Les orthoptères possèdent des cerques pourvus de poils filiformes qui leurs permettent de percevoir des courants d'air. Nous nous sommes attachés à mieux comprendre comment le système cercal permet aux insectes de détecter l'attaque des prédateurs dans leur milieu naturel. Nous avons étudié le grillon des bois. Afin de stimuler le grillon de manière appropriée, c'est-à-dire en mimant l'attaque d'un prédateur naturel, nous avons utilisé un piston. Les capacités de détection et de fuite de ce grillon ainsi que le rôle des cerques dans cette détection par rapport à d'autres organes ont été analysés. Des enregistrements extracellulaires ont été réalisés sur des grillons libres en milieu naturel. Un mécanisme de modulation de l'activité nerveuse en réponse à l'attaque, en présence de bruit de fond a été observé. Un logiciel permettant d'analyser des données optophysiologiques a été développé. / Orthoptera insects own cerci covered by filiform hairs which allow perceiving air movements. Our goal was to better understand how the cercal sensory system allows insects to detect predator attacks in their natural environment. We studied the wood cricket, which natural habitat, i.e. the forest litter, is easily accessible for field studies. To stimulate appropriately the cricket e.g. mimicking a natural predator attack, we used a piston. We analysed the detection and escape capabilities of this cricket and the relative role of cerci in this detection, compared to other organs by means of behavioural studies. Extracellular recordings were conducted on free-moving crickets in their natural habitat. A modulation of neural activity in response to attacks was observed in presence of background noise. A software allowing optophysiological data analysis was developed.

Orientador: André Gonzaga dos Santos / Resumo: A Casearia sylvestris Swartz apresenta duas variedades: var. sylvestris (típica de Mata Atlântica) e var. língua (típica do Cerrado). As ações anti-inflamatória, antiulcerogênica, antitumoral e antimicrobiana do óleo essencial (OE) das folhas foram comprovadas. A variabilidade química nas plantas é associada a fatores genéticos e ambientais, entretanto, como existem poucos estudos de variabilidade do OE da C. sylvestris, o objetivo foi avaliar o teor e composição química de ambas variedades em locais, períodos e horários diferentes, estabelecendo parâmetros botânicos, físicos e químicos do OE. Neste estudo foram realizadas análises morfoanatômicas e da composição dos solos dos espécimes coletados. O OE foi extraído por hidrodestilação das folhas frescas e folhas secas, para determinação do teor e composição (CG-EM) correlacionando com fatores edáfico-climáticos. Foram realizadas análises físicas e quimiométricas do OE. A morfologia dos troncos e folhas, estômatos e índice de paliçada diferenciaram as variedades. Os resultados da densidade, índice de refração, infravermelho e CCD foram semelhantes entre as variedades e a rotação óptica diferenciou as variedades. As folhas secas e a var. sylvestris possuem maior teor de OE, já o teor de sesquiterpenos oxigenados no OE aumentou com a secagem e extração. Foi verificada variabilidade populacional, intrapopulacional e sazonal no teor de OE. O β-elemeno, α-humuleno, germacreno D, biciclogermacreno, espatulenol, óxido de cariofileno ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Casearia sylvestris Swartz exhibits two varieties: var. sylvestris (typical from Atlantic Fores) and var. língua (typical from Cerrado). The anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antitumor and antimicrobial activities of essential oil (EO) from leaves were proven. Chemical variability in plants is associated with genetic and environmental factors, however, as there are few studies of C. sylvestris from EO variability, the aim was to evaluate chemical content and composition of both varieties in different places, periods and times, establishing botanical, physical and chemical parameters from EO. In this study, morpho-anatomical and soil analysis from collected specimens were performed. EO was extracted by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves and dry leaves to determine the content and composition (GC-MS) correlating with edaphic-climatic factors. Physical and chemometrics analysis of EO were performed. Morphology of trunk and leaves, stomata and palisade index differentiated varieties. Density, refractive index, infrared and TLC results were similar between varieties and optical rotation differentiated varieties. Dried leaves and var. sylvestris have higher EO content, whereas oxygenated sesquiterpenes content in EO increased with drying and extraction. Population, intrapopulation and seasonal variability in the EO content were verified. β-elemene, α-humulene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide and. humulene epoxide II were the major components in ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Climate on earth is getting warmer, which effects earth’s energy balance and so forth the ocean and atmospheric circulation.  In many sub-polar regions on the northern hemisphere changes due to warming of the climate can be observed. Some examples that already have been observed are shifts in tree line, towards higher altitudes and latitudes, increased ablation of Swedish glaciers and melting of the permafrost on the Siberian tundra. In Sweden climate change scenarios tell us that it will become warmer and that a higher amount of precipitation in form of rain will be an effect from this. To study climate changes in Sweden, transition zones are useful in order to observe changes in distribution of species and animal populations. This study uses tree rings from Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) that grow at the tree line in Grövelsjön that is part of the mountains in Dalarna County. By measuring the width of the tree rings, a chronology that is representative for July temperature is made over this area. The method is called dendroclimatology and has generally been used to reconstruct past climate for the last 1000 years.  The results of this study show that the tree ring chronology don’t show a clear increase in temperature for the last century, which could have been expected from an area like this. But the result also show that when instrumentally measured temperature were plotted month by month, the only month with significant up going trend in temperature in this area is April. A temperature change in April does not leave a signal in the tree rings because it is too cold for them to grow that early in the season.

La conca Mediterrània és un territori especialment idoni per estudiar els impactes que tenen les pertorbacions relacionades amb els usos del territori i el canvi climàtic sobre la demografia dels seus boscos. En aquesta regió la disponibilitat d'aigua és un factor limitant en els boscos, on les sequeres són freqüents i es preveu que siguin més recurrents en el futur. La conca Mediterrània representa el límit meridional de distribució d'importants espècies arbòries de l'Hemisferi Nord, i aquestes poblacions són, probablement, particularment vulnerables a l'augment de l'aridesa. En aquest sentit, durant les últimes dècades un augment generalitzat en la defoliació dels boscos i episodis localitzats de mortalitats molt elevades s'han associat a períodes de sequera. D'altra banda, l'expansió i densificació dels boscos després de l'abandonament agrícola i de la gestió forestal tradicional han estat particularment intenses en aquesta regió durant l'últim segle. Aquests canvis poden resultar en un augment de la competència entre els individus pels recursos, amb una tendència pels processos de autotala, exacerbant la vulnerabilitat dels boscos durant episodis de sequera. A més, a la conca Mediterrània el foc determina la dinàmica i els patrons estructurals i paisatgístics de la vegetació, i l'aridesa determina la vulnerabilitat dels boscos al foc. El pi roig (Pinus sylvestris L.) és una de les espècies d'arbre més àmpliament distribuïdes de l'Hemisferi Nord. El límit sud-oest de l'àrea de distribució del pi roig es situa a la península Ibèrica, on es troben poblacions importants als Pirineus i algunes poblacions disperses en localitats més meridionals i seques. Durant el segle XX els boscos de pi roig s'han densificat i la seva àrea de distribució s'ha expandit notablement a causa dels canvis d'usos del sòl i de la gestió forestal. D'altra banda, hi ha indicis que durant les últimes dècades en aquesta regió les poblacions de pi roig estan patint episodis de mortalitat associats a sequera. A més, els focs de copa han afectat alguns dels seus boscos durant els últims anys. Amb aquesta tesi es pretén aprofundir en l’estudi dels patrons demogràfics de creixement, mortalitat, establiment i reproducció dels boscos de pi roig (Pinus sylvestris L.) al seu límit meridional (i sec) en resposta a les pertorbacions (incendis, sequeres, canvis en els usos del sòl), com aquests varien amb els gradients ambientals al llarg de diferents escales espacials i si aquests processos poden originar canvis en la vegetació. Els principals resultats de la tesi són: (1) Els boscos de pi roig a la península Ibèrica són climàticament vulnerables al foc, i aquesta vulnerabilitat podria augmentar substancialment com a conseqüència del canvi climàtic. Aquest fet, sumat a la maca de mecanismes efectius de regeneració de l’espècie, pot dur a canvis ràpids en la vegetació en zones actualment dominades pel pi roig. (2) Els processos de competència i autotala esdevenen els principals factors que expliquen els patrons demogràfics i, per tant, l’abandonament de les activitats agràries i forestals durant el segle XX són la principal pertorbació que explica els processos emergits. Tanmateix, les sequeres i les limitacions abiòtiques estan desencadenant processos de declivi, aparentment en boscos amb una estructura més desenvolupada, i.e. major abundància d’arbres grans. Malgrat que els efectes de la sequera són clars a escala local, i és previsible que es facin més perceptibles en el futur, no es detecta actualment un procés generalitzat de declivi a escala regional. (3) La regeneració del pi roig és en general baixa i, en particular, aquesta és encara menor en zones afectades per episodis de declivi, la qual cosa suggereix que es poden produir canvis en la vegetació a mig termini. Hi ha indicis que aquests canvis poden resultar de l’abandonament agrícola i dels canvis recents en els usos forestals. (4) El declivi a nivell de rodal i la defoliació a nivell d’individu afecten l’esforç reproductiu del pi roig, la qual cosa podria explicar, en part, el seu baix reclutament en zones afectades per episodis de declivi. / The Mediterranean basin is an ideal area to study the impacts of disturbances related to land-use changes and climate change on the demography of forests. In this region, water availability is a limiting factor in forests, where droughts are common and are expected to be more frequent in the future. The Mediterranean basin represents the southern limit of distribution of important tree species in the Northern Hemisphere, and these populations are probably particularly vulnerable to increased aridity. During the last decades a widespread increase in defoliation of forests and localized episodes of high mortality have been associated to drought periods. Moreover, the expansion and densification of forests after agricultural abandonment and traditional forest management have been particularly strong in this region during the last century. These changes may result in increased competition for resources among individuals, with a tendency for self-thinning processes, exacerbating the vulnerability of forests during drought periods. In addition, in the Mediterranean basin, fire determines the dynamics and structural patterns of vegetation, and dryness determines the vulnerability of forests to fire. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most widely distributed tree species in the Northern Hemisphere. The southwestern distribution limit of Scots pine is the Iberian Peninsula, with important populations located in the Pyrenees and some scattered populations in southern and dry locations. There have been important land use changes in the Iberian Peninsula during the last century, including the abandonment of agropastoral activities in mountain areas, the abandonment of forest exploitation, and a large-scale afforestation starting in the 1940s that intensified during the 1950s and has continued albeit at lower rates until recent decades. As a result, stand density has increased in many forests and the range of Scots Pine has expanded noticeably. Moreover, in recent decades Scots pine forest decline has been related to extreme drought episodes in several populations in the Iberian Peninsula, and crown fires have affected some populations. This thesis aims to study the demographic patterns of growth, mortality, reproduction and establishment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at the southern limit (dry) of its distribution in response to disturbances (fires, droughts, changes in land use). The main results of this thesis are: (1) Scots pine forests in the Iberian Peninsula are climatically vulnerable to fire, and this vulnerability could increase substantially as a result of climate change. This fact, added to the lack of effective mechanisms of regeneration, can lead to rapid changes in vegetation in areas currently dominated by Scots pine. (2) Competition and self-thinning are the main factors explaining demographic patterns. Therefore, the abandonment of agriculture and management during the last century are the main disturbances explaining the emerged processes. However, droughts and abiotic constraints are triggering Scots pine decline, apparently in forests with greater abundance of large trees. (3) Scots pine regeneration is lower in declining forests, suggesting that vegetation shifts could occur in the future. These changes could be result of recent land-use changes. (4) Drought stress affects the reproductive effort of individuals, which could contribute to the low recruitment in declining forests.

No description available.

Abstract It has been suggested that pine needles protect themselves against UV-B radiation via anatomical and chemical changes in the epidermal layer. This could lead to growth reductions if more assimilates are allocated to the protection mechanisms in the epidermis at the expense of the photosynthetic area. If the protection is insufficient, the UV-B radiation could cause oxidative stress. Moreover, the UV-B-induced stress could increase year by year and the responses could become cumulative. Therefore, two different UV-B field experiments were conducted at two sites. The first was a long-term experiment on mature, naturally growing Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Oulu (65°N), Finland, during the growing seasons 1996–1998 (25% ozone depletion) and the second one was a one-growing-season experiment on Scots pine and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings in Maryland (39°N), USA, in 1997 (16% and 25% ozone depletion scenarios). In Scots pine seedlings, UV-B treatments decreased the primary needle length at the early stages, but no significant differences were seen in fully-grown needles. In mature Scots pines, the response was opposite and UV-B accelerated needle growth in young needles. This suggests that at the early stage of development, the primary needles of seedlings are more sensitive than the fascicle needles of adult pines. Thus, the developmental stage of the studied organisms must be taken into account. Scots pine seedlings protected themselves against UV-B by increasing the thickness of the cutin layer and the epidermal wall (outer and periclinal walls and anticlinal wall), which features have been connected to xeromorphic structure, and by reducing significantly the cross-sectional, mesophyll and epidermal areas. In mature Scots pines, similar trends towards smaller cross-sectional and mesophyll areas and significantly reduced epidermal + hypodermal area were seen in fully-grown UV-B-treated needles. Loblolly pine responded to supplemental UV-B by producing more phenolic compounds into epidermal cell walls and epidermal lumen, which could have resulted in thicker outer epidermal walls. In both of the studied species, these protection mechanisms were sufficient to prevent growth reductions in fully-grown current-year needles. This demonstrates the difference between the studied species and shows that no general interpretations can be made on the effects of UV-B radiation on conifers. The cumulative effects of UV-B radiation were studied from current-year and current+2-year old needles of mature Scots pines during the third UV-B exposure season. The UV-B stress was observed in the current+2-year old needles of mature Scots pines as a degradation of total glutathione, GSHtot, and a bigger proportion of oxidized glutathione, GSSG%, in July during the third UV-B exposure season. In current-year needles, no increase in GSSG% was seen in either the first or the third season. After the third experimental season in September, the GSHtot levels decreased in UV-B-treated current-year needles. These results suggest that the effect of UV-B is duration-dependent and cumulative. The longevity of mature Scots pine needles at the study site is four to five years, and the effects of UV-B should thus be studied over the whole life span of a needle.

Enxaguatórios bucais podem ocasionar a alteração de cor do elemento dental, devido à desmineralização ocasionada pelo uso prolongado dos mesmos, e consequente aumento da rugosidade superficial. Outros fatores, como o clareamento caseiro e o consumo diário de bebidas ácidas são, da mesma forma, responsáveis pela dissolução do esmalte dental. Buscando superar os efeitos adversos da Clorexidina 0,12%, desenvolveu-se um enxaguatório bucal à base de uma planta medicinal, denominada Casearia sylvestris. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação dos enxaguatórios bucais à base de Casearia sylvestris e Clorexidina 0,12% na cor e rugosidade superfícial do esmalte dental submetido a agente clareador e bebida alimentícia de pH 2,4. Amostras de dentes bovinos foram divididas em 3 grupos (n= 30), de acordo com a solução utilizada: Água destilada, Clorexidina 0,12% e Enxaguatório bucal à base de Casearia sylvestris. Cada grupo foi ainda dividido em subgrupos, de acordo com as categorias (n=10): Grupo controle, dentes clareados e dentes submetidos à imersão em bebida alimentícia ácida. O clareamento caseiro foi realizado com peróxido de carbamida 16%, por 6 horas diárias durante 8 dias, enquanto a imersão em suco de limão (pH 2,4) foi realizada por 2 minutos cada, 1 vez ao dia, durante 6 dias. Posteriormente, os grupos tiveram seus corpos de prova imersos nas respectivas soluções por 2 minutos, 3 vezes ao dia, durante 7 dias. As leituras de cor e rugosidade superficial foram realizadas anteriormente ao período experimental e após a imersão nos enxaguatórios bucais. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através dos testes estatísticos ANOVA - II way e Teste de Tukey 5%. Os dentes submetidos ao clareamento caseiro e à imersão em bebida ácida apresentaram uma maior alteração de cor. As diferentes soluções não apresentaram diferença estatística quanto à alteração de cor. A rugosidade superficial foi maior para o período de 7 dias, sendo que apenas o grupo submetido à imersão em bebida ácida apresentou um aumento significante na rugosidade superficial. Foi possível concluir que apenas o clareamento caseiro e a imersão em bebidas ácidas promoveram alteração na coloração da estrutura dental. Não houve influência dos enxaguatórios bucais utilizados isoladamente ou em associação com os tratamentos na rugosidade superficial. Apenas a imersão em bebida ácida ocasionou aumento na rugosidade superficial. / Mouthwashes can induce the tooth color alteration, due to the desmineralization occured by the prolonged use of them and consequent increase of surface roughness. Another factors, as the home bleaching and the daily consumption of acid drinks are, in the same way, responsible for the dental enamel dissolution. Attempting to overcome the Chlorhexidine 0,12% adverse effects, it was developed a mouthwash containing a medical plant, denominated as Casearia sylvestris. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris and Chlorhexidine 0,12% on color and surface roughness from the dental enamel submitted to bleaching gel and a drink with pH 2,4. Bovine teeth samples were divided in 3 groups (n=30), according to the solution: distillated water, Chlorhexidine 0,12% and a mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris. Each group was divided in subgroups, according to the categories (n=10): Control group, bleached teeth and teeth immersed in an acid drink. The bleaching procedure was realized with carbamide peroxide 16%, during 6 hours by 8 days, while the acid drink immersion was done during 2 minutes each, once in a day and during 6 days. Posteriorly, the samples were immersed on the respective solutions by 2 minutes, three times at a day, during 7 days. The color and surface roughness lecture were performed before the experimental period and after the immersion on mouthwashes. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey`s test. The teeth submitted to home bleaching and to the immersion in acid drink showed higher color alteration. At the group wich no treatment was applied, the mouthwash containing Casearia sylvestris induce the highest color alteration when compared with the other solutions, and that was statistically equal when the teeth were submitted to different treatments. The surface roughness was higher to the 7 days period, although the only the group submitted to the immersion in acid drink presented a significant enhance on surface roughness. In conclusion, only the bleaching and the immersion in acid drinks promoted a higher color alteration. The mouthwashes did not promoted an alteration on the color of the dental structure. There was no influence from mouthwashes utilized when isolated or in association with the treatments on surface roughness. Only the immersion in acid drink caused an increase on surface roughness.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Benso.pdf: 1456799 bytes, checksum: df2a517354e51e0567f4105cdc729566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to develop biomonitoring of the hydroalcoholic extract of Malva sylvestris to evaluate the phytochemical profile beyond the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant on the release of IL-1β, TNF-α, LPS-induced nitric oxide, and finally, to assess possible toxicological effects of the extract. The activity of the various forms of extraction (soxhlet, maceration, turbolise and infusion) were tested using the ear edema model in mice, induced by 2-Otetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and subsequently evaluated to determine which ethanol concentration presented the most anti-edematous activity. ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS analyses were performed to exploit the ions that were representative of patterns of malvidin 3-glucoside, quercetin and scopoletin. Using in vitro tests, fibroblasts from the stock cell line 3T3 were grown in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM). The cells were analyzed by experimental tests after four passages. Stimulation with LPS in 3T3 fibroblasts resulted in an increased production of nitric oxide released in the cell culture supernatant. A method based on the use of fluorogenic probe (DAF-FM DA) was used to quantify the amount of nitric oxide. After sensitization with LPS, the release of IL-1 and TNF-α were measured, and subsequently separately evaluated by ELISA. To identify substances with genotoxic activity the Comet test was employed, using the technique of electrophoresis on microgel. The results demonstrated that at the highest dose tested (3.0 g/ml), the three forms of extraction were able to reduce ear edema by 44-46% and that the extract of Malva sylvestris in 100% ethanol concentration reached a higher inhibition (50.69%). In the in vitro tests, the treatment with hydroalcoholic extract was able to prevent the formation of nitric oxide by 80 ± 14% at the highest concentration used, in comparison to the control group, and the concentration of 1.0 g/ml was able to inhibit 86 ± 2% levels of IL-1. The levels of TNF-α were reduced by 84 ± 4%. The hydroalcoholic extract obtained by maceration at 100% concentration suggests an anti-inflammatory potential when used topically in a skin inflammation model. In assessing cell culture it suggests the interference of the extract on the IL-1 and TNF-α cytokines. This creates the need for further methods to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms on which the plant has an anti-inflammatory effect. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um biomonitoramento do extrato hidroalcóolico da Malva sylvestris (EHM), avaliar o perfil fitoquímico além do efeito do extrato hidroalcóolico da planta sobre a liberação de IL-1β, TNF-α, NO induzido por LPS e por fim, verificar possíveis efeitos toxicológicos do extrato. A atividade das várias formas extratoras (Soxhlet, Maceração, Turbólise e Infusão) foram testadas através do modelo de edema de orelha em camundongos induzido por 12-Otetradecanoilforbol 13-acetato (TPA) e posteriormente avaliado qual concentração etanólica apresentou maior atividade anti-edematogênica. As análises de ESI-MS e LC-ESI-MS foram realizadas para explorar os íons representativos dos padrões de malvidin 3-glucosídeo, quercetina e escopoletina. Em ensaio in vitro fibroblastos provenientes do banco de células, linhagem 3T3, foram cultivados em meio de cultura completo Dulbecco Mem (DMEM). As células foram analisadas para testes experimentais após quatro passagens. A estimulação com LPS em fibroblastos 3T3 ocasionou um aumento na produção de Oxido Nítrico liberado no sobrenadante de cultura de células, para quantificação de óxido nítrico foi utilizado o método baseado no uso de sonda fluorogênica (DAF-FM DA). Após sensibilização com LPS, a liberação de, IL-1 e TNF- foram quantificadas, e posteriormente foram avaliadas separadamente através do método de ELISA. Para o ensaio de identificação de substâncias com atividade genotóxica foi utilizado o Ensaio do Cometa através da técnica de eletroforese em microgel.Os resultados demonstraram que as três formas extratoras na maior dose testada (3.0 g/ml) do (EHM) foram capazes de reduzir o edema de orelha em 44- 46% e que o extrato da malva na concentração etanólica de 100% alcançou maior inibição (50,69%).Nos ensaios in vitro, o tratamento com o extrato hidroalcóolico foi capaz de impedir a formação de Oxido Nítrico em 80 ± 14% na maior concentração utilizada em comparação ao grupo Controle, e a concentração de 1,0 g/ml foi capaz de inibir 86 ± 2% os níveis de IL-1β. Os níveis de TNF – α foram reduzidos em 84 ± 4%. O (EHM) obtido pelo método de maceração na concentração de 100% sugere o potencial anti-inflamatório por via tópica em modelo de inflamação de pele, em avaliação em cultura de células sugere a interferência do extrato nas citocinas IL-1β e TNF–α, o que gera necessidade de outras metodologias a fim de investigar o mecanismo celular e molecular sobre a qual a planta exerce o efeito anti-inflamatório.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Kovalik.pdf: 3088957 bytes, checksum: b54849fe2a689381329efe2cd77859ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Phytotherapy includes several herbal preparations and herbal final products which contain active substances or a combination of them with no synthetic compounds and/or isolated constituents. Some studies have indicated Malva, Malvaceae plant family has showed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of this present study was to assess the wound healing effect of Malva sylvestris L. on a palate mucosa wound. A hundred thirty-six rats (Rattus novergicus albinus – Wistar), two month-old, weighing 270 to 300 g were used. After intraperitoneal anesthesia, a 4 mm-diameter excisional wound was made (central area of palatal mucosa), using a punch-out biopsy tool. Mucoperiosteal tissue was removed by sharp dissection exposing a circular area of uncovered bone. Eight animals were sacrificed immediately (baseline). The remaining rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1- Sham, Group 2- Orabase Vehicle (gelatin, pectin and carboxymethylcellulose in equal parts), Group 3- 2% Chlorhexidine, Group 4- Orabase 20% Malva. The agents were applied twice a day (50 mg). Experimental periods were 3, 7, 15 and 21 days. The wound area was photographically measured (mm2) considering the distance between the epithelium margins. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a 5% significance level. The results showed a similar healing pattern among the groups, with no significant differences (p>0.05). According to the methodology it was concluded that Malva sylvestris L. extract had no effect on wound healing in palatal mucosa of rats. / A fitoterapia é uma terapêutica caracterizada pela utilização de plantas medicinais em suas diferentes formas farmacêuticas sem substâncias ativas isoladas. Estudos indicam que a Malva, planta da família das malváceas apresenta potencial antimicrobiano e antiinflamatório. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ação cicatrizante da Malva sylvestris em feridas na mucosa palatina. Foram utilizados 136 ratos Wistar, 60 dias de idade, peso entre 270 e 300 g. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo 1- Controle; Grupo 2- Veículo orabase (gelatina, pectina e carboximetilcelulose em partes iguais; Grupo 3- Clorexidina 2% em gel natrosol; Grupo 4- Malva 20% em orabase. Após anestesia uma ferida na mucosa palatina foi confeccionada com um bisturi circular com extremidade ativa de 4 mm de diâmetro. Após a incisão circular o tecido mucoso foi removido com um descolador de periósteo, deixando exposto o tecido ósseo. As substâncias foram aplicadas 2x/dia (50mg). O reparo das feridas foi analisada através da avaliação de fotos digitais padronizadas do palato, sendo realizadas medidas em mm2 da área da ferida. Também foram realizados cortes histológicos para análise histomorfométrica da porcentagem de epitelização das margens epiteliais em relação à extensão palatina. Os períodos de avaliação foram de 0, 3, 7, 15 e 21 dias. Os dados foram analisados através de ANOVA e pós teste de Tukey com o nível de significância 5%. Os resultados mostraram um padrão similar de reparo da mucosa entre todos os grupos, sendo as diferenças não significativas (p> 0,05). De acordo com a metodologia empregada foi possível concluir que o extrato de Malva sylvestris L. não apresentou efeito na modulação do reparo de feridas na mucosa palatina de ratos.

Annotation Il y a plusieurs périodes quad les radioactivité des radionuclides dans l��environement sont grandi . Ces périodes s’ont trouvé à cause des explosions nucléaires et d’avarie de la station atomique de Chernobyl. Les radionuclides se retrouvent dans les plantes avec les emisions d’atmosphere par les surterres partes, avec le fluide de sol par les system de la rasines. Les radionuclides s’accumulent dans les plantes. L’accumulation des radionuclides dans les plantes dépende de la pollutions, du sol type dominant, des particularités chimiques et fisiques des radionuclides, de la forme chimique des radionuclides, du type des plants, des particularités climatiques. Le pin (Pinus sylvestris L.) est très étendu en Lituanie. Très souvent les maladies des champingion et des moisissures attaquent cet type d’arbre. C'est pourquoi nous choisisons le pin (Pinus sylvestris L.), qui est attaqué des maladies des champingion et des moisissures pour les recherches. Nous avons ramassé et traité tels échantillons: du sol, des mousses, des branches, des rasines, des aiguilles, du boi. Dans notre échantillons nous avons déterminé les activités des 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, 137Cs et les facteurs de transfert des radionuclides dans le systèm sol – arbre. Dans les 27 échantillons de bois nous avons déterminé les colonies des champingions. Mais le excitateur de moisissure (Heterobasidion annosum) as déterminé seulement en un échantillon de bois. Nous avons estimé quel est l’influence des... [to full text]