putative homologue in Dendronotus, the Cerebral Posterior ipsilateral Pedal (CPiP) neuron, was not rhythmically active during swim-like motor patterns, but could initiate such a motor pattern. Together, these studies suggest that neurons have changed their functional relationships to neural circuits during the evolution of species-specific behaviors and have functionally diverged even in species that exhibit similar behaviors.

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