La stagnation est un phénomène fréquent dans le domaine de la natation, bien qu’inexpliqué et incompris, pour lequel peu de solutions sont proposées. Malgré quelques recherches sur ce phénomène, notamment au baseball, la littérature sur le sujet demeure incomplète et ne permet pas de bien cerner le problème de la stagnation. Ainsi, cette étude a pour but premier d’identifier et de comprendre les causes possibles de la stagnation, les changements émotionnels, physiques et sociaux engendrés par un tel phénomène et les stratégies utilisées par les athlètes pour gérer la stagnation. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est de jeter un regard sur l’impact de l’optimisme sur la résolution de la stagnation. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de onze nageurs ayant compétitionné au niveau national canadien. Les nageurs étaient divisés en trois groupes: les nageurs ayant résolu leur stagnation et qui continuent de nager, les nageurs ayant cessé la compétition de natation suite à une stagnation non résolue et ceux qui nagent encore malgré une stagnation non résolue. Les candidats sélectionnés ont complété deux questionnaires sur l’optimisme, le LOT-R et l’ASQ. L’analyse des résultats, réalisée grâce à la théorisation ancrée, a permis de déterminer un ensemble d’émotions vécues par les athlètes et d’identifier des stratégies afin de résoudre la stagnation. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent qu’une balance entre l’optimisme et le pessimisme, une motivation intrinsèque ainsi qu’une auto-détermination chez l'athlète sont des éléments importants afin de surmonter une stagnation. / Even if unexplained and misunderstood, a slump is a frequent phenomenon among high level swimmers for which few solutions are proposed. Despite some previous research especially in the sport of baseball, the literature on this topic is fairly incomplete and does not provide a complete understanding of the problem. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the possible causes of a slump and the emotional, mental, physical and social changes generated by this phenomenon and the strategies used by swimmers in order to break through their slumps. The second goal of this study is to examine the impact of optimism on the resolution of a slump. To reach these goals, semi-structured interviews were held with eleven swimmers who competed at the national level in Canada. Swimmers were divided into three groups: swimmers who resolved their slumps and are still swimming, swimmers who stopped competitive swimming because of an unresolved slump and swimmers who are still swimming even though they are still enduring a slump. Subjects selected were also asked to complete two optimism questionnaires (LOT-R and ASQ). Data analysis, using the grounded theory, identified an emotional patterns experienced by swimmers and certain strategies used by swimmers to resolve their slump. Finally, the results of this study suggest that a balance between optimism and pessimism, an intrinsic motivation and a perception of auto-determination are important elements when trying to overcome a slump.

Theoretical part of this thesis is focused on a heart rate, especially its parameters, measurement methods and regulation. Moreover describes maximal heart rate issue. Practical part was performed as an experimental measurement of maximal heart rate level of 40 healthy adult probands (20 men and 20 women) between the ages of twenty and forty. Maximal heart rate was measured by telemetry meter FT4 Polar ® in 3 types of exercise tests - running, ergometer cycling and swimming. Results were statistically processed. Study confirmed significant differences in maximal heart rate during running, ergometer cycling and swimming. Highest heart rate was reached while running for 95% of measured volunteers and the lowest heart rate was reached during swimming for 98% of probands. The objective of this thesis was a comparison of reached heart rates during different exercise tests and highlight the evidence of dissimilar maximal heart rate during different exercises. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: The evaluation of occurrence and quality of the most widely used swimming technique used by the public in Prague. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to find out in selected Prague pools, which swimming technique is the most widely accepted by public. Identify and compare the specific technical deficiencies in the performance of the swimming techniques with respect to age and sex. Methods: Direct observation was used as the research method. The results of the observation were recorded in the pre-built tables. The recorded data was processed with statistical methods and subsequently were compared, evaluated and graphically represented. Results: It was found that the most used swimming technique by public in selected Pragues pools is Breaststroke. Swimming public often used just one of the techniques - breast, for swimming locomotion. In excess of half the pool visitors had deficiencies in their breaststroke technique. This was more pronounced in older people than younger people. There was also differences between male and female with the women adopting the incorrect action of tilting their head backwards. Keywords: swimming public, breaststroke technique, blunder, asymmetric movement of the legs, head bent backward

Title: Musculoskeletal assessment analysis of triathletes Objectives: The main aim of this master degree thesis is the diagnostics of the current condition of the complex kinesiological examination of musculo-skeletal system in elite performance triathtletes of the Czech National Team level (Junior and U23 categories), including compensational exercises specifically devised for triathlets. Futhermore with the help of the selected data this study is expected to draw some basic conclusions and establish the typical postural characteristics of athletes related to the sport of triathlon. Methods: In this thesis we have used following testing methods: complex musculo skeletal examintation including evaluation of medical history, an antropometrical screening, standing static postural assessment, gait assessment, soft-tissue palpation exam, assessment of the fundamental movement patterns of an individua, examination of neurological reflexes, flexibility and range of motion screening. Based on the above mentioned tests we have received a complete functional and musculo skeletal system profile of each triathlete's. For collection we have used the SPSS 22 data analysis software. For the gender diferentiation we have used non-pairred T-Test and for perofrmance variability within the 3 levels we have used...

Title: Breaststroke style technique by public swimming in the Czech Republic and the USA Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to identify and compare the selected regions in the country and abroad, which is the most used swimming technique by public swimmers. Identify specific technical deficiencies of the breaststroke style performance, according to age and gender. Methods: Research methods used: direct observation, scaling-tabular record, comparison of data from different regions and selected groups of probands and methods of mathematical - statistical data processing. The data were analyzed and graphically illustrated. Results: It was found that the breaststroke is the most used technique by public swimmers in selected regions in the Czech Republic. The most used technique in the USA is the one similar to crawl. Breaststroke swimmers from the USA committed less blunders than breaststroke swimmers in the Czech Republic. More than a half of visitors to Czech pools swim breaststroke with blunders. Swimmers in the Czech Republic very often use only one technique for swimming locomotion - breaststroke. The elderly were observed more errors in the breaststroke technique, than generation of younger swimmers. Difference was observed between swimming technique of men and women - women often swim with...

Pour améliorer les performances des robots sous marins, l’une des approches poursuivie par les roboticiens, appelée biomimétisme, consiste à imiter ou à s’inspirer des systèmes vivants pour concevoir des robots de nouvelle génération. C’est dans ce contexte que s’est récemment déroulé un projet européen nommé ANGELS, dont l’objectif est la réalisation d’un robot bio-inspiré de l’anguille. Ce travail expérimental s’inscrit dans ce projet et est consacré à l’étude de la nage du robot. Les expériences ont été réalisées dans un canal hydraulique conçu pour cette étude. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé par traitement d’images les allures (i.e. les lois de déformation du corps) adoptées par une anguille nageant soit dans un écoulement uniforme frontal ou dans un courant traversier. Cette étude a donné lieu à l’établissement d’un modèle mathématique corrélatif de la déformation du corps de l’anguille dans ces conditions de nage. Dans un second temps, afin d’étudier les effets de la déformation du corps sur l’écoulement latéral, produit lors de la nage, des expériences par PIV ont été réalisées sur différents modèles de cylindres elliptiques rigides. Ces résultats nous ont permis de mieux comprendre et de valider une approche théorique permettant de calculer la force de propulsion en réponse à la loi de déformation du corps. Enfin, des expériences portant sur la nage anguilliforme dans un écoulement de type allée de von-Kàrmàn ont été réalisées en vue d’étudier les interactions hydrodynamiques et en particulier les mécanismes d’extraction de l’énergie de l’écoulement incident. Ces expériences ont été réalisées avec une anguille et un robot anguilliforme. Les expériences menées sur le robot montrent que pour une même loi de déformation du corps, la force de propulsion générée, en comparaison avec le cas de l’écoulement uniforme, peut sous certaines conditions être augmentée de près de 30 ont, quant à elles, permis de mettre clairement en évidence une modification de l’allure de nage de l’anguille lorsqu’elle est placée dans une allée de von-Kàrmàn. L’analyse qualitative de cette nouvelle allure nous a conduit à proposer un mode particulier d’extraction d’énergie de l’écoulement. / In order to improve the performance of the submarine robots, the robotics community has been considered a new approach known as the biomimetic. It consist on the study of a living systems such, fish, to design and construct a bio-inspired robot. In this context, recently was took place an European project called ANGELS, in which the objective is to design and construct a fish-like robot inspired from the swimming of the eel. This thesis takes place in this project and is dedicate to the study of the swimming of the robot. Experiments were carried out in a hydrodynamic test bed designed and entirely set up for this study. At first,the kinematic shapes (i.e. deformation of the body) adopted by living eel during its swimming against or slantwise a uniform flow, were characterized by mean ofan image processing analysis technique. This study has allowed the establishing of a mathematical correlative model, describing the deformation of the eel’s body in these swimming conditions. Secondly, we studied the effects of the body’s deformation on the lateral flow produced during swimming. PIV experiences were carried out on different elliptic cylinder shapes. These experiments have allowed the understanding and the validation of a theoretical approach, concerning the swimming dynamic of the fish, used to obtain the propulsion force produced in reply of the body deformation during swimming. Finally, experiments were carried out during the anguilliform swimming in a non-uniform flow such as, avon-Kàrmàn vortex street. The goal was to study the hydrodynamics interactions and in particular the mechanisms of the exploited vortices adopted by fish. These experiences were realized on the swimming of a living eel and an anguilliform robot. Experiments led on the robot show that under certain conditions, the propulsive force of the robot swimming in a von-Kàrmàn vortex street can be increased of about 30 comparison to its swimming in a uniform flow. Experiments with eel have allowed the highlighting of a particular shape of its body deformation formed when it’s swimming in a reverse von-Kàrmàn vortex street. The qualitative analysis realized on this kinematic observation led us to propose a mechanism adopted by the eel to exploited energy from altered flow.

Title: Swim Smooth System and Swimming Specialization Objectives: Along with The Australian Swim Smooth Swim Type Coaching System criteria assign particular swim types to natural predispositions of selected elite swimmers and thus confirm suitability of their specialization. Methods: This work was carried out as a methodological study that explores both the suitability of specialization in a selected group of elite swimmers and the potential benefits of the Swim Smooth Swim Type System compared to the more commonly used method of one swim type. The study involved measuring, displaying, monitoring, evaluation, analysis and correlation. We measured the stroke length and stroke rate. We observed individual style of freestyle technique. We evaluated the Swim Types, somatotype, personality traits of extroversion and swimmers' potential to either speed, middle distance or endurance performance. We performed analysis of the development of swimmers' personal records in their main discipline. We determined the degree of correlation among particular Swim Type criteria that determine Swim Smooth swim types. We evaluated the swimmers' specialization suitability and outlined way of their further development. Results: Swim Smooth Swim Type System revealed the inadequacy of specialization of one swimmer. For all...

My thesis deals with the issue of movement abilities. It examines a mutual relation and compares levels of movement abilities in and out of water within physical education at primary school. It addresses the question of influencing movement abilities in and out of water and determines whether the level of selected movement abilities out of water corresponds with the level of movement abilities of a similar character in the water. Furthermore, the thesis verifies whether boys and girls of early school age have the same level of movement abilities.

Huit paires de jambes jaillissant de l’eau simultanément et scandant des mouvements identiques au rythme fulgurant d’une musique entraînante. Voilà ce que l’on retient généralement des ballets de natation synchronisée que proposent les retransmissions télévisées d’épreuves sportives internationales. Alors que les journalistes et les spectateurs témoignent de leur émerveillement face à ces réalisations, on pourrait légitimement s’interroger sur la teneur musicale, entre collages, arrangements et compositions inédites, de ces manifestations sportives. En s’intéressant d’un peu plus près à ce monde sportif on découvrirait qu’un compositeur, Jean-Michel Collet, collabore depuis 1996, avec l’équipe de France de natation synchronisée. Une série de questions se poserait alors : pourquoi un musicien collabore-t-il avec cette équipe ? Comment des entraîneures et un musicien arrivent-ils à travailler ensemble ? Sur la base de quels critères (musicaux et/ou sportifs) ces acteurs parviennent-ils à coordonner leurs actions pour créer une musique de ballet ? En somme, comment analyser les processus de création musicale en natation synchronisée ? Dans son enquête, l’auteure mobilise les outils de la musicologie et de la sociologie pour faire saillir les caractéristiques stylistiques de ces musiques de ballet. L’analyse des documents formant le corpus de cette thèse (transcriptions musi-chorégraphiques, entretiens, compte rendus d’observation, corpus journalistique, etc.) montre notamment que « faire la musique » en natation synchronisée relève de savoirs et de savoir-faire inscrits dans une tradition sportive, de l’utilisation et de l’appropriation de conventions, de négociations et autres compromis qui témoignent de la dimension éminemment collective des processus de création artistique. / Eight pairs of legs simultaneously arising from the water, and with identical movements marking the lightning rhythm of a lively music. This is the vision one usually holds from a broadcasted synchronized swimming international competition. Sportscasters and viewers giving rave reviews on skills and figures, it seems rightful to question the value of the music heard with these routines, be it a mix, an arrangement, or an original composition.Investigations conducted within the synchronized swimming world reveal that a composer, Jean-Michel Collet, is a long-time associate to the French national team. Questions arise: why does a musician commit to working in such an environment? How do different partners, i.e. coaches, one musician, manage to work hand-in-hand? What are the criteria, musical and/or athletic, that both parties need to meet, in order to make water ballet music happen? In short, how can the creative processes in music, concerning synchronized swimming, be addressed and analyzed?Analytical methods used in musicology and sociology are called upon by the inquiring author, in order to point out the stylistic characteristics of water ballet music. At the core of this research work, analysis of multiple documents, e.g. transcribed sheet music using ballet marks, records of interviews, on-site personal collections of data, news articles, shows that “music making” in synchronized swimming falls under the law of a tradition in sports, with its own rules and know-how. Actors in both fields need to grasp and take advantage of conventions. Negotiations and other kinds of settlements establish the fact that interaction and teamwork are major components found in the creative processes.

O estresse parece ser um dos principais fatores responsáveis pela predisposição do indivíduo à depressão. Estudos prévios de nosso laboratório mostraram que a inativação aguda da transmissão sináptica no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) provoca efeitos tipo-antidepressivos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado, indicando que sua ativação durante o estresse facilita o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão. Contudo, os neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de tais efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Sabe-se que a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET é abundante e tem participação importante na regulação de processos emocionais relacionados à resposta ao estresse. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica existente no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) no desenvolvimento das consequências comportamentais do estresse relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão, através da administração local de antagonistas noradrenérgicos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado. Os resultados mostraram que a administração local de WB4101 (antagonista ?1) (10 e 15 nmol), CGP20712 (antagonista ?1) (5 e 10 nmol) e ICI118,551 (antagonista ?2) (5 nmol) reduziu o tempo de imobilidade de animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. Além disso, a administração local das mesmas doses dessas drogas em grupos independentes de animais submetidos ao teste do campo aberto não causou alteração na atividade locomotora dos animais, descartando um possível efeito inespecífico sobre a atividade locomotora. Os resultados sugerem, portanto, o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET, através da ativação de receptores noradrenérgicos ?1, ?1 e ?2, na mediação das consequências comportamentais do estresse e nos mecanismos neurais envolvidos na neurobiologia da depressão. / Stress seems to be a major factor responsible for the individual\'s predisposition to depression. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that acute inactivation of synaptic transmission within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) with cobalt chloride causes antidepressant-like effects in rats submitted to the forced swimming test, suggesting that NLET activation during stress facilitates the development of the behavioral consequences related to the neurobiology of depression. However, the neurotransmitters involved in mediating these effects remain unknown. It is known that the noradrenergic neurotransmission in NLET is abundant and plays an important role in regulating emotional processes related to stress response. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) in the development of the behavioral consequences of stress related to the neurobiology of depression by local administration of noradrenergic antagonists in rats submitted to the forced swimming animal model. The results showed that the local administration of WB4101 (?1-antagonist) (10 and 15 nmol), CGP20712 (?1-antagonist) (5 and 10 nmol) and ICI118, 551 (?2-antagonist) (5 nmol) reduced the immobility time of animals submitted to the forced swimming test, an antidepressant-like effect. Furthermore, local administration of the same doses of these drugs in independent groups of animals submitted to the open field test did not change their locomotor activity, discarding a possible unspecific effect on locomotor activity. The results, therefore, suggest the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission within the NLET, through the activation of noradrenergic receptors ?1, ?1 and ?2, in mediating the behavioral consequences of stress and the neural mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of depression.