Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

A Casearia sylvestris, conhecida popularmente como erva-de-bugre, cafezinho-do-mato ou guaçatonga tem distribuição em todo território brasileiro. As folhas, a casca e a raiz possuem ação antisséptica e febrífuga, além da ação cicatrizante. A espécie apresenta óleo essencial que vem sendo vastamente utilizado na farmacologia. Estudos com C. sylvestris vem demonstrando que a mesma apresenta potencial para o controle de diversos patógenos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver estudos a respeito do efeito da sazonalidade sobre o rendimento e composição do óleo essencial desta espécie e acerca da possível ação antifúngica. Além disso, foram analisadas as características morfoanatômicas da formação de suas raízes na propagação por estacas semilenhosas. Para a realização do primeiro experimento, folhas de três populações de Casearia sylvestris, naturais do Rio Grande do Sul foram coletadas para obtenção do rendimento e composição química de seu óleo essencial nas quatro estações do ano. No segundo experimento foram realizados testes de inibição de crescimento de Botrytis sp, Altenaria alternata, Alternaria radicinia e Alternaria brassicicola com uso do extrato aquoso e óleo essencial. As concentrações utilizadas de extrato aquoso foram de 80 e 100%, enquanto as de óleo essencial foram de 0%; 1,5% e 2,5%. O terceiro experimento envolveu a analise anatômica do enraizamento de estacas de C. sylvestris. Depois de instalado o experimento, as estacas foram avaliadas a cada 15 dias, quando 3 estacas eram retiradas para a realização de cortes histológicos para a analise da origem das mesmas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a produção sazonal do óleo essencial de C. sylvestris sofre alteração em função da estação de coleta, sendo o seu maior rendimento na primavera e no verão. O extrato aquoso da espécie não é capaz de inibir o crescimento micelial de Botritys, A. alternata, A. radicinia e A. brassicicolain vitro nas concentrações de 80 e 100%. Já o óleo essencial mostrou-se significativamente eficiente na inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro na concentração de 2,5% para os mesmos patógenos. No que se refere às caracterisitcas morfo-anatômicas da formação das raízes adventícias de C. sylvestris, observou-se que estas são formadas tanto por células do calo quanto por células do câmbio. / The Casearia sylvestris, popularly known as wort-buggy, coffee of the woods or guaçatonga has great distribution throughout Brazil. The leaves, bark and roots have antiseptic and febrifuge action, beyond presents healing action. The species presents essential oil that has been widely used in pharmacology. Studies with C. sylvestris has demonstrated that it has potential to control various pathogens. The objective of this work was to develop studies about the effect of season on the yield and essential oil composition of this specie, although the possible antifungal action. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the morpho-anatomical characteristics involved in roots formation in assexual propagation by softwood cuttings. To perform the first experiment, leaves of three populations of C. sylvestris, natural of Rio Grande do Sul were collected to obtain the yield and composition of essential oil in the four seasons. In the second experiment growth inhibition tests were performed using Botrytis spp., Altenaria alternata, Alternaria brassicicolaandAlternaria radicinia with the use of the aqueous extract and essential oil. The aqueous extract concentrations used were 80 and 100%, while the essential oil were 0%,1.5% and 2.5%. The third experiment involved the analysis of anatomical rooting of C. sylvestris. After installing the experiment, cuttings were evaluated every 15 days, when 3 cuttings were taken for performing histological sections to analyze the origin of the same. The results obtained indicates that the seasonal production of essential oil of C. sylvestris suffer alteration due to collection station. The higher yield is in spring and summer. The aqueous extract of the species is not able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Botritys, A. alternata, A. brassicicola and A. radicinia in vitro at concentrations of 80 and 100 %. The essential oil was significantly effect in inhibiting the mycelial growth in vitro at a concentration of 2.5% for the same pathogens. About morphological and anatomical characteristcs by formation of adventitious roots of C. sylvestris, it was observed that these are formed both by callus cells as by cells of the vascular cambium.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, 2014. / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T20:34:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 328156.pdf: 3621653 bytes, checksum: a1674e84d3d1c5637439c7111832d541 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Casearia sylvestris é uma planta utilizada popularmente no tratamento de tumores. Quinonas tratam-se de compostos que apresentam significativo efeito antitumoral. Evidências indicam que o efeito antineoplásico de quinonas pode ser elevado pela associação destas com o ascorbato de sódio (ASC). Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos antiproliferativo e antitumoral mediados pelo extrato bruto (EB-ETOH) e frações de Casearia sylvestris, bem como pelas fenilaminonaftoquinonas 7 (Q7) e 9 (Q9) administradas isoladamente ou em associação ao ascorbato de sódio. A análise fitoquímica demonstrou a presença de casearina C na fração clorofórmica (f-CHCl3) e EB-ETOH de C. sylvestris. EB-ETOH e f-CHCl3, apresentaram importante citotoxicidade sobre células MCF-7. Quando administrados em doses subtóxicas (= CI20), EB-ETOH e f-CHCl3 exerceram atividade antiproliferativa sobre células MCF-7, sendo capazes de promover a parada do ciclo celular em G1, devido ao aumento da expressão de p53 e p16, bem como da redução da expressão de CDK2. Além disso, os extratos elevaram a fosforilação de ?H2Ax. EB-ETOH e f-CHCl3 apresentaram significativa atividade antitumoral in vivo em camundongos isogênicos Balb-C portadores do tumor sólido de Ehrlich, reduzindo a razão área da massa tumoral/área do osso em torno de 18 e 40%, respectivamente. Q7 e Q9 mostraram citotoxicidade seletiva sobre células T24, a qual foi potencializada pela associação destes compostos a ASC (CI50 Q7 = 27,1; CI50 Q9 = 44,3; CI50 Q7 + ASC = 14,5; CI50 Q9 + ASC= 16,9 µM). Fenilaminonaftoquinonas (10 µM) isoladas ou associadas à ASC não foram capazes de promover a ativação de caspases e a clivagem da PARP, sugerindo-se que o mecanismo de morte induzido pelas associações trata-se de necrose, visto que ambos tratamentos promoveram lise celular. Q7, Q9, Q7 + ASC e Q9 + ASC reduziram a proliferação de células T24 em torno de 29,7; 3,5; 36,7 e 88,8 %, respectivamente Além disso, fenilaminonaftoquinonas associadas ao ASC modificaram o número de células presentes na fase G2/M e elevaram a atividade da ß-galactosidase ácida, sugerindo que tais tratamentos são capazes de induzir senescência. Os efeitos citotóxico e antiproliferativo promovidos pela associação de fenilaminonaftoquinonas ao ASC envolve modificações na sinalização mediada por MAPKs. Os resultados obtidos permitem sugerir que tanto a associação de fenilaminonaftoquinonas ao ASC, quanto os extratos deC. sylvestris tratam-se de promissores coadjuvantes na terapêutica do câncer quando administrados juntamente a agentes citotóxicos.<br> / Abstract : The branches and leafs of Casearia sylvestris tree has medicinal properties comproved through ethnobotanical surveys reporting plant extracts has being used in traditional therapy as first approaches to several conditions, including cancer. Evidences indicate that quinones antineoplastic effect could be raised up through sodium ascorbate association (ASC). Thus, this study aims to evaluate some mechanisms related to in vitro antiproliferative and antitumor effects mediated by C. sylvestris ethanol crude extract (EB-EtOH) and fractions, as well mediated only by synthetic phenylaminonaphthoquinones or co-administered with ASC. EB-EtOH and its chloroformic fraction (f-CHCl3) had casearin C, a clerodane diterpene with chemopreventive activity. Consequently, both extracts showed significant cytotoxicity over MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, using subtoxic concentrations (= IC20), EB - EtOH and f-CHCl3 exerted antiproliferative activity on MCF - 7 cells, being able to promote cell cycle arrest in G1 due to increased expression of p53 and p16, as well as reducing CDK2 expression. Additionally, these extracts were still able to increase the ?H2Ax expression. EB-EtOH and f-CHCl3 had significant in vivo antitumor activity throught Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing Balb-c mice model causing reduction in the ratio tumor over bone area about 18 and 40 %, respectively. On the other hand, synthetic phenylaminonaphthoquinone 7 (Q7) and phenylaminonaphthoquinone 9 (Q9) showed selective cytotoxicity for T24 cells, which enhanced in the ASC presence (IC50 Q7 = 27.1; IC50 Q9 = 44.3; IC50 Q7 + ASC = 14.5; IC50 Q9 + ASC = 16.9 µM). Take into account that both phenylaminonaphthoquinones (10 µM) isolated or associated with ASC were not able to activate caspase 3 or PARP cleavage, ours results suggest that necrosis occurs instead apoptosis as cell death mechanism possible induced by the ASC association, since both treatments showed cytolytic effect. Q7, Q9, Q7 + ASC and Q9 + ASC reducing cell proliferation about 29.7; 3.5; 36.7 and 88.8%, respectively. Besides, phenylaminonaphthoquinones associated with ASC augment G2 / M phase cells and also increase acid ß-galactosidase activity, suggesting senescence induction capability. Moreover, cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects promoted by the ASC association involves changes in MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that C. sylvestris extracts and the association between phenylaminonaphthoquinones and ASC are promising adjuvants incancer therapy and could be administered together with conventional quimioterapic agents.

Drought-induced tree mortality is a phenomenon affecting many forest ecosystems and is predicted to increase under ongoing climate change. Forest stability partly depends on regeneration: the process of renewing mature forest with subsequent generations. As seedlings are more susceptible to drought effects than mature trees, mortality of the seedling bank can represent a major bottleneck controlling forest structure and species composition. Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most widely distributed of the Pinus species, covering a broad latitudinal gradient of ecological conditions. The thesis aims to deepen understanding of drought-induced mortality, while analysing intra-specific variation in the phenotypic and metabolic profile of Pinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to drought stress. I also consider the relevance of the results to the broader conceptual framework of drought-induced mortality. The experiments utilise seeds from different populations of origin (provenances) across the north-south axis of the European range of Pinus sylvestris, in order to determine the extent of regeneration capacity in this species under drought. Seeds were collected from different populations (provenances) that, along with other climatic and edaphic differences, span a gradient of water availability: from wet (Scotland) to intermediate (Austria, Poland) to dry (Spain). In Chapter 2, the effects of osmotic stress on the initial seedling establishment stage were studied by comparing phenotypic responses across provenances. Seedling germination, early growth, osmotic stress tolerance and survival were investigated using a polyethylene glycol irrigation treatment as a proxy for rapid and severe drought. Treatment, provenance and interaction effects were found for rate of germination, final proportion of seeds germinated, seedling size, and superoxide dismutase activity (an antioxidant enzyme). Root investment was affected by both provenance and time to germination. Although there was no significant effect of provenance on survival, a trend towards increased probability of survival under osmotic stress was indicated for the southernmost (driest) as compared with the northernmost (wettest) provenance. Chapter 3 investigates the responses of older seedlings (at 10 months) to a drying down of soil moisture for 40 days. Morphological and physiological data were collected to assess intra-specific and intra-population variation in the seedling stress response under drought. A metabolomics analysis using Ultra performance Liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was carried out to investigate whether metabolic markers could be identified that are suggestive of heightened oxidative stress and whether populations in different climatic and edaphic environments show variation in metabolic activity under drought. Preliminary results suggest large intra-population variability yet clear differentiation in metabolic responses to drought over the time course of the experiment. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that among the most significant increases in response to drought were those involved in osmoprotective and antioxidant capabilities, including the free amino acid proline and a quercetin derivative (a flavonoid). Interestingly, provenances, either under experimental drought or not, did not show significantly different metabolite profiles, even though provenance and its interaction with drought treatment did significantly affect seedling biomass and photochemical efficiency. In Chapter 4 the effects of provenance, maternal parentage and seed weight on germination rate, final germination percentage, as well as seedling drought responses in biomass allocation and the expression of selected antioxidant genes were analysed. Seed weights were measured individually and seed weight was found to have a strong positive effect on: germination rate, seedling dry weights, and number of needles. Expression of two antioxidant enzymes increased under drought. Seed weight was strongly determined by provenance and maternal parentage as well as their interaction. However, root to shoot biomass allocation depended on provenance and maternal effects that were not mediated by seed weight effects. Principal component analysis indicated that the Spanish provenances could be characterised by a higher root to shoot ratio and stem weight. Specific leaf area was also found to be lowest for the Spanish provenances.

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) form a large part of Swedish forestry and has many alternative end-use areas with different requirements for quality. The ability to influence the quality is high in the initial planting and juvenile forest phase, as studies have shown relationships between good quality and dense planting, where competition between trees has a good impact on timber quality. Competition can also be achieved by shading from above, through seed trees or multi-layered forest. Interest in continuous cover forestry grows, and investigating differences in future timber quality between layered and clear cutting treatments can therefore be valuable. Such a method is “Naturkultur”, which aims to optimize the net present value at every point in the forest. The purpose of this study is to highlight the question of whether layered forests methods similar to “Naturkultur” can be used for higher timber quality in pine forests in a cleaning trial in southern Östergötland, Sweden. The goal is to find out if any difference in timber quality exists in the future butt log between the different cleaning treatments, layered (Uneven) and conventional (Even). The survey was limited to studying only the Kråkerödjan pre-commercial thinning trial, located on the property Kråkerödjan between Småland and Östergötland. Parameters for quality estimation were delimited to knot quantity and knot thickness. In order to answer the purpose, a field survey was conducted with quantitative assumptions where data about stem quantity, tree species distribution, height, diameter, height of the living crown, number of knots and diameter for the thickest knot from the base of the trunk up to 2 m on the trunk were collected. The result showed that the number of stems per ha was significantly higher in Uneven than in Even while the volume was next to the same. The average diameter was about 4 cm in Uneven and about 10 cm in Even. The tree species distribution was the same for trees with a diameter &gt; 5 cm a breast height (bh) in both parcels,&gt; 95% pine. For trees &lt;5 cm bh, the distribution in Uneven was 14 % pine, 10 % spruce and 76 % deciduous, in Even there were almost exclusively deciduous trees. When examining pine &gt; 5 cm at bh, there was a significant difference in the knot quantity with fewer knots/m in Uneven than in Even. The thickest knot was smaller in Uneven than in Even, but the difference was only significant when the data without dominants was examined. The thickest knot was slightly smaller relative to the diameter of the trunk in bh in Uneven but the difference was not significant. The average diameter in pine &gt; 5 cm at bh was slightly less in Uneven, 10.7 cm, than in Even, 10.8 cm. The survey gives an indication that the layered forest according to the method of “Naturkultur” in the parcel Uneven, where dominants shades smaller trees, may be used for a better timber quality in pine in the investigated premises. However, the results are not sufficiently clear, if this is due to the fact that the quality difference is small or if it is because quality differences have not yet occurred V cannot be read in the survey. Estimating timber quality early in the rotation period is difficult as a lot can happen until final felling. However, the survey has been valuable as more data is needed in the area in question. Follow-up of the survey is needed to further explore the relationships between stock treatments and quality development.

A Casearia sylvestris, conhecida popularmente como erva-de-bugre, cafezinho-do-mato ou guaçatonga tem distribuição em todo território brasileiro. As folhas, a casca e a raiz possuem ação antisséptica e febrífuga, além da ação cicatrizante. A espécie apresenta óleo essencial que vem sendo vastamente utilizado na farmacologia. Estudos com C. sylvestris vem demonstrando que a mesma apresenta potencial para o controle de diversos patógenos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver estudos a respeito do efeito da sazonalidade sobre o rendimento e composição do óleo essencial desta espécie e acerca da possível ação antifúngica. Além disso, foram analisadas as características morfoanatômicas da formação de suas raízes na propagação por estacas semilenhosas. Para a realização do primeiro experimento, folhas de três populações de Casearia sylvestris, naturais do Rio Grande do Sul foram coletadas para obtenção do rendimento e composição química de seu óleo essencial nas quatro estações do ano. No segundo experimento foram realizados testes de inibição de crescimento de Botrytis sp, Altenaria alternata, Alternaria radicinia e Alternaria brassicicola com uso do extrato aquoso e óleo essencial. As concentrações utilizadas de extrato aquoso foram de 80 e 100%, enquanto as de óleo essencial foram de 0%; 1,5% e 2,5%. O terceiro experimento envolveu a analise anatômica do enraizamento de estacas de C. sylvestris. Depois de instalado o experimento, as estacas foram avaliadas a cada 15 dias, quando 3 estacas eram retiradas para a realização de cortes histológicos para a analise da origem das mesmas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a produção sazonal do óleo essencial de C. sylvestris sofre alteração em função da estação de coleta, sendo o seu maior rendimento na primavera e no verão. O extrato aquoso da espécie não é capaz de inibir o crescimento micelial de Botritys, A. alternata, A. radicinia e A. brassicicolain vitro nas concentrações de 80 e 100%. Já o óleo essencial mostrou-se significativamente eficiente na inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro na concentração de 2,5% para os mesmos patógenos. No que se refere às caracterisitcas morfo-anatômicas da formação das raízes adventícias de C. sylvestris, observou-se que estas são formadas tanto por células do calo quanto por células do câmbio. / The Casearia sylvestris, popularly known as wort-buggy, coffee of the woods or guaçatonga has great distribution throughout Brazil. The leaves, bark and roots have antiseptic and febrifuge action, beyond presents healing action. The species presents essential oil that has been widely used in pharmacology. Studies with C. sylvestris has demonstrated that it has potential to control various pathogens. The objective of this work was to develop studies about the effect of season on the yield and essential oil composition of this specie, although the possible antifungal action. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the morpho-anatomical characteristics involved in roots formation in assexual propagation by softwood cuttings. To perform the first experiment, leaves of three populations of C. sylvestris, natural of Rio Grande do Sul were collected to obtain the yield and composition of essential oil in the four seasons. In the second experiment growth inhibition tests were performed using Botrytis spp., Altenaria alternata, Alternaria brassicicolaandAlternaria radicinia with the use of the aqueous extract and essential oil. The aqueous extract concentrations used were 80 and 100%, while the essential oil were 0%,1.5% and 2.5%. The third experiment involved the analysis of anatomical rooting of C. sylvestris. After installing the experiment, cuttings were evaluated every 15 days, when 3 cuttings were taken for performing histological sections to analyze the origin of the same. The results obtained indicates that the seasonal production of essential oil of C. sylvestris suffer alteration due to collection station. The higher yield is in spring and summer. The aqueous extract of the species is not able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Botritys, A. alternata, A. brassicicola and A. radicinia in vitro at concentrations of 80 and 100 %. The essential oil was significantly effect in inhibiting the mycelial growth in vitro at a concentration of 2.5% for the same pathogens. About morphological and anatomical characteristcs by formation of adventitious roots of C. sylvestris, it was observed that these are formed both by callus cells as by cells of the vascular cambium.

A Casearia sylvestris, conhecida popularmente como erva-de-bugre, cafezinho-do-mato ou guaçatonga tem distribuição em todo território brasileiro. As folhas, a casca e a raiz possuem ação antisséptica e febrífuga, além da ação cicatrizante. A espécie apresenta óleo essencial que vem sendo vastamente utilizado na farmacologia. Estudos com C. sylvestris vem demonstrando que a mesma apresenta potencial para o controle de diversos patógenos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver estudos a respeito do efeito da sazonalidade sobre o rendimento e composição do óleo essencial desta espécie e acerca da possível ação antifúngica. Além disso, foram analisadas as características morfoanatômicas da formação de suas raízes na propagação por estacas semilenhosas. Para a realização do primeiro experimento, folhas de três populações de Casearia sylvestris, naturais do Rio Grande do Sul foram coletadas para obtenção do rendimento e composição química de seu óleo essencial nas quatro estações do ano. No segundo experimento foram realizados testes de inibição de crescimento de Botrytis sp, Altenaria alternata, Alternaria radicinia e Alternaria brassicicola com uso do extrato aquoso e óleo essencial. As concentrações utilizadas de extrato aquoso foram de 80 e 100%, enquanto as de óleo essencial foram de 0%; 1,5% e 2,5%. O terceiro experimento envolveu a analise anatômica do enraizamento de estacas de C. sylvestris. Depois de instalado o experimento, as estacas foram avaliadas a cada 15 dias, quando 3 estacas eram retiradas para a realização de cortes histológicos para a analise da origem das mesmas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a produção sazonal do óleo essencial de C. sylvestris sofre alteração em função da estação de coleta, sendo o seu maior rendimento na primavera e no verão. O extrato aquoso da espécie não é capaz de inibir o crescimento micelial de Botritys, A. alternata, A. radicinia e A. brassicicolain vitro nas concentrações de 80 e 100%. Já o óleo essencial mostrou-se significativamente eficiente na inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro na concentração de 2,5% para os mesmos patógenos. No que se refere às caracterisitcas morfo-anatômicas da formação das raízes adventícias de C. sylvestris, observou-se que estas são formadas tanto por células do calo quanto por células do câmbio. / The Casearia sylvestris, popularly known as wort-buggy, coffee of the woods or guaçatonga has great distribution throughout Brazil. The leaves, bark and roots have antiseptic and febrifuge action, beyond presents healing action. The species presents essential oil that has been widely used in pharmacology. Studies with C. sylvestris has demonstrated that it has potential to control various pathogens. The objective of this work was to develop studies about the effect of season on the yield and essential oil composition of this specie, although the possible antifungal action. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the morpho-anatomical characteristics involved in roots formation in assexual propagation by softwood cuttings. To perform the first experiment, leaves of three populations of C. sylvestris, natural of Rio Grande do Sul were collected to obtain the yield and composition of essential oil in the four seasons. In the second experiment growth inhibition tests were performed using Botrytis spp., Altenaria alternata, Alternaria brassicicolaandAlternaria radicinia with the use of the aqueous extract and essential oil. The aqueous extract concentrations used were 80 and 100%, while the essential oil were 0%,1.5% and 2.5%. The third experiment involved the analysis of anatomical rooting of C. sylvestris. After installing the experiment, cuttings were evaluated every 15 days, when 3 cuttings were taken for performing histological sections to analyze the origin of the same. The results obtained indicates that the seasonal production of essential oil of C. sylvestris suffer alteration due to collection station. The higher yield is in spring and summer. The aqueous extract of the species is not able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Botritys, A. alternata, A. brassicicola and A. radicinia in vitro at concentrations of 80 and 100 %. The essential oil was significantly effect in inhibiting the mycelial growth in vitro at a concentration of 2.5% for the same pathogens. About morphological and anatomical characteristcs by formation of adventitious roots of C. sylvestris, it was observed that these are formed both by callus cells as by cells of the vascular cambium.

Abstract The genetic basis of large adaptive differences in timing of bud set and frost hardiness between natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied with the aid of RAPD markers and quantitative genetic tools. Steep clinal variation was found for both traits among Finnish Scots pine populations, and the differences between populations were found to be largely genetic. QTL mapping with Bayesian analysis revealed four potential QTLs for timing of bud set, and seven for frost hardiness. The QTLs were mostly different between the two traits. The potential QTLs included loci with large effects, and additionally smaller QTLs. The largest QTLs for bud set date accounted for about a fourth of the mean difference between populations. Thus, natural selection during adaptation has resulted in fixation of genes of large effect. This result is in conflict with the classical infinitesimal model, but agrees with the results of Orr (1998), suggesting fixation of large effects during adaptation. The applicability of RAPD and SSCP markers in quantitative genetic studies was also studied. The SSCP technique was found to be efficient in finding polymorphic markers. SSCP polymorphism in coding genes may provide candidate genes for QTL mapping studies. RAPDs were found to be useful for many descriptive analyses, but specific analyses would require more caution.

No description available.