Abstract Three different studies were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) on Scots pine needles. One was the Monchegorsk smelter emission gradient study on the Kola Peninsula, Russia, the second was the 3-year seedling and 6-year adult tree low-level CuNi and acid rain (H2SO4 at pH 3) irrigation study at Kevo, Finland. In the third study seedlings were exposed to Cu and Ni for a one season in Oulu, Finland. Ni accumulated efficiently in needles, and this accumulation was seen in each of the different studies. The Cu concentrations remained low in needles, except near the Monchegorsk smelters. The addition of Ni together with Cu in Oulu seemed to enhance the accumulation of Ni into the needles of Scots pine seedlings. Plasmolysis may be related to both drought and the Ni treatment, as observed in Oulu, because plasmolysis was statistically more abundant in the 15 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil treated needles than in other treatments except in 25 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil. Cu induced lipid peroxidation of chloroplast membranes was visible under transmission electron microscope (TEM) as light colored, swollen thylakoids in chloroplasts near the Monchegorsk smeltersand also in needles exposed to 25 Ni+50 Cu mg kg-1 in soil in Oulu. Some year to year variation in the frost hardening process was seen in metal and acid treated needles, which may have caused the maximum frost hardiness level drop after CuNi, pH3 and CuNi/pH3 treatments. Root growth was increased by 5 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil in soil in Oulu, but 15 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil Ni in soil decreased root growth and increased root tip dieback. 25 Ni+50 Cu mg kg-1 dry soil in soil markedly decreased root growth. The proportion of oxidized glutathione in Cu-treated needles was smaller than in Ni-treated needles, but roots had higher peroxidase activity levels. However, Ni seemed to cause more oxidative stress to seedlings than copper.

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a long-term economically preferred woody species not only from the standpoint of its wood production but also thanks to its tolerance to extreme climatic factors, environmental modesty, and resistance to drought stress. In recent years, however, due to the action of the changing climatic conditions, this economically significant woody species withers. Its increment in the natural ecotype is affected by the adaptability to the increasing intensity of temperature extremes (prolonged heat waves). The combination of the lack of precipitation and extremely high air temperatures (even in the spring season) will significantly affect the resistance of this woody species to drought stress. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the secondary xylem and phloem cells formation of Scots pine depending on the physiological and morphological changes due to the affecting drought stress. Within the scope of the forming radial cells in individual growing seasons (2013–2016), it has been evaluated how the synergy of the specific factors affecting the overall anatomic structure of the annual ring and the vitality of the examined woody species was expressed in the formation, differentiation, and overall structure of the cells. During the four growing seasons (2013–2016), micro-cores (diameter 1.8 mm) were taken in weekly intervals in the research area in Sobesice of xylem and phloem (including the cambial zone) using the Trephor increment borer. From these micro-cores, permanent microscopic slides of the cross-section were made, on which the analysis of the cambial activity, cell formation, cell differentiation with time, and the evaluation of the morphometric parameters of the formed of xylem and phloem cells were performed. It was found that in each monitored growing season, the drought stress has shown, which was reflected by the dropped of the soil water potential (below -1 MPa) and the intensity of transpiration, which led to the stress reaction of the cambium. The reaction of the drought-stressed cambial zone has been expressed by the decreased activity (a sudden drop of the number of dividing cells) and subsequently, during the recurrence of precipitation, by the reactivation when an increase of the number of dividing cells was observed again. This factor initiated the formation of the intra-annual density fluctuations (IADF), i.e. the formation of the so-called false annual ring. The sensitive reaction of the cambium to the drought stress affected the cell production time, the number of formed cells, and also the time of differentiation of individual tracheids, which was expressed by the reduction of the radial dimensions and cell wall thickness of the tracheids. The artificially induced stress by stem girdling intensified the concurrent drought factor and in the area below the girdling, the cambial activity has stopped within two weeks after the performed treatment. The formed cells were not fully differentiated, so the zone of typically thick-walled cells of latewood was missing in the annual ring. The following growing season, the radial increment was only formed in the area above the girdling (without the latewood zone) and in the second half of the growing season, the trees gradually died. The activity of the plant hormone IAA was also affected by the drought in the summer season, when its concentration dropped below the measurability threshold (2 µg sample-1). At the time of the IAA concentration drop, latewood tracheids began to form and the phloem cell formation was completed. The synthesis and activity of the soluble low-molecular carbohydrates correlated with the course of the cambial activity and the cell differentiation phases, where the dynamics of the concentration also matched the timing of the formation of the individual cell formation phases. With phloem cells, a significant variability in the morphological dimensions has not been observed compared to xylem cells. The phenology of the needles indicated the cell wall formation phases and the initiation of the latewood tracheids. Due to the fact that the needles were fully formed in the season of the spring tracheids formation, their phenology did not reflect the drought stress which was recorded mainly in the summer season. Also, the increment of phloem was formed in the spring season. It has been presented for a long time that coniferous woody species react to the drought stress by thicker cell walls formation of the latewood tracheids. However, it has been observed within the scope of the research of this thesis that the water deficit affected the cambial activity, which has expressed itself on the intensity of the cell formation and the time of their differentiation. Due to this process, tracheids with smaller radial dimensions and a narrower cell wall were formed. This gradually causes structural changes of the formed annual ring, where the typically earlywood and latewood tracheids (classified according to radial dimensions and thicknesses of cell walls) may form independently on the growth seasonality. Especially in cases of IADF formation or in combination with the case where latewood is not even formed, a problem with the validity of the classification according to the so-called Mork’s criterion begins to occur. The understanding of the effect of the specific metabolic and physiological changes on xylem and phloem formation of Scots pine helps to clarify the issues of forestation and overall wood production of this economically significant woody species.

Glyptosaurinae is an extinct subfamily of lizards of the family Anguidae. Glyptosaurine lizards are known exclusively from the Paleogene of North America and Eurasia, reaching their peak of diversity and distribution in the Eocene. In North America these lizards are largely restricted to the intermontane basins along the Rocky Mountain range, with only sparse, indeterminately-identified skeletal elements known from outside of this region. Glyptosaurine lizards are split into two tribes: the monophyletic Glyptosaurini and paraphyletic “Melanosaurini”. Within Glyptosaurini, the most common and widespread genus is Glyptosaurus. In this study I describe a new specimen assignable to G. sylvestris, notable for being recovered from the late Uintan of the Santiago Formation in southern California, significantly outside the typical known geographic range of well-preserved glyptosaurine fossils. The presence of Glyptosaurus in southern California at a time of widespread tectonic and climatic change and increasing regional endemism in mammalian faunas, when also considering the results other studies of Eocene lizards, indicates a pattern of evolution for lizards of the time that is quite different from the dramatic turnovers and regional restrictions observed in Eocene mammals. The specimen described here also shows features consistent with ontogenetic variation and may help to provide insight into the life history of glyptosaurine lizards.

Alguns estudos têm sido realizados sobre a associação de materiais restauradores odontológicos e soluções antissépticas, pois, em especial a clorexidina (CHX), além dos benefícios apresenta efeitos colaterais. Assim tornam-se necessários estudos de soluções alternativas tão eficazes quanto à CHX, porém sem os efeitos colaterais destas. Neste anseio, foi que se pesquisou Casearia sylvestris (CS) que é uma planta medicinal que oferece benefícios, mas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito desta sobre materiais restauradores estéticos (MRE) e algumas dúvidas permanecem sobre seu potencial antimicrobiano e sua toxidade sobre células. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades biológicas do óleo essencial (OE) de CS e o efeito deste sobre MRE. Assim, o OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado por Cromatografia a gás acoplada a Espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e os valores de concentração inibitória e bactericida mínimas foram determinados pelo método de microdiluição frente às espécies Streptococcus (mutans, mitis, sanguinis e salivarius) e Enterococcus faecalis. Avaliou-se também a citotoxidade do OE de CS e da formulação de enxaguatório bucal contendo o OE bioativo em fibroblastos de camundongos. Para a avaliação da rugosidade superficial (RS), cor, microdureza superficial (MS) e a análise qualitativa da superfície (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV) dos MRE submetidos às soluções em estudo, foram confeccionados 60 espécimes (n=10), 30 de cada MRE (resina composta e cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina- CIV), os quais foram subdivididos em 3 grupos para serem submetidos: G1 - CHX, G2 - enxaguatório experimental a base do OE de CS e G3 - Água destilada. As leituras foram realizadas com os aparelhos adequados para cada um dos ensaios, após o polimento dos espécimes e após 24h do término do período experimental. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados de acordo com os Conceitos da Estatística Clássica, após análise exploratória dos dados. O rendimento do OE obtido foi 0,85mL/100g folhas secas; os constituintes majoritários detectados e identificados no OE foram o β-cariofileno, germacreno-D, biciclogermacreno, δ-cadideno, óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e α-elemol; o OE e a formulação de enxaguatório desenvolvida apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana significativa frente aos micro-organismos testados, exceto para o OE contra Enterococcus faecalis; o OE nas diferentes concentrações testadas e a formulação de enxaguatório apresentaram citotoxidade frente a fibroblastos gengivais L929 menor estatisticamente que a CHX; a citotoxidade do OE é tempodependente; a formulação desenvolvida proporcionou maior alteração de cor para a resina Z250 do que a CHX e a água destilada, sendo essa mudança em função do Tempo nos parâmetros de cor (L*, a* e b*) analisados isoladamente, enquanto que para o CIV não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a cor sob as diferentes soluções testadas; as soluções em estudo não tiveram efeito significante sobre a RS da resina composta, enquanto que para o CIV houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na RS quando o mesmo foi submetido a CHX; não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na MS de ambos os MRE testados; e o MEV mostrou deteriorações superficiais principalmente nos corpos de prova de CIV submetidos a CHX. / Researches has been developed associating dental material and mouthwashes, due to the side effects caused presenting in the products, especially chlorhexidine (CHX). Therefore, it becomes necessary studies involving alternative solutions containing the CHX efficacy, but without its collateral effects. Regarding to this, it was studied the specie Casearia sylvestris (CS), a medicinal plant with confirmed benefits, although its effect on dental materials (DM) it is poorly studied (described, talvez fique melhor) and its antimicrobial potencial and cytotoxicity remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties of CS essential oil and its effect on DM. The CS essential oil was obtained and characterized through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined using the microdilution of Streptococcus species (mutans, mitis, salivarius and sanguinis) and Enterococcus faecalis. It was also evaluated the cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblasts of both essential oil and mouthwash formulation containing the bioactive essential oil. To the superficial roughness, color, superficial microhardness and surface qualitative analysis (Scanning electron microscope SEM) of DM submitted to studied solutions, it was prepared 60 specimens (n = 10), 30 of each DM (composite resin, resin modified glass ionomer- CIV), which were subdivided into 3 groups to the submission: G1 - CHX, G2 - mouthwash containing CS essential oil and G3 - distilled water. The lectures were performed with appropriate equipaments(apparatus, acho que fica melhor): posteriorly specimens polishing and 24h after the experimental period end. The obtained results were evaluated according to the classical statistics concepts, after data exploratory analysis. The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.85 mL/100 g dried leaves; the major constituents detected and identified in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene, δ- cadideno, caryophyllene oxide, α-and spathulenol elemol; both mouthrinse containing essential oil as the formulation developed showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, except Enterococcus faecalis; the different concentrations tested of the essential oil and the mouthwash formulation showed statistically lower cytotoxicity against gingival fibroblasts L929 than CHX; cytotoxicity essential oil is time-dependent; the formulation provided higher color change to resin Z250 when compared with CHX and distilled water, and this change occurred in the factor time of all color parameters (L *, a * and b *) when analyzed alone, while to CIV color the difference was not statistically significant for the different solutions studied, there was a statistically significant increase in CIV surface roughness when submitted to CHX, while to composite resin the difference was not statistically significant; there was no statistically significant difference in microhardness of both restorative materials tested, and SEM showed surface deterioration mostly in the specimens submitted to CHX.

Alguns estudos têm sido realizados sobre a associação de materiais restauradores odontológicos e soluções antissépticas, pois, em especial a clorexidina (CHX), além dos benefícios apresenta efeitos colaterais. Assim tornam-se necessários estudos de soluções alternativas tão eficazes quanto à CHX, porém sem os efeitos colaterais destas. Neste anseio, foi que se pesquisou Casearia sylvestris (CS) que é uma planta medicinal que oferece benefícios, mas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito desta sobre materiais restauradores estéticos (MRE) e algumas dúvidas permanecem sobre seu potencial antimicrobiano e sua toxidade sobre células. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades biológicas do óleo essencial (OE) de CS e o efeito deste sobre MRE. Assim, o OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado por Cromatografia a gás acoplada a Espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e os valores de concentração inibitória e bactericida mínimas foram determinados pelo método de microdiluição frente às espécies Streptococcus (mutans, mitis, sanguinis e salivarius) e Enterococcus faecalis. Avaliou-se também a citotoxidade do OE de CS e da formulação de enxaguatório bucal contendo o OE bioativo em fibroblastos de camundongos. Para a avaliação da rugosidade superficial (RS), cor, microdureza superficial (MS) e a análise qualitativa da superfície (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV) dos MRE submetidos às soluções em estudo, foram confeccionados 60 espécimes (n=10), 30 de cada MRE (resina composta e cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina- CIV), os quais foram subdivididos em 3 grupos para serem submetidos: G1 - CHX, G2 - enxaguatório experimental a base do OE de CS e G3 - Água destilada. As leituras foram realizadas com os aparelhos adequados para cada um dos ensaios, após o polimento dos espécimes e após 24h do término do período experimental. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados de acordo com os Conceitos da Estatística Clássica, após análise exploratória dos dados. O rendimento do OE obtido foi 0,85mL/100g folhas secas; os constituintes majoritários detectados e identificados no OE foram o β-cariofileno, germacreno-D, biciclogermacreno, δ-cadideno, óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e α-elemol; o OE e a formulação de enxaguatório desenvolvida apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana significativa frente aos micro-organismos testados, exceto para o OE contra Enterococcus faecalis; o OE nas diferentes concentrações testadas e a formulação de enxaguatório apresentaram citotoxidade frente a fibroblastos gengivais L929 menor estatisticamente que a CHX; a citotoxidade do OE é tempodependente; a formulação desenvolvida proporcionou maior alteração de cor para a resina Z250 do que a CHX e a água destilada, sendo essa mudança em função do Tempo nos parâmetros de cor (L*, a* e b*) analisados isoladamente, enquanto que para o CIV não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a cor sob as diferentes soluções testadas; as soluções em estudo não tiveram efeito significante sobre a RS da resina composta, enquanto que para o CIV houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na RS quando o mesmo foi submetido a CHX; não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na MS de ambos os MRE testados; e o MEV mostrou deteriorações superficiais principalmente nos corpos de prova de CIV submetidos a CHX. / Researches has been developed associating dental material and mouthwashes, due to the side effects caused presenting in the products, especially chlorhexidine (CHX). Therefore, it becomes necessary studies involving alternative solutions containing the CHX efficacy, but without its collateral effects. Regarding to this, it was studied the specie Casearia sylvestris (CS), a medicinal plant with confirmed benefits, although its effect on dental materials (DM) it is poorly studied (described, talvez fique melhor) and its antimicrobial potencial and cytotoxicity remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties of CS essential oil and its effect on DM. The CS essential oil was obtained and characterized through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined using the microdilution of Streptococcus species (mutans, mitis, salivarius and sanguinis) and Enterococcus faecalis. It was also evaluated the cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblasts of both essential oil and mouthwash formulation containing the bioactive essential oil. To the superficial roughness, color, superficial microhardness and surface qualitative analysis (Scanning electron microscope SEM) of DM submitted to studied solutions, it was prepared 60 specimens (n = 10), 30 of each DM (composite resin, resin modified glass ionomer- CIV), which were subdivided into 3 groups to the submission: G1 - CHX, G2 - mouthwash containing CS essential oil and G3 - distilled water. The lectures were performed with appropriate equipaments(apparatus, acho que fica melhor): posteriorly specimens polishing and 24h after the experimental period end. The obtained results were evaluated according to the classical statistics concepts, after data exploratory analysis. The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.85 mL/100 g dried leaves; the major constituents detected and identified in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene, δ- cadideno, caryophyllene oxide, α-and spathulenol elemol; both mouthrinse containing essential oil as the formulation developed showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, except Enterococcus faecalis; the different concentrations tested of the essential oil and the mouthwash formulation showed statistically lower cytotoxicity against gingival fibroblasts L929 than CHX; cytotoxicity essential oil is time-dependent; the formulation provided higher color change to resin Z250 when compared with CHX and distilled water, and this change occurred in the factor time of all color parameters (L *, a * and b *) when analyzed alone, while to CIV color the difference was not statistically significant for the different solutions studied, there was a statistically significant increase in CIV surface roughness when submitted to CHX, while to composite resin the difference was not statistically significant; there was no statistically significant difference in microhardness of both restorative materials tested, and SEM showed surface deterioration mostly in the specimens submitted to CHX.

Natürliche Standorte der Waldkiefer gibt es in Deutschland nur kleinflächig. Während Kiefernforste anstelle natürlicher Laubwälder heute oft landschaftsprägend sind, bildet die konkurrenzschwache und lichtbedürftige Kiefer ausschließlich auf extrem trockenen oder nassen, nährstoffarmen Standorten naturnahe Schlusswaldgesellschaften. Regionale Schwerpunkte liegen in subkontinentalen Regionen wie dem nordostdeutschen Tiefland und Bayern, ein „natürliches Kiefernareal" lässt sich aber kaum abgrenzen. An der Trockengrenze des Waldes finden sich auf Kalk- und Dolomitgesteinen artenreiche Karbonat-Trockenkiefernwälder mit Elementen der alpinen Rasen und Kalkmagerrasen in der Bodenvegetation. Diese Wälder besiedeln steile, südexponierte Felsen und morphodynamisch aktive Bereiche wie Rutschhänge und FlussSchotterböden im Umkreis der Alpen, kommen aber auch in den Mittelgebirgen vor. Ihr Gegenstück auf sauren Standorten sind die Sand- und Silikat-Kiefernwälder der Quarzsande und Sandstein-Verwitterungsböden, deren Bodenvegetation durch Zwergsträucher, Moose und Strauchflechten geprägt ist. Hier siedelt die Kiefer in den Tieflagen besonders auf Binnendünen und Sandern, aber auch auf Küstendünen der Ostsee, in den Mittelgebirgen z. B. auf den Sandsteinriffen der Sächsischen Schweiz. Der dritte Wuchsbereich natürlicher Kiefernwälder sind saure, nährstoffarme Moore, die ganz überwiegend von Regenwasser gespeist werden. Auch die Kiefern-Moorwälder sind in Nordostdeutschland und Bayern am häufigsten. Von diesen Standorten ausgehend, wo ihr Platz kaum von anderen Baumarten streitig gemacht wird, tritt die Waldkiefer immer wieder als Pionier auf weniger extremen Standorten auf. In der Naturlandschaft kam dies etwa nach Waldbränden oder Stürmen vor, doch der Mensch förderte die Kiefer durch Auflichtung der Wälder, Waldweide und Streunutzung stark. Auch die damit verbundene Nährstoffverarmung macht eine exakte Abgrenzung natürlicher Kiefernstandorte unmöglich. Die schlechtwüchsigen und forstwirtschaftlich nicht interessanten, ästhetisch aber sehr ansprechenden natürlichen Kiefernbestände sind heute vor allem durch Stickstoff-Immissionen gefährdet. Trotz ihrer oft kargen Erscheinung besitzen sie einen hohen Wert für die Biodiversität und den Artenschutz. Neben bodenbewohnenden Flechten und regionalen Relikt-Endemiten ist vor allem die in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend gefährdete Vielfalt an Mykorrhiza-Pilzen hervorzuheben, die der Kiefer das Leben auf extrem nährstoffarmen Standorten überhaupt ermöglichen. Abschließend werden mögliche Schutz- bzw. Regenerationsmaßnahmen wie das Abplaggen flechtenreicher Kiefernstandorte vorgestellt. / Only small areas of natural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) habitat occur in Germany. Today pine plantations instead of natural deciduous forests often dominate the landscape. Yet, due to the competitive weakness and light demands of Scots pine, near-natural Scots pine climax communities are only found on extremely dry or wet, nutrient-poor sites, primarily in subcontinental regions of the north-eastern German lowlands and Bavaria. However, the "natural distribution range" of Scots pine is difficult to define. Species-rich, dry Scots pine forests, with alpine and calcareous grassland species in the ground vegetation, are found at the aridity limit of forests on sites with carbonate rich soils developed from limestone and dolomite parent material. These forests occur on steep south-facing slopes, on morphodynamically active areas such as landslides and coarse river gravel beds in and near the Alps, and also in the low mountain ranges. Scots pine forests are also found on acidic sites, on quartz sands and soils overlying weathered silicate rocks with an understorey dominated by dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and fruticose lichens. These forests are present in the lowlands, particularly on inland dunes and glacifluvial deposits, but also on coastal dunes around the Baltic Sea and in the low mountain ranges, for example on the sandstone cliffs in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. Acidic, oligo-trophic bogs, mainly supplied by rainwater, comprise the third natural Scots pine forest habitat. These Scots pine bog forests occur most frequently in north-eastern Germany and in Bavaria. Coming from these habitats, where virtually no other tree species grows, Scots pine is found again and again as a pioneer on less extreme sites. In the natural landscape, it occurs mainly after forest fires and storms. Yet humans promote Scots pine by thinning forests, creating woodland pasture and removing litter. The nutrient depletion associated with these practices makes an exact delimitation of natural Scots pine habitats unfeasible. Natural pine forest stands, which, although attractive and appealing, grow poorly and are of little interest for forestry, are endangered mainly by anthropo-genic nitrogen depositions. Despite their meagre appearance, these forests are important for biodiversity and species conservation. In addition to terricolous lichens and regional relic endemic plant species, the diversity of mycorrhiza fungi, which enable Scots pine to exist on these nutrient-poor sites, increasingly is becoming endangered. Finally, possible conservation and regeneration practices, such as manually cutting sods in lichen-rich Scots pine forests, are presented.

Magistro darbe tiriama paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) būklė amoniakinės taršos poveikyje. Darbo objektas – paprastoji pušis (Pinus sylvestris L.) – labiausiai paplitusi Lietuvoje, jautri užterštam orui medžių rūšis, augantys prie AB „Achema“ 0,5 km. spinduliu aplink gamyklą vakarų, šiaurės ir šiaurės rytų kryptimis ir Kačerginės pušyne. Darbo metodai – spyglių paviršių hidrofobiškumo tyrimas atliekamas šviesiniu mikroskopu, pagal Cape (1983) aprašytą metodiką. Mezomorfiškumo tyrimo metu tirti spyglių pjūviai šviesiniu mikroskopu. Darbo rezultatai. Vandens lašo sąlyčio su spyglio paviršiumi metodas pasirinktas, kaip santykinai nebrangus ir tikslus testas medžių būklei vertinti. Paprastosios pušies spyglių paviršiaus tyrimai parodė, kad spygliai pasižymėjo mažiausiais (p<0,05) sąlyčio kampais, t.y. didžiausiu paviršių sudrėkstamumu, palyginus su Kačerginės pušyno spygliais. Prie AB “Achema” augančių pušų augimo sezono eigoje pirmamečių spyglių ir vandens lašo sąlyčio kampai buvo 83-102°, o antramečių– 68-79°. Atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad dabartinė amoniakinė tarša blogina paviršių kokybę, didindama paviršiaus sudrėkstamumą, ant drėgno paviršiaus gali lengviau augti patogeniniai mikroorganizmai. Atliekant histologinį tyrimą taršai nustatyti spyglių audinių dydžiai ir santykiai nevienodos amoniakinės taršos poveikyje. Tyrimai nepateikė vienareikšmiško atsakymo apie mezomorfiškumo skirtumus tarp Kačerginės ir šalia AB "Achema" augančių pušynų. Pusamžių medynų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) state the effect of ammonia pollution was investigated in the work of master science. Object of the work – Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – the most common in Lithuanian territory, sensitive to air pollution tree species, growing in the vicinity of the nitrogen fertilizer factory in the west, north and north-east direction and control site. Method of the work – hydrophobicity of leaf surface, under light microscope according to Cape (1983) described the methodology. Investigate mezomorphic study needle incisions by light microscope. The results of the work. The investigation of water droplet contact angles is an unexpensive and accurate method used to evaluate the trees condition. The values of the contact angles of the water droplets on the surface of the needles were higher in control site. Near the nitrogen factory contact angles of the water droplets on the surface of current–year needles were 83-102 °, 1–year–old needles –68-79. Investigation showed, that present level nitrogen pollution might cause the erosion of the needle surface and more wettable surface might cause the development of pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate histological parameters of the needlles and tissues between sites with different ammonia concentration. Histological evaluation of the needles did not allow to detected changes in cross section parameters and defiance mesomorphic features growth. Current–year needle thickness was 0... [to full text]

In Lithuania the energy production from the forest wood comprises up to 90% of the total biomass derived energy. Increasing use of wood fuel increases the removal of the plant essential nutrients from the ecosystem because the branches, tops and needles/leaves contain relatively higher amount of the nutrients than stems. If to compare with the removal of the stems-only, the nutrient losses from the forest ecosystem increase up to 5 times. One way to return nutrients to the ecosystem is to apply forest fuel waste – wood ash - as fertilizers. In this study the effects of the differential wood ash fertilization and ash fertilization in complex with nitrogen on the ground vegetation structure (species composition, abundance), biomass and chemical composition in Pinus sylvestris stands (forest type – Vaccinio-Pinetum) was estimated. For the first time, the long-term impact of nitrogen as well the influence of the high nitrogen doses on ground vegetation structure and abundance in Scots pine stands growing on infertile sandy soils (Haplic Arenosols) were studied in Lithuania. The spreading of the nitrophylous plant species in the ground vegetation in pine stands during 20 years period were detected. The role of the trees competition in the soil rhizosphere zone on ground vegetation was analysed. The following soil and ground vegetation parameters were estimated: soil moisture, pH and chemical composition, also the biomass of vascular plants, coverage, biomass and chemical... [to full text] / Lietuvoje iki 90% energijos gamybai naudojamos biomasės sudaro mediena. Iš miško išvežant visas miško kirtimo atliekas, o ne paliekant natūraliam suirimui, maisto medžiagų nuostoliai miško ekosistemoje padidėja iki 5 kartų. Kompensuojamasis miškų tręšimas medienos kuro pelenais – tai vienas iš būdų grąžinti maisto medžiagas į miško ekosistemą. Darbe įvertintas kompensuojamojo tręšimo medienos kuro pelenais diferencijuotas ir kompleksinis (kartu su azotu) poveikis brukninių pušynų gyvosios dirvožemio dangos struktūrai bei biomasės cheminei sudėčiai. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje tiriamas ilgalaikio tręšimo azotu bei didelių azoto dozių poveikis brukninių pušynų, augančių nederlinguose smėlžemiuose, gyvosios dirvožemio dangos rūšių sudėčiai bei gausumui. Nustatytas foninių azoto iškritų sąlygotas nitrofilinių augalų rūšių išplitimas brukninių pušynų (Vaccinio-Pinetum) gyvojoje dirvožemio dangoje. Ištirtas miško ekosistemos edifikatorių konkurencinis poveikis rizosferoje: dirvožemio drėgniui, pH bei cheminei sudėčiai, žolių/krūmokšnių padengimui bei biomasei, gyvosios dirvožemio dangos dominanto bruknės (Vaccinium vitis-idea L.) biomasei bei biomasės cheminei sudėčiai. Atlikti tyrimai leidžia daryti išvadas, kad samanų rūšims tiek medienos kuro pelenų, tiek azoto poveikis yra neigiamas, tuo tarpu žolių/krūmokšnių rūšims – teigiamas. Visgi, azoto poveikis žolių/krūmokšnių rūšims priklauso ne tik nuo dozės, bet ir nuo patekimo į miško ekosistemą dažnio. Brukniniuose pušynuose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavallari_mm_dr_botib.pdf: 2341412 bytes, checksum: 25cb49e35e82d3a208a4d24cb3f50d39 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir ferramentas e informações úteis para a conservação e exploração racional de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), uma espécie que produz diterpenos clerodânicos de grande importância farmacológica (casearinas), e que é explorada por extrativismo. Tal objetivo foi alcançado através do desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites específicos para C. sylvestris e de um estudo da diversidade genética e química existente entre e dentro de populações do Estado de São Paulo. Tradicionalmente são reconhecidas duas variedades em C. sylvestris (var. sylvestris e var. lingua), o que é motivo de debate devido à existência de formas intermediárias. Este trabalho objetivou, adicionalmente, contribuir com argumentos genéticos para esta discussão. Foi construída uma biblioteca enriquecida em microssatélites, a partir da qual obtiveram-se e validaram-se dez pares de iniciadores (primers) microssatélites específicos para C. sylvestris. Estes pares de iniciadores foram utilizados para o estudo da estrutura genética de populações de C. sylvestris através da amostragem de 376 indivíduos em nove populações distribuídas em quatro ecossistemas (Floresta Ombrófila Densa, Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Cerrado e ecótonos). As duas variedades foram amostradas de acordo com sua distribuição nestes ecossistemas. A genotipagem dos indivíduos para os locos amostrados foi realizada através de eletroforese em gel de acrilamida lido a 700 e 800 nm por um seqüenciador IR2-DNA Analyser (LI-COR). Os dados foram analisados através de abordagens frequentistas, bayesianas e baseadas na teoria de coalescência, utilizando-se diversos programas computacionais. Para o estudo da diversidade química, as mesmas populações foram amostradas, selecionando-se 12 indivíduos por população, totalizando 108 indivíduos. Adicionalmente, foram... / This work aimed obtaining tools and information for the conservation and rational exploitation of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), a tree species which produces casearins, pharmacologically important clerodane diterpenes. This goal was achieved through the development of a set of polymorphic microsatellite markers, and through the study of chemical and genetic diversity in populations of C. sylvestris from São Paulo State. Also, we aimed contributing for the debate on the existence of two varieties within this species (var. sylvestris e var. lingua). A genomic library was constructed and 10 primer pairs were obtained. Those primers were utilized for a population genetic structure analysis, in which 376 individuals from nine populations distributed on four different ecosystems (Evergreen Atlantic Forest, Semideciduous Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and ecotones) were sampled. The two varieties were sampled according to its distribution among these populations. Genotyping was performed at 700 and 800 nm by electrophoresis on an IR2-DNA Analyser (LI-COR). The data were analyzed through frequentist, Bayesian and coalescence-based approaches, through the use of several softwares. Chemical diversity was studied by sampling in the same populations (12 individuals per population, i.e. 108 individuals). Also, cuttings of these individuals were prepared, aiming to verify its’ chemical compounds after a year of green-house cultivation. Cuttings’ rooting was problematic and a methodology was developed. Only 46 cuttings survived. Casearins from these 154 individuals (108 + 46) were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. Genetic analysis results suggests a partial genome duplication, as more than two alleles for the same locus were observed in 8% of var. sylvestris individuals and in 70% of var. lingua individuals. Additional studies are necessary to verify the hypothesis of partial genome duplication... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by LILIAN CHERUBIN CORREIA null (lilian_cherubin@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-02T14:12:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Lilian_Cherubin_Correia_2016_ficha e aprovação.pdf: 3233262 bytes, checksum: 3421e95ec88996d4b21b559ade72faf5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T21:08:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 correia_lc_me_araiq.pdf: 3233262 bytes, checksum: 3421e95ec88996d4b21b559ade72faf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T21:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 correia_lc_me_araiq.pdf: 3233262 bytes, checksum: 3421e95ec88996d4b21b559ade72faf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Separações utilizando cromatografia líquida bidimensional têm atraído grande interesse nas últimas décadas devido ao seu elevado potencial no poder de separação para análises de misturas complexas. Apesar do uso de colunas ortogonais e da multiplicação teórica da capacidade de picos quando essa técnica é utilizada, uma questão permanece: "As técnicas bidimensionais são realmente melhores do que as monodimensionais para análises de extratos vegetais?". Esta questão motivou o presente trabalho, que consistiu em comparar o desempenho entre LC e LC×LC, utilizando amostras de folhas de Casearia sylvestris, também conhecida como "guaçatonga", uma árvore amplamente utilizada na medicina popular brasileira por apresentar diversas atividades biológicas. Além disso, devido ao grande volume de resíduos gerados em LC, a substituição de solventes convencionais por etanol (EtOH), um candidato menos tóxico e biodegradável, foi implementada. A parte mais desafiadora de qualquer cromatografia multidimensional é o desenvolvimento do método cromatográfico, pelo grande número de variáveis que devem atuar de forma integrada em uma única análise. Duas estratégias de desenvolvimento foram propostas neste trabalho. A primeira foi dividida em 4 etapas, que consistiram em selecionar o par de colunas mais ortogonal dentre as combinações disponíveis; o desenvolvimento de um método para a 1D utilizando planejamento experimental; seguido do estudo das melhores condições para a 2D (2tc, tempo de modulação e tre, o tempo de reequilíbrio após cada modulação) e por último, a escolha da melhor forma de gradiente para a 2D. A segunda estratégia consistiu em primeiramente, selecionar o par de colunas mais ortogonais dentre as combinações disponíveis; depois otimizar por planejamento experimental as duas dimensões simultaneamente e finalmente a otimização da melhor forma de gradiente para a 2D. As duas estratégias se mostraram eficazes para desenvolvimento de método bidimensional abrangente, porém a segunda estratégia mostrou-se mais rápida, devido ao menor número de experimentos necessários. Porém, o uso de etanol mostrou-se inviável para as análises rápidas e com altas vazões da 2D, devido à sua elevada viscosidade e seu uso foi descontinuado. Finalmente, com o método bidimensional completamente otimizado, este foi comparado com dois métodos em 1D-LC previamente descritos na literatura para C. sylvestris e utilizando-se a métrica de capacidade de picos, um melhor desempenho na técnica de LC×LC pôde ser observado. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a performance observada em LC×LC é significantemente melhor do que foi alcançada em 1D-LC, porém seu uso dependerá do objetivo do estudo, pois essa melhoria foi alcançada em tempos de análise muito mais longos (aproximadamente 4x) e com maior geração de resíduos (aproximadamente 30x), ou de avanços tecnológicos na técnica. / Bidimensional liquid chromatographic separations have attracted intense interest over the past decade based on the potential improvements in resolving power they offer for analysis of complex samples. Despite the use of orthogonal columns and the theoretical multiplication of peak capacity from both dimensions, one question remains: “Are bidimensional techniques superior to monodimensional ones for analysis of vegetal extracts?”. This question led to the purpose of the present work, that was to compare the performance between LC and LC×LC, using leaves from Casearia sylvestris, a widely used tree in Brazilian folk medicine by its biological activities. Furthermore, due to the large volume of waste generated by LC, the replacement of conventional solvents by ethanol (EtOH), a less toxic and biodegradable alternative solvent was chosen. The most challenging issue of any multidimensional chromatography is the method development, since the large number of interacting parameters that must work together in a single run. Two strategies for method development were used in this work. The first one was divided into 4 steps: experiments were carried out to select the most orthogonal pair of columns, 1D method development using design of experiments, another design of experiments for 2D conditions was proposed (2tc, modulation time and tre, re-equilibration time after each modulation) and aware of the best conditions for both dimensions, 2D gradient types were evaluated. The second strategy consisted of selecting the most orthogonal pair of columns, optimization of both dimensions simultaneously by design of experiments and finally evaluation of 2D gradient type. Both strategies were efficient for comprehensive bidimensional method development, but the second one was found to be faster, due to the lesser number of required experiments. Nevertheless, using ethanol as mobile phase proved to be impractical for fast and high flow rates analysis of 2D due to its high viscosity and its use as mobile phase was rejected. Finally, a comparison between the fully optimized bidimensional chromatographic method and two 1D-LC methods previously described in the literature for C. sylvestris were made. Using peak capacity as a metric of comparison, a higher performance was achieved for LC×LC. This study concluded that LC×LC provides a higher performance than 1D-LC, however, its use will depend of the analysis purpose because this gain in performance was achieved with longer analysis times (approximately 4x) and greater generation of residues (approximately 30x), or technological improvements.