Magistro darbe lyginama vieno paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) klono skirtingų lajos dalių sėklinių palikuonių, augančių Višakio Rūdos bandomuosiuose želdiniuose, genetinė įvairovė remiantis DNR žymenimis ir kokybiniais bei kiekybiniais požymiais. Darbo objektas – paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) sėklinių palikuonių želdiniai iš skirtingų lajos dalies sėklų (viršutinės, vidurinės, apatinės). Darbo metodai – genetinė įvairovė tirta atliekant želdinių kiekybinių ir kokybinių požymių analizę bei jų DNR polimorfizmo tyrimą. Darbo rezultatai. Fenotipinių požymių tyrimai parodė, kad 24 m amžiuje, viršutinės lajos dalies sėkliniai palikuonys pasižymi ženkliai didesniu išlikimu, bet esminiai nesiskiria savo kiekybinių ir kokybinių požymių įvairove nuo apatinės lajos dalies palikuonių. Gali būti, kad fenotipinių požymių įvairovei atsiskleisti trukdo nevienodas medžių išlikimas, kur esant mažesniam išlikimui, susidaro nevienodi tarpai tarp medžių, galėję įtakoti didesnę erdvinę įvairovę radialiniam prieaugiui. 6 chloroplasto DNR(cpSSR) lokusų DNR polimorfizmo tyrimai parodė, kad viršutinės lajos dalies sėklinių palikuonių genetinė įvairovė yra ženkliai didesnė nei vidurines ir apatinės lajos dalių sėklinių palikuonių. Iš 30 skirtingų cpSSR tipų (tėvinių genotipų) 18 buvo aptikti viršutinės lajos dalies palikuonyse, tuo tarpu vidurinėje dalyje – 8, o apatinėje - 10 .Visi 5 proc. savidulkinių individų aptikti tarp apatinės ir centrinės lajos dalies palikuonių (18 vnt.)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The genetic diversity of the progeny from different parts of Scots pine crown of a single clone by quantitative and qualitative traits and DNA polymorphism was investigated in the work of master science. Object of the work - 24 years old progeny from different parts of Scots pine crown of a single clone. The aim of the study - to compare the diversity of quantitative and qualitative traits and DNA polymorphism of24 years old progeny from different parts of Scots pine crown of a single clone by using cpSSR DNA markers. Methods of the work - Survival, stem diameter, stem straightness, flowering, cone yield, barktype,condition,the beginning of activegrowth and other parameters of the seedling progenies were evaluated. The genetic diversity was assessed at six cpDNA loci by the aid of cpSSRs. Study results. The results showed, that the survival of the progeny from the middle and the bottom of the crown was much lower than from the top. However, there were not any significant differences nor in the other traits neither between the variances of the progeny from the different parts of the crown. A reason could be that owing to low survival of the bottom and middle progeny, the remaining trees grew in a wider spacing and this uneven spacing between the treatments disturbed the comparison. cpSSR markers revealed much greater haplotype and allele diversity of the progeny from the top of the crown. Selfing rate was 5; background pollination 50; as much as 28 of the progeny from the... [to full text]

För tallen finns många alternativa slutanvändningsområden, och kraven på virket varierar. Några egenskaper som har stor betydelse är stamrakhet, grengrovlek, grenvinkel och om det finns sprötkvist eller ej. Kvalitetsförsämringen i Sydsveriges tallskogar kan vara ett allvarligt problem och härör bl.a. till ökad produktion och rationaliseringar inom skogsbruket. Lönsamhet har varit målet, men har det skett på bekostnad av kvalitet? För att närmare belysa frågan om förekomsten av tall av god kvalitet syftar denna studie till att bedöma rotstockar i konventionellt skötta och stamkvistade bestånd samt deras potential att växa in i värdefulla klasser eller sortiment. Fältstudien är avgränsad till Bergslagen. I mätningarna har endast rotstock (upp till 3,4 m i längd) av träden bedömts, huruvida de har potential att hålla klass 1-kvalitet, sortiment stamblocks-kvalitet eller sortiment rotstock-kvalitet vid en brösthöjdsdiameter av 320 mm. Andelen rotstockar ≥ klass 1 uppskattades i de stamkvistade bestånden bli 72-94 %, då skötseln också syftat till en värdeökning.  Andelen rotstockar ≥ klass 1 i de konventionellt skötta bestånden uppskattades bli 46-56 %. Med stor sannolikhet kommer ingen av dem dock få växa in i de värdefullaste klasserna. Vanligaste nedklassningssorsakerna är för många kvistar och ibland även i kombination med krök i de konventionellt skötta bestånden samt långkrök i de stamkvistade bestånden. I rapportens teori avhandlas olika sortiment och kvalitetsklasser, och sedan undersöks kvalitetsdanande faktorer bl.a. ekologiska förutsättningar och olika skötselåtgärder. En hög röjningsstyrka kan t.ex. resultera i en grövre diameter på grenar. Likaså har sen röjning inverkan på den grövsta grenens diameter, då den minskar. Det finns alltså en potential att erhålla god virkeskvalitet av tall i våra skogar. Detta är möjligt genom aktiv skötsel, att hålla täta förband, genom att gallra ut lågkvalitativa stammar och stamkvistning. Raka tallar ur vilka kan man utvinna ett högt sågutbyte är och kommer att vara en värdefull resurs i framtiden. / In Sweden the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) saw timber has decreased. It is especially due to increased labour cost that has led to rational and effective forest management. This study investigated the quality of Scots pine and the potential to produce high quality stems in 9 stands in Bergslagen, Sweden. Two different stand types were investigated: Pruned stands and conventional managed stands. The outcome was a high percentage of valuable stems in the pruned stands (72-94 %), and 46-56 % in the conventional managed stands. It is possible to produce high quality timber of Scots pine with active management, for example by pruning and careful selection of stems in thinnings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 passareli_f_me_araiq.pdf: 8997721 bytes, checksum: a69e7054a6bba5e85800139250ac1c79 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Tendo em vista o pequeno acervo de padrões de referência disponíveis para uso no controle de qualidade de fitoterápicos preparados a partir de espécies nativas brasileiras, este trabalho tem como objetivos preparar e caracterizar padrões de alta pureza de casearinas a partir de Casearia sylvestris, uma planta nativa da flora brasileira, que há muito tempo vem sendo usada pela população. A estratégia utilizada para o isolamento das casearinas consistiu no fracionamento do extrato etanólico das folhas por extração em fase sólida utilizando sílica e carvão ativo, cromatografia em coluna em fase normal, além de desenvolvimento de método em CLAE preparativo em fase reversa no modo isocrático e reciclante. Para as análises por CLAE preparativo no modo isocrático, inicialmente, alguns parâmetros como resolução, carga e volume de injeção foram otimizados em coluna analítica e posteriormente foi feita a transferência de escala para coluna preparativa utilizando fator de escalonamento de 21,2. A transferência foi adequada, resultando no isolamento de 10,5 mg da casearina J, 30,0 mg da casearina X e 3,0 mg da casearina Z. Em modo reciclante, foram isolados 60,0 mg da caseargrewiina F. As análises de pureza dessas substâncias foram feitas através de CLAE- DAD, calculando-se primeiramente a pureza de pico, que foi de 100% para as três casearinas analisadas e, posteriormente, a pureza cromatográfica, pelo método de normalização de área, sendo de 85,5, 97,2, e 98,6% para as casearinas J, X e caseargrewiina F, respectivamente. As análises por CLAE-DAD-EM foram importantes para confirmar o resultado de pureza de pico, assim como para obter os dados de massas dos contaminantes presentes nessas amostras. O grau de pureza por DSC não pôde ser obtido, devido à ausência do pico referente à fusão das casearinas, inferindo que as substâncias... / Taking into account the few library of reference standards available for the use in quality control of phytotherapic agents from Brazilian native species, the aim of this work was to prepare and characterize high purity standards of casearins from Casearia sylvestris, a native plant of the Brazilian flora that has been used traditionally by population for a long time as remedy. The strategy to isolate the casearins was to fraction at the ethanolic extract from leaves by solid phase extraction using silica and active charcoal, column chromatography (normal phase) and, additionally, the method development in preparative HPLC (reverse phase) using isocratic e recycling mode. For the analyses by preparative HPLC using isocratic mode, firstly of all some parameters like resolution, amount of sample and volume injection were optimized in analytical column and then the scale-up to preparative column was carried out using a scale factor of 21.2. The scale-up was appropriate, leading to the isolation of 10.5 mg of the casearin J, 30.0 mg of the casearin X and 3.0 mg of the casearin Z. In recycling mode, 60.0 mg of the caseargrewiin F were isolated. The purity analyses of these substances were carried out by HPLC-DAD, firstly measuring the peak purity, wich was 100.0% for the three analyzed casearins, and then, the chromatographic purity, by the area normalization method, wich was 85.5, 97.2 and 98.6% for the casearins J, X and caseargrewiin F, respectively. The HPLC-DAD-MS analyses were important to confirm the peak purity results as well as to obtain the mass data of contaminants wich are usually present in these samples. The measurement of the purity degree by DSC method was not possible due to the absence of fusion peak, thus it suggests an amorphous state for these substances. From the TG/DTG/DTA curves, it was possible to suggest the absence of volatile... ((Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Enxaguatórios bucais podem ocasionar a alteração de cor do elemento dental, devido à desmineralização ocasionada pelo uso prolongado dos mesmos, e consequente aumento da rugosidade superficial. Outros fatores, como o clareamento caseiro e o consumo diário de bebidas ácidas são, da mesma forma, responsáveis pela dissolução do esmalte dental. Buscando superar os efeitos adversos da Clorexidina 0,12%, desenvolveu-se um enxaguatório bucal à base de uma planta medicinal, denominada Casearia sylvestris. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação dos enxaguatórios bucais à base de Casearia sylvestris e Clorexidina 0,12% na cor e rugosidade superfícial do esmalte dental submetido a agente clareador e bebida alimentícia de pH 2,4. Amostras de dentes bovinos foram divididas em 3 grupos (n= 30), de acordo com a solução utilizada: Água destilada, Clorexidina 0,12% e Enxaguatório bucal à base de Casearia sylvestris. Cada grupo foi ainda dividido em subgrupos, de acordo com as categorias (n=10): Grupo controle, dentes clareados e dentes submetidos à imersão em bebida alimentícia ácida. O clareamento caseiro foi realizado com peróxido de carbamida 16%, por 6 horas diárias durante 8 dias, enquanto a imersão em suco de limão (pH 2,4) foi realizada por 2 minutos cada, 1 vez ao dia, durante 6 dias. Posteriormente, os grupos tiveram seus corpos de prova imersos nas respectivas soluções por 2 minutos, 3 vezes ao dia, durante 7 dias. As leituras de cor e rugosidade superficial foram realizadas anteriormente ao período experimental e após a imersão nos enxaguatórios bucais. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através dos testes estatísticos ANOVA - II way e Teste de Tukey 5%. Os dentes submetidos ao clareamento caseiro e à imersão em bebida ácida apresentaram uma maior alteração de cor. As diferentes soluções não apresentaram diferença estatística quanto à alteração de cor. A rugosidade superficial foi maior para o período de 7 dias, sendo que apenas o grupo submetido à imersão em bebida ácida apresentou um aumento significante na rugosidade superficial. Foi possível concluir que apenas o clareamento caseiro e a imersão em bebidas ácidas promoveram alteração na coloração da estrutura dental. Não houve influência dos enxaguatórios bucais utilizados isoladamente ou em associação com os tratamentos na rugosidade superficial. Apenas a imersão em bebida ácida ocasionou aumento na rugosidade superficial. / Mouthwashes can induce the tooth color alteration, due to the desmineralization occured by the prolonged use of them and consequent increase of surface roughness. Another factors, as the home bleaching and the daily consumption of acid drinks are, in the same way, responsible for the dental enamel dissolution. Attempting to overcome the Chlorhexidine 0,12% adverse effects, it was developed a mouthwash containing a medical plant, denominated as Casearia sylvestris. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris and Chlorhexidine 0,12% on color and surface roughness from the dental enamel submitted to bleaching gel and a drink with pH 2,4. Bovine teeth samples were divided in 3 groups (n=30), according to the solution: distillated water, Chlorhexidine 0,12% and a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris. Each group was divided in subgroups, according to the categories (n=10): Control group, bleached teeth and teeth immersed in an acid drink. The bleaching procedure was realized with carbamide peroxide 16%, during 6 hours by 8 days, while the acid drink immersion was done during 2 minutes each, once in a day and during 6 days. Posteriorly, the samples were immersed on the respective solutions by 2 minutes, three times at a day, during 7 days. The color and surface roughness lecture were performed before the experimental period and after the immersion on mouthwashes. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey`s test. The teeth submitted to home bleaching and to the immersion in acid drink showed higher color alteration. At the group wich no treatment was applied, the mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris induce the highest color alteration when compared with the other solutions, and that was statistically equal when the teeth were submitted to different treatments. The surface roughness was higher to the 7 days period, although the only the group submitted to the immersion in acid drink presented a significant enhance on surface roughness. In conclusion, only the bleaching and the immersion in acid drinks promoted a higher color alteration. The mouthwashes did not promoted an alteration on the color of the dental structure. There was no influence from mouthwashes utilized when isolated or in association with the treatments on surface roughness. Only the immersion in acid drink caused an increase on surface roughness.

I litteratursökningen fann vi stöd för två hypoteser, att de överlevande träden efterbrand kunde uppleva en tillväxthämning eller en tillväxtökning.För att utreda detta borrades 88 träd på 5 olika områden, varav hälften var obrända trädi intilliggande bestånd. Därefter macrofotograferades borrspånen för att mätaårsringsbredden digitalt. Datan sammanställdes och analyserades sedan.Resultaten från de enskilda områdena visade tillväxtökning, tillväxtminskning elleringen tillväxtförändring som en brandeffekt. För att undersöka detta vidare sålikställdes brandåret för alla områden och sammanställdes till ett totalt medelvärde,detta påvisade en marginellt positiv effekt av branden.Slutsatsen är att många störande variabler påverkade resultatet, dessa variabler agerar isamverkan för att påverka tillväxten och denna studie lyckades inte isolera brandenseffekt. Den totala sammanställningen visar endast en marginell effekt av branden, detberor på att ett område visade en tillväxtökning och ett annat område visade entillväxtminskning, dessa två tar således ut varandra.

The remnants of the Caledonian Pine Forest represent the north western boundary of the Eurasian Pinus sylvestris (L.) distribution. Remnant populations occupy a diverse range of environments within Scotland, subject to a steep rainfall gradient, and previous investigations have found evidence of local adaptation. Additionally, studies of biochemical and molecular markers have indicated that Scotland’s native pinewoods originated from more than one glacial refugium. Whole-genome-shotgun (WGS) sequencing was employed for the discovery of mitochondrial (mt) variants that may provide further insight into the origins of P. sylvestris populations both in Scotland and mainland Europe. DNA extractions were performed on megagametophyte tissue from Scottish, Finnish, and Spanish populations. Three members of the closely related P. mugo species complex were also sequenced. Using similarity-based approach, 160kbp of putative mitochondrial sequence was recovered by comparison of de novo assembled contigs with the mtgenome of the gymnosperm Cycas taitungensis. In total, 16 novel variants were identified among samples, which may be used in future phylogeographic studies. A study of needle characters was performed for eight native populations of P. sylvestris in an outdoor provenance/progeny trial of 192 saplings. A negative correlation was detected between longitude and the number of stomatal rows present on needle surfaces. It was posited that this may be an adaptive response to lower water availability in eastern pinewoods, possibly in conjunction with increasing altitude. The west coast of Scotland is one of the wettest regions in Europe: western pinewoods may receive in excess of 3,000mm of rainfall in a year, compared with an average of 800mm eastern sites. To determine whether native pinewoods are differentially adapted to waterlogging, a glasshouse based provenance/progeny trial of 432 saplings from nine native populations was undertaken, in which 50% were subject to a long-term waterlogging treatment, and the remainder used as a control. Two studies were then conducted. In the first, responses to the treatment were assessed in terms of phenological and growth traits. Bud flush was delayed in response to waterlogging, and growth was impeded relative to the control. Although population differences were observed, treatment × population interactions were not detected. In the second study physiological traits known to be sensitive to plant stress and water balance were measured at intervals throughout the experiment. Prior to the commencement of the treatment needle δ13C was found to exhibit interpopulation differentiation, and was positively correlated with longitude. This seems likely to represent differential selection for water use efficiency between eastern and western pinewoods. Photochemical efficiency and stomatal conductance were found to be reduced by waterlogging, and needle δ13C was increased. After generalising populations into ‘high’ and ‘low’ rainfall groups (monthly averages of 214.9mm and 72.8mm, respectively), high rainfall populations were observed to maintain consistently higher photochemical efficiency under waterlogging the low rainfall populations. In addition, the low rainfall group exhibited greater variability in response to flooding (in terms of phenotypic and additive genetic variance) which may be indicative of a lack of past selection pressure.

Submitted by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2009-06-22T17:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGuntzel.pdf: 435546 bytes, checksum: 800c7475c065b4cd13aefb059ff97402 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-06-22T17:43:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGuntzel.pdf: 435546 bytes, checksum: 800c7475c065b4cd13aefb059ff97402 (MD5) / A espécie vegetal Casearia sylvestris, popularmente conhecida como guaçatonga ou erva-de-bugre, foi escolhida para estudo considerando seu uso relevante na medicina popular, escasso material bibliográfico. Foram avaliadas as atividades farmacológicas antioxidante, antimicrobiana e a toxicidade dos extratos etanólico (EE) e aquoso (EA) de folhas, além da descrição dos constituintes de seu óleo essencial e sua atividade antimicrobiana. Para avaliação da atividade antioxidante desta espécie, realizou-se ensaio espectrofotométrico baseado no princípio de redução do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH). Para avaliação do potencial antimicrobiano, o ensaio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), seguido da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). A CIM foi avaliada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo, enquanto que a CBM e CFM foram realizadas em placas de Petri. Ainda, verificou-se a atividade tóxica, através da utilização da Artemia salina (L.). Na investigação da atividade antioxidante, obtiveram-se inibições do radical livre DPPH nas concentrações de 0,1 mg. mL-1 a 0,005 mg. mL-1 para os extratos etanólico (EE) e aquoso (EA) das folhas, onde através da análise estatística ANOVA, seguida de Student-Newman-Keuls, demonstrou a potencial atividade antioxidante dos extratos ser superior aos padrões testados. Na atividade antimicrobiana, obtiveram-se valores de CIM na faixa de 2,5 mg. mL-1 a 1,25 mg.mL-1 para o EE, enquanto que para EA não verificou-se atividade. No ensaio da letalidade da A. Salina o EA não foi verificada toxicidade, e o EE apresentou, devido ao seu baixo valor encontrado no cálculo da regressão linear da DL 50, apresentou toxicidade moderada. Do óleo essencial, 97,3% dos seus constituintes foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas, tendo como constituintes majoritários o β-elemeno (31,7%) e o α-humuleno (28,2%). A avaliação antimicrobiana, do óleo essencial, foi realizada por bioautografia, apresentando atividade bacterida para Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, já para os fungos a atividade foi menor.

In this study, pollen contamination (measured by the number of seeds pollinated by pollen not belonging to any of the clones on the seed orchard) is compared between open pollination and isolated pollination environments in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seed orchard called Västerhus, located outside Önsköldsvik. In this seed orchard a tent experiment is taking place. Skogforsk has built six large tents covering 12-14 trees with each tent. Fertilization patterns were compared between one tree in a tent with a supplementation of pollen from five clones not represented in the tent and another tree of the same clone subject to open pollination outside the tents. By using DNA markers the paternity was determined for 48 seeds from each tree. The results show a big difference in pollen contamination between the two trees. The tree inside the tent showed a contamination rate of 0% and the tree from the open pollination had a contamination rate of 20,5%. No difference was found in the numbers of different fathers although the selfing rate of 4,26% was higher in the tent than the selfing rate of 2,56% observed in the open pollination environment. These results match the results of other studies done on the same orchard pretty well and therefore tent isolation with a supplementary pollination can be a good way to reduce unwanted pollen contamination.

In this study, pollen contamination (measured by the number of seeds pollinated by pollen not belonging to any of the clones on the seed orchard) is compared between open pollination and isolated pollination environments in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seed orchard called Västerhus, located outside Önsköldsvik. In this seed orchard a tent experiment is taking place. Skogforsk has built six large tents covering 12-14 trees with each tent. Fertilization patterns were compared between one tree in a tent with a supplementation of pollen from five clones not represented in the tent and another tree of the same clone subject to open pollination outside the tents. By using DNA markers the paternity was determined for 48 seeds from each tree. The results show a big difference in pollen contamination between the two trees. The tree inside the tent showed a contamination rate of 0% and the tree from the open pollination had a contamination rate of 20,5%. No difference was found in the numbers of different fathers although the selfing rate of 4,26% was higher in the tent than the selfing rate of 2,56% observed in the open pollination environment. These results match the results of other studies done on the same orchard pretty well and therefore tent isolation with a supplementary pollination can be a good way to reduce unwanted pollen contamination.

Diplodia tip blight is an important disease of pines, especially Scots pine Christmas trees in Kentucky. The hypothesis for my thesis work was that D. pinea could be acquired and transmitted on the tools during annual shearing of the Christmas trees. Samples taken from tools after shearing on two different Christmas tree farms in Kentucky in 2005 and 2006 yielded D. pinea colony forming units, but in very low quantities; typically less than 10 CFUs per collection. Diplodia-associated dieback from the sheared tips was never found in the field, suggesting that transmission and subsequent infections were not occurring via these sheared tips. Controlled infections indicated that a minimum of 100 spores was necessary to create symptomatic infections on sheared tips. Lysolandamp;reg; Disinfectant Spray did not remove D. pinea from tools when sprayed on them after shearing, but it did effectively prevent spore germination in vitro. Observations of Diplodia lesion development on one Scots pine Christmas tree farm in Kentucky during the springs of 2006 and 2007 suggested that D. pinea infections occurred primarily via the bases of needle bundles on elongating shoots. The most likely source of inoculum was dead infested pine tissues within and beneath the canopy. The use of a protectant fungicide may have resulted in an observed dramatic decrease of disease on this farm.