Tradition in the study of Beowulf has held that the discussion between Beowulf and Unferth regarding Beowulf’s victory over Breca concerns a swimming competition. However, some scholars have suggested that this section refers to a rowing or sailing adventure, due to some ambiguity in the language of the passage. Linguistic evidence for the rowing interpretation, mostly from the 1970's, is well-known but has been neither accepted by editors nor effectively countered by subsequent scholarship. By applying literary, dramatic and cultural theoretical principles to the two alternative explanations it became apparent that the rowing interpretation of the Breca episode is more appropriate within the literary and social context of Beowulf. This more-or-less ambiguous episode has been modified to fit Beowulf into a folk-tale ethos in which scholarship no longer admits it has a place. This nineteenth-century interpretation has now passed out of favour, but recent scholarship has remained committed a traditional interpretation of the Breca episode which now is clearly incongruous.

Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modélisation des interactions fluide-structure entre un fluide visqueux, incompressible et une structure pouvant être déformable. Après avoir présenté les différentes approches possibles de modélisation, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de type frontière immergée : la méthode IPC ("Image Point Correction"). Combinant approches Ghost-Cell et Pénalisation, cette méthode mixte du second degré globalement et localement en vitesse, est validée sur différents cas tests (comparaisons des coefficients aérodynamiques pour des cylindres fixes ou mobiles, sédimentation 2D d'un cylindre). Nous avons ensuite appliqué la méthode IPC à la simulation de la nage. Dans un premier temps, le solveur 2D a été couplé avec un algorithme d'optimisation mathématique afin de déterminer la loi de nage optimale pour une géométrie de poisson donnée. Puis, dans un second temps, nous avons simulé la nage 3D après reconstruction approchée de la géométrie, basée sur des images du nageur. Enfin, grâce à l'outil du squelette, une reconstruction réaliste du poisson est proposée. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the modeling of fluid-structure interactions. The fluid is viscous and incompressible, and the structure is subject to an imposed deformation. After a survey of the different existing approachs to model fluid-structure interactions, we introduce a new immersed boundary method: the IPC method (”Image Point Correction”). This ap-proach merges Ghost-Cell and Penalty concepts. It is globally and locally second order in velocity, and it is validated through several canonical simulations. Then, we apply the IPC method to fish-like swimming. First, the 2D solver is paired up with a mathematical optimization algorithm to determine the optimal swimming law for a given fish geometry. Secondly, we simulate a 3D swimmer after performing an approximated reconstruction of the geometry based on actual fish pictures. Finally, thanks to the skeleton approach, a realistic reconstruction of the fish is exposed.

Lors de catastrophes pétrolières, l’utilisation de dispersant est une stratégie de lutte qui permet le transfert de la nappe de pétrole de la surface vers la colonne d’eau, sous forme de gouttelettes d’hydrocarbure. En milieu côtier, la dispersion d’une nappe de pétrole est une mesure controversée car la faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau ne permet pas une dissémination rapide des gouttelettes d’hydrocarbure et expose ainsi les écosystèmes aquatiques à de fortes concentrations de contaminant. Afin d’évaluer la toxicité de l’application de dispersant en zones côtières, une approche expérimentale a été menée chez des juvéniles de Liza sp. en considérant trois scenarii : (i) la dispersion mécanique de la nappe simulant une dispersion naturelle due aux conditions météorologiques ; (ii) la dispersion chimique de la nappe simulant l’application de dispersant ; (iii) l’absence de dispersion de la nappe simulant son confinement avant récupération. La toxicité de chaque condition a été évaluée au travers d’une mesure de la mortalité sur un groupe d’individu, par l’estimation des performances de nage et de la capacité métabolique au niveau de l’organisme, et par une approche multimarqueur au niveau de l’organe.La comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole non dispersée et une nappe de pétrole dispersée chimiquement montre que l’application de dispersant entraine une augmentation des phénomènes de mortalité et une diminution, au niveau hépatique et branchial, des capacités de défense contre les xénobiotiques. A l’inverse, la comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole dispersée mécaniquement et chimiquement montre que, lorsque l’agitation de la mer est importante, l’application de dispersant ne semble pas potentialiser la toxicité du pétrole.Ces résultats suggèrent que (i) la récupération de la nappe de pétrole devrait être considérée comme une technique de lutte prioritaire sur l’utilisation de dispersant ; (ii) l’application de dispersant pourrait être considérée lors de conditions météorologique appropriées. / Dispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated.

La désinfection de l’eau de piscine est essentielle pour prévenir la propagation de maladies infectieuses. Cependant, les désinfectants réagissent avec les composés organiques présents dans l’eau y compris ceux introduits par les baigneurs, tels que les fluides corporels et les crèmes solaires, conduisant à la formation de sous-produits de désinfection (SPD) associés à des effets néfastes sur la santé. Le devenir des filtres UV organiques, présents dans les crèmes solaires et les produits de soins personnels, dans les piscines d'eau de mer chlorées est peu connu. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient d'étudier la réactivité des filtres UV organiques dans l'eau de mer chlorée, d’identifier les SPD générées par les filtres UV, d'analyser l’occurrence des SPD dans les piscines d'eau de mer, et d'examiner leur génotoxicité. Des expériences de chloration ont été menées dans l'eau de mer reconstituée sur cinq filtres UV couramment utilisés : l’oxybenzone (OXY), le dioxybenzone (DIOXY), l’avobenzone (AVO), l’octyl méthoxycinnamate (OMC), et l’octocrylène (OC). Tous les composés étudiés sauf l’OC ont été dégradés conduisant à la formation de SPD bromés pour lesquels des schémas réactionnels ont été proposés. L'occurrence de ces SPD a été étudiée dans les piscines d'eau de mer où des SPD bromés ont été quantifiés. La génotoxicité de l’hydrate de bromal (BH), l’un des SPD généré par OXY et DIOXY et détecté dans les piscines d'eau de mer, a été évaluée. BH a induit une activité génotoxique dans le test d'Ames et l'essai de comète. Cette étude montre que les filtres UV peuvent agir comme précurseurs pour la formation de SPD génotoxiques dans l’eau de mer chlorée. / Disinfection of swimming pool water is critical to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases. However, disinfectants react with organic compounds present in water, including anthropogenic inputs (e.g. body fluids, sunscreens), leading to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that have been linked to adverse health effects. Little is known about the fate of organic UV filters, present in sunscreens and personal care products, when introduced into chlorinated seawater swimming pools. The aims of the present study were to investigate the reactivity of five commonly used organic UV filters in chlorinated seawater, identify DBPs generated from the UV filters, analyze the occurrence of these DBPs in seawater swimming pools, and examine their genotoxicity. Chlorination experiments were conducted to analyze the reactivity of the UV filters oxybenzone (OXY), dioxybenzone (DIOXY), avobenzone (AVO), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), and octocrylene (OC) in reconstituted seawater. All the studied UV filters except OC were degraded in chlorinated seawater resulting in the formation of brominated DBPs. Based on the identified byproducts, transformation pathways were proposed. The occurrence of the identified DBPs was investigated in seawater pools. Several brominated DBPs were identified in seawater pool samples. The genotoxicity of bromal hydrate (BH), which was generated by the benzophenone UV filters OXY and DIOXY and detected in the investigated seawater pools, was assessed. BH induced genotoxic activity in the Ames test and in the comet assay. Overall, this study shows that UV filters can act as precursors for the formation of genotoxic DBPs in chlorinated seawater pools.

La croissance de la population humaine et l'intensification des activités associées exercent une pression considérable sur les écosystèmes marins côtiers. Afin d’évaluer l’impact des activités humaines sur ces écosystèmes, des efforts considérables ont été consacrés au développement de biomarqueurs. En dépit d'un potentiel pour une large gamme d'applications, les biomarqueurs les plus couramment utilisés ciblent des effets situés à des niveaux organisationnels faibles (molécules, cellules ou tissus) et très peu sont susceptibles d'indiquer des impacts sur des niveaux organisationnels supérieurs (organisme, population, écosystème). Or, ces derniers sont d'une pertinence considérable pour les activités humaines, l'économie et le bien-être. Ils sont en effet le résultat intégratif de l'histoire environnementale d'un organisme et, en même temps, ils reflètent leur vulnérabilité et leur résilience aux changements de leurs conditions de vie. Cette opinion a été corroborée par la révision récente du concept de santé animale qui dorénavant, intègre les effets latents des conditions de vie antérieures, les conséquences des expositions et des expériences passées, ainsi que les conséquences du cumul de ces effets. L’utilisation conjointe des marqueurs de hauts niveaux organisationnels et du concept de santé pourrait donc aider à fournir des informations écologiquement pertinentes grâce à l’utilisation de biomarqueurs. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ma thèse étaient 1) de développer une méthodologie pour évaluer la santé des poissons, 2) d'étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents des performances mesurées et 3) de vérifier l’applicabilité de cette approche à de nombreux contextes en s’appuyant sur deux études de cas. Au cours de ces recherches, nous avons démontré que la tolérance à l'hypoxie, la sensibilité à la température et les performances de nage sont des biomarqueurs fiables de la santé des poissons. Leurs réponses sont en effet stables dans le temps, prédictives de la survie des poissons dans leur milieu naturel et sensibles à une exposition à un polluant. De plus, l'application de cette méthodologie à des études de cas a démontré que notre approche est généralisable à différents contextes et qu'elle fournit des informations opérationnelles facilement transférables aux secteurs socio-économiques et au grand public. / Growth of human population and associated intensification of human activities is putting considerable pressure on coastal marine ecosystems. To assess anthropogenic impact on these ecosystems, substantial efforts have been devoted to the development of biomarkers. Despite a potential for a broad application range, most commonly used biomarkers target effects at sub-organismal organizational level (molecules, cells or tissues) and very few are liable to indicate impacts at organism or higher organizational levels. On the other hand, although too far removed from causal events to constitute early warning signals of environmental stress, high-level organizational biomarkers are of considerable relevance to human activities, economy and well-being. They are indeed the integrative result of the environmental history of an organism and, at the same time, reflect their vulnerability and resilience to changes in their living conditions. This view is corroborated by the recent revision of the concept of animal health, which nowadays incorporates the latent effects of past living conditions, the consequences of past exposures and experiences and the cumulative consequences of these effects. The joint use of high organizational levels markers and the concept of health could help overcome the failure of current biomarkers to provide ecologically relevant information. In this context, the objectives of my thesis were 1) to develop a methodology to assess fish health; 2) to investigate the underlying mechanisms and confounding factors of the performances measured and 3) to verify the applicability of our approach through two case studies.Throughout these researches, we demonstrated that hypoxia tolerance, temperature susceptibility and swimming performances are promising biomarkers of fish health. Their responses are stable over time, predictive of fish survival in the field and sensitive to an exposure to dispersant-treated oil. Also, application of this methodology to case studies demonstrated that our approach is generalizable to different contexts and that it provides operational information easily transferable to socio-economic sectors and general public.

Nous étudions la dynamique de nage de bactéries Escherichia coli dans différents environnements. Leur mouvement 3D est déterminé au moyen d'un système de suivi Lagrangien 3D automatisé pour suivre des objets fluorescents que nous avons développé. Les bactéries étudiées avec ce système présentent une dispersion du coefficient de diffusion rotationnel particulièrement large, ce qui contredit la vision communément admise de la dynamique "run-and-tumble" qui a été établie pour une bactérie qui nage. Ce résultat est interprété comme une conséquence de la distribution en loi de puissance des temps de "run" expérimentaux d'un flagelle individuel, qui jusqu'alors restait indépendant de la description cinématique. Dans des écoulements confinés, la migration vers l'amont d'E. coli sur les bords reste possible pour des taux de cisaillement bien plus grands que ceux de la surface plane. La vitesse des bactéries sur les bords n'est pas influencée par l'écoulement advectif. Le mouvement vers l'amont a lieu près des parois dans une "couche limite" dont la taille varie avec le taux de cisaillement imposé. La migration vers l'amont sous écoulement et persistance de direction se combinent lors du processus de contamination. Nous montrons que les bactéries peuvent contaminer des régions propres par nage vers l'amont dans des environnements confinés.Un modèle simple, qui prend en compte la statistique de rotation du moteur, décrit de manière satisfaisante les principales caractéristiques du processus de contamination, en faisant l'hypothèse d'une distribution en loi de puissance des temps de “run”. Le modèle échoue à reproduire la dynamique quanlitative lorsque l'on prend en compte la distribution classique de run-and-tumble. Nous en concluons que le transport macroscopique de bactéries est déterminé pour la statistique de rotation du moteur. / We present a study of the swimming dynamics of Escherichia coli bacteria in different physical conditions. Their 3D motion is assessed by means of a device for automated 3D Lagrangian tracking of fluorescent objects, that we developed for that purpose. Bacteria studied in that way display consistently large dispersion of the rotational diffusion coefficient, contradicting the standard vision of run-and-tumble dynamics established for an adapted bacterium. The result is interpreted as a consequence of the power law distribution of run times experimentally found for individual flagella, that up to now remained uncoupled with the motility description.We also study the bacterial swimming in polymeric suspensions, as well as in more concentrated active suspensions.In confined flows, upstream migration of E. coli at the edges remains possible at much larger flow rates compared to the motion at the flat surfaces. The bacteria speed at the edges is not influenced by the advective flow. Upstream motion takes place close to the edges in an “edge boundary layer” whose size varies with the applied flow rate. Upstream migration under flow and direction persistence combine during contamination processes. We show that bacteria can contaminate clean regions by upstream swimming in confined environments. A simple model considering the motor rotation statistics describes well the main features of the contamination process, assuming a power law distribution of run times. The model fails to reproduce the qualitative dynamics when the classical run-and-tumble distribution is determined by the motor rotation statistics.

No description available.

The thesis deals with the design and structural assessment of the swimming pool object in Dobruška. The solved structure has been chosen of the 2 preliminary variants. The dimensions of the rectangular floor plan are 34,10x40,99 m and the height of the ridge is 13,83 m. The structural system consist of two-hinged arched trusses which are connected with solid-web purlins and girts. The spatial rigidity is provided by combination of longitudinal and sway bracings. The cladding comprises of Kalzip roof system and a glass facade.

<p>Swimming is the second most common form of recreational activity in the U.S. Swimming pool water and air quality should be maintained to allow swimmers, pool employees, and spectators to use the pool facility safely. One of the major concerns regarding the health of swimmers and other pool users is the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools. Previous research has shown that volatile DBPs can adversely affect the human respiratory system. DBPs are formed by reactions between chlorine and other compounds that are present in water, most of which are introduced by swimmers, including many that contain reduced nitrogen. Some of the DBPs formed in pools are volatile, and their transfer to the gas phase in pool facilities is promoted by mixing near the air/water interface, caused by swimming and pool features.</p> <p><a>Swimming pool water treatment processes can play significant roles in governing water and air quality.</a> Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that water and air quality in a swimming pool facility can be improved by renewing or enhancing one or more components of water treatment.</p> <p>The first phase of the study was designed to identify and quantify changes in water and air quality that are associated with changes in water treatment at a chlorinated indoor pool facility. Reductions of aqueous NCl₃concentration were observed following the use of secondary oxidizer with its activator. This inclusion also resulted in significant decreases in the concentrations of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) and dichloroacetonitrile (CNCHCl₂) in pool water. The concentration of urea, a compound that is common in swimming pools and that functions as an important precursor to NCl₃ formation, as well as a marker compound for introduction of contaminants by swimmers, was also reduced after the addition of activator.</p> <p>The second phase of this study involved field measurements to characterize and quantify the dynamic behavior of indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor swimming pool facilities, particularly as related to volatile compounds that are transferred from swimming pool water to air. Measurements of water and air quality were conducted before, during, and after periods of heavy use at several indoor pool facilities. The results of a series of measurements at different swimming pool facilities allowed for examination of the effects of swimmers on liquid-phase DBPs and gas-phase NCl₃. Liquid-phase NCl₃ concentrations were observed to gradually increase during periods of high swimmer numbers (<i>e.g.</i>, swimming meets), while liquid-phase CHCl₃ concentration was nearly constant in the same period. Concentrations of urea displayed a steady increase each day during these periods of intensive use. In general, the highest urea concentrations were measured near the end of each swimming meet. </p> <p>Measurements of IAQ dynamics during phase 2 of the study demonstrated the effects of swimmers on the concentrations of gas-phase NCl₃and CO₂, especially during swimming meets. The measured gas-phase NCl₃ concentration often exceeded the suggested upper limits of 300 µg/m³ or 500 µg/m³during swimming meets, especially during and immediately after warm-up periods, when the largest numbers of swimmers were in the pool. Peak gas-phase NCl₃ concentrations were observed when large numbers of swimmers were present in the pools; measured gas-phase concentrations were as high as 1400 µg/m³.Concentrations of gas-phase NCl₃ rarely reached above 300 µg/m³ during regular hours of operation. Furthermore, the types of swimmers were shown to affect the transfer of volatile compounds, such as NCl₃, from water to airin pool facilities. In general, adult competition swimmers promoted more rapid transfer of these compounds than youth competition swimmers or adult recreational swimmers. The measured gas-phase CO₂ concentration often exceeded 1000 ppm_v during swimming meets, whereas the gas-phase CO₂ concentration during periods of non-use of the pool tended to be close to the background (ambient) CO₂ concentration or slightly more than 400 ppm_v. This phenomenon was largely attributed to the activity of swimmers (mixing of water and respiratory activity) and the normal respiratory activity of spectators. </p> <p>IAQ models for gas-phase NCl₃ and CO₂ were developed to relate the characteristics of the indoor pool environment to measurements of IAQ dynamics. Several assumptions were made to develop these models. Specifically, pool water and indoor air were assumed to be well-mixed. The reactions that were responsible for the formation and decay of the target compounds were neglected. Two-film theory was used to simulate the net mass-transfer rate of volatile compounds from the liquid phase to the gas phase. Advective transport into and out of the air space of the pool were accounted for. The IAQ model was able to simulate the dynamic behavior of gas-phase NCl₃ during regular operating hours. Predictions of gas-phase NCl₃ dynamics were generally less accurate during periods of intensive pool use; however, the model did yield predictions of behavior that were qualitatively correct. Strengths of the model include that it accounts for the factors that are believed to have the greatest influence on IAQ dynamics and is simple to use. Model weaknesses include that the model did not account liquid-phase reactions that are responsible for formation and decay of the target compounds. The IAQ model for NCl₃ dynamics could still be a useful tool to form the basis for recommendations regarding the design and operation of indoor pool facilities so as to optimize IAQ.</p><p>Measurements of CO₂ dynamics indicated qualitatively similar dynamic behavior as NCl₃. Because of this, it was hypothesized that CO₂ may represent a surrogate for NCl₃ for monitoring and control of IAQ dynamics. To examine this issue in more detail, a conceptually similar model of CO₂dynamics was developed and applied. The model was developed to allow for an assessment of the relative contributions of liquid®gas transfer and respiration by swimmers and spectators to CO₂ dynamics. The results of this modeling effort indicated that the similarity of CO₂ transfer behavior to NCl₃ may allow use of CO₂ as a surrogate during periods with few to no spectators in the pool; however, when large numbers of spectators are present, the behavior of CO₂ dynamics may not be representative of NCl₃ dynamics because of spectator respiration.</p><p></p> <br>

The subject of the master´s thesis is the architectural study of Spa world at Brno dam. The Spa is designed as part of the Aqua park, which was solved in atelier´s project. The building is located close to the Brno dam in hilly terrain. The proposed Spa world offers visitors the opportunity to relax, rehabilitation and entertainment in a variety of saunas. The Aqua Park is also a restaurant, massage, fitness center, shop, indoor and outdoor swimming pool.