Provamos que \'C POT. 1\' genericamente difeomorfismos simpléticos ou são Anosov ou possuem entropia topológica limitada por baixo pelo supremo sobre o menor expoente de Lyapunov positivo dos pontos periódicos hiperbólicos. Usando isto exibimos exemplos de difeomorfismos conservativos sobre superfícies que não são pontos de semicontinuidade superior para a entropia topológica. Provamos também que \'C POT. 1\' genericamente difeomorfismos simpléticos não Anosov não admitem extensões simbólicas. Mudando de assunto, Hayashi estendeu um resultado de Mañé, provando que todo difeomorfismo f que possui uma \'C POT. 1\' vizinhança U, onde todos os pontos periódicos de qualquer g \'PERTENCE A\' U são hiperbólicos, é de fato um difeomorfismo Axioma A. Aqui, provamos o resultado análogo a este no caso conservativo, e a partir deste é possível exibir uma demonstração de um fato \"folclore\", a conjectura de Palis no caso conservativo / We prove that a \'C POT.1\' generic symplectic diffeomorphism is either Anosov or the topological entropy is bounded from below by the supremum over the smallest positive Lyapunov exponent of the periodic points. By means of that we give examples of area preserving diffeomorphisms which are not point of upper semicontinuity of entropy function in \'C POT. 1\' topology. We also prove that \'C POT. 1\'- generic symplectic diffeomorphisms outside the Anosov ones do not admit symbolic extension. Changing of subject, Hayashi has extended a result of Mañé, proving that every diffeomorphism f which has a \'C POT. 1\'-neighborhood U, where all periodic points of any g \'IT BELONGS\' U are hyperbolic, it is an Axiom A diffeomorphism. Here, we prove the analogous result in the volume preserving scenario, and using it we prove a \"folklore\" fact, the Palis conjecture in this context

Esta dissertação se refere à pesquisa realizada na CASA Osasco I, uma das unidades de internação da Fundação CASA instituição que substituiu a FEBEM-SP com adolescentes em cumprimento da medida socioeducativa de privação de liberdade. Como metodologia de pesquisa, foram realizadas, entre outubro de 2008 e janeiro de 2010, oficinas semanais de criação, que, sem um formato prévio nem objetivando um produto de oficina, permitiram que os adolescentes e a pesquisadora construíssem, no tempo da pesquisa, um espaço de encontro, que se configurou não só como locus de observação, mas de criação e participação nas imagens. A longa duração do campo permitiu, também, o acompanhamento da passagem integral de alguns adolescentes pela internação: da chegada à unidade ao retorno ao mundão. A pesquisa busca penetrar na dimensão simbólica e imaginária da privação de liberdade e nas imagens que se constelam no simbolismo da passagem, a partir das narrativas que o encontro produziu. Das oficinas resultou outro importante material de análise, os diários de oficina, que traçam um horizonte de conflitos em torno da experiência de privação de liberdade. Quatro diários foram selecionados e relacionados a posteriori aos elementos materiais terra, água, fogo e ar por apresentarem diferentes configurações imaginárias, conforme a aderência da imaginação a um dos quatro elementos. A leitura das imagens surgidas em oficina, e presentes nos diários, foi inspirada na fenomenologia da imaginação poética de Gaston Bachelard, considerando as noções de imaginação material e imaginação dinâmica que a sustentam. Por fim, foi realizada uma leitura simbólica das passagens empreendidas por dois adolescentes e um educador da CASA Osasco, com base na teoria de Gilbert Durand sobre o imaginário e com o auxílio de teóricos como Junito Brandão e Erich Neumann. Realizando aproximações entre os três passageiros e algumas figuras míticas, a análise procurou observar como os narradores atualizam os mitos estudados. / This dissertation refers to the research conducted in Osasco CASA I, one of the inmate units of CASA Foundation former FEBEM-SP - where teenagers, deprived of liberty, comply social & educational measures. As a research methodology, creation workshops were weekly conducted between October 2008 and January 2010. Those workshops didnt have a programmed format nor they targeted a specific product, enabling the researcher and the adolescents to build, throughout the research period, a meeting point, which was set up not only as a locus of observation, but also as a place of image creation and engagement. The duration of the field trips has also allowed the monitoring of the entire stay of some adolescents: from their arrival to the return to mundão (a slang for the outside world). The research seeks to penetrate in the imaginary and symbolic dimensions of the liberty deprivation, as well as in the images that constellate the symbolism of passage, from the narratives that the meeting produced. The workshops produced another important material for analysis, the workshop journals, which outlined a gamut of conflicts around the experience of liberty deprivation. Four journals had been selected and further connected to the material elements - earth, water, fire and air, for presenting different imaginary configurations, according to the adherence of the imagination to the material elements. The image readings arisen during the workshops, as seen on the journals, were inspired by Gaston Bachelards phenomenology of the poetic imagination, taking in consideration the notions of material imagination and dynamic imagination that sustain it.Finally, a symbolic reading of the \"passages\" taken by two teenagers and an educator from CASA Osasco has been performed, based on Gilbert Durands theory on the imaginary, with the theoric aid from Junito Brandão and Erich Neumann. Connecting those three passengers and a few mythical figures, the analysis endeavors to observe how the narrators update these myths.

Partindo da ideia de ciberespaço como lugar de interação social, neste trabalho, propomos uma reflexão sobre os processos de produção de significados presentes nas redes sociais. Com esse intuito, buscamos, a partir de uma abordagem inter ou multidisciplinar, entender o papel das metáforas na construção de significados, e como estes podem ser manipulados em um processo interpretativo. Consideramos que se por um lado, na semiótica peirceana, a metáfora pode ser vista como um como um mecanismo responsável pelo crescimento semiótico, devido à transferência de predicados entre símbolos. E, por outro, na Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, a metáfora é tida como fator indispensável do pensamento e comportamento humano, influenciando como percebemos e compreendemos o mundo e as coisas. É, então, necessário aproximar as duas visões, de modo a promover um maior entendimento desse fenômeno. Assim, apresentamos, primeiramente, alguns pontos principais do que entendemos como signo metafórico, passando para uma síntese da teoria cognitivista para expor aquilo que consideramos como alguns lugares de convergência e relação entre as perspectivas. Em seguida, procuramos estabelecer um debate sobre a interação nas redes sociais na atualidade utilizando as premissas básicas do Interacionismo Simbólico como propostos pelo pensador americano Herbert Blumer. Baseados nesse tripé teórico, voltamos nossa atenção como um mesmo acontecimento é significado e ressignificado nas redes sociais a fim de entender o funcionamento desses processos / Starting from the idea of cyberspace as a place of social interaction, in this work, we propose a reflection on the processes of production of meanings present in social networks. With this aim, we seek, from an inter/multidisciplinary approach, to understand the role of metaphors in the construction of meanings, and how they can be manipulated in an interpretative process. We consider that if, on the one hand, in Peircean semiotics, the metaphor can be seen as one as a mechanism responsible for the semiotic growth, due to the transfer of predicates between symbols. On the other hand, in the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, the metaphor is understood as an indispensable factor of human thought and behavior, influencing how we perceive and understand the world and things. It is then necessary to approach the two visions, in order to promote a greater understanding of this phenomenon. Thus, we present, first, some main points of what we understand as the metaphorical sign, moving to a synthesis of cognitive theory to expose what we consider as some places of convergence and relationship between perspectives. Next, we try to establish a debate about the interaction in social networks in the present time using the basic premises of the Symbolic Interactionism as proposed by the American thinker Herbert Blumer. Based on this theoretical tripod, we turn our attention to one event. and how it was signified and re-signified in the social networks, aiming to understand the functioning of these processes.

Com a finalidade de ampliar a compreensão da formação de vínculo entre mãe e filho e qual o papel da amamentação nesse processo, este estudo teve como objetivos: Compreender os significados atribuídos pela mulher à amamentação na construção do vínculo entre mãe e filho e compreender como os significados atribuídos pela mulher à amamentação influenciam a construção do vínculo entre mãe e filho. Utilizaram-se a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados e o Interacionismo Simbólico como referenciais metodológicos e teóricos, respectivamente para a análise dos dados. Foram entrevistadas 22 mulheres, sem restrição de idade ou de outra variável social ou biológica, que deram luz aos seus filhos em uma maternidade do município de Marília-SP, cujo último filho, na época da coleta de dados, estivesse com idade entre dez e 24 meses. A análise dos dados mostrou que há uma complexidade na construção da relação entre mãe e filho que pode estar vinculada à experiência da mulher e significados atribuídos desde o processo de gestar e ir além da fase da amamentação, a depender dos elementos significativos que esta mulher e seu filho tecem no decorrer de sua interação. Esses elementos podem ser compreendidos por meio de quatro temas: PERCEBENDO-SE GRÁVIDA, TENDO QUE CUIDAR DA CRIANÇA, VIVENCIANDO A AMAMENTAÇÃO e CONSTRUINDO A RELAÇÃO COM O FILHO. Nesse processo, a amamentação é interpretada como um forte elemento interacional simbólico entre a mãe e o bebê, propiciando a descoberta de sentimentos mútuos, e um significado de forte elo de ligação, interpretados e atribuídos pela mãe. A sua percepção dos sentimentos de amor e carinho, gerados neste processo do cuidar da criança, sofre retroalimentação contínua e crescente, resultado da interpretação materna em perceber a retribuição do apego da criança pela mãe, pelos gestos e pela necessidade demonstrada de proximidade por ambos. Na continuidade da construção da relação, outros elementos são descobertos e atribuídos como determinantes significativos da ligação entre eles, sendo a presença materna o elemento simbólico mais forte dessa construção, que abrange o estar grávida, amamentar e continuar no cuidado ao filho. / In order to broaden the understanding of the bonding between mother and child and the role of breastfeeding in this process, this study aimed to understand the meanings attributed to breastfeeding by the women in the construction of this bonding between mother and child, and to understand how this meanings have influence in the construction of the bond between mother and child. Data Based Theory and the Symbolic Interactionism were used as theoretical and methodological references, respectively, for data analysis. Twenty two women, irrespective of age or other social/biological variable that gave birth to their infants in a maternity hospital in the city of Marília SP and whose last child were aged between ten and 24 months at the time of data collection were interviewed. Data analysis showed that there is some complexity in the construction of the mother/child relationship that can be linked to the womans experience and to meanings attributed since the generating process that can continue beyond the lactation stage, and that depend on significant elements that this woman and her child weave during their interaction. These elements can be understood through four themes: KNOWING ABOUT THE PREGNANCY, HAVING TO TAKE CARE OF THE CHILD, EXPERIENCING THE BREASTFEEDING, and CONSTRUCTING THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD. During this process, breastfeeding is interpreted as a strong symbolic interactional element between mother and baby, allowing the discovery of mutual feelings, and the meaning of a strong link, interpreted and attributed by the mother. Her perception of love and affection feelings, generated during this process of taking care of the child, undergoes continual and growing feedback as a result of the maternal interpretation in noticing the retribution of the child by gestures and the need of proximity by both of them. During the continuation of this relationship, other elements are discovered and considered as significant determinants of this link; the maternal presence is the strongest symbolic element in this construction, which covers being pregnant, breastfeeding, and taking care of the child.

Social psychology researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of essentialist beliefs in predicting attitudes toward social groups. However, there is little agreement about what the term actually means, whether it means different things for different groups, what endorsement of essentialism (or its sub-components) means for attitudes, and how much this varies depending on the relevant social context. This underlying lack of clarity helps to explain some of the difficulty in understanding the relationships between essentialist beliefs about sexual orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. In the current project, I suggest a fundamental shift in the approach to this issue. Specifically, I examine the effects of essentialist beliefs related to gender (rather than essentialist beliefs related to sexual orientation) on heterosexist attitudes. In study one, I explore the interrelationships among gender- and sexual orientation-related beliefs and attitudes toward gays, revealing that essentialist beliefs about gender are more consistent and unitary in their relationship to heterosexism than the sexual-orientation related analogues. In my second study, I demonstrate a causal link by manipulating essentialist beliefs about gender. Increasing the salience of gender essentialist beliefs produced higher heterosexism scores relative to decreasing the salience of such beliefs. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the interconnectedness of sexism and the gender hierarchy with heterosexism and discrimination against gays. More importantly, study two forecasts a possible intervention strategy for reducing anti-gay prejudice.

In 2003 Cohn and Umans introduced a new group-theoretic framework for doing fast matrix multiplications, with several conjectures that would imply the matrix multiplication exponent $\omega$ is 2. Their methods have been used to match one of the fastest known algorithms by Coppersmith and Winograd, which runs in $O(n^{2.376})$ time and implies that $\omega \leq 2.376$. This thesis discusses the framework that Cohn and Umans came up with and presents some new results in constructing combinatorial objects called uniquely solvable puzzles that were introduced in a 2005 follow-up paper, and which play a crucial role in one of the $\omega = 2$ conjectures.

Cette thèse cherche à former les conditions d’une rencontre entre la matrice du processus d’individuation psychique et collective (IPC) et la discipline scolaire Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS) afin de contribuer à l’épistémologie de cette discipline dans une perspective pédagogique. La théorie philosophique de l’IPC a été élaborée dans un premier temps par Gilbert Simondon. Elle a été reconfigurée par Bernard Stiegler en replaçant la technique au cœur du processus. Elle vise à mieux comprendre les tendances qui ont parcouru les sociétés humaines et à inscrire cet héritage dans une vision lucide de leur avenir. Une synthèse des principaux concepts de cette matrice a été proposée au cours de ce travail et un certain nombre d’entre eux ont été plus particulièrement explorés. Dans cette perspective, la méthode organologique, qui étudie conjointement l’histoire et le devenir des organes du corps, des organes techniques et des organisations sociales, a permis d’identifier le point de départ de l’étude des apports et des controverses au sein des conceptions passées et actuelles de la discipline EPS (1880-2016). Cette démarche a permis de montrer que la toile de fond épistémique, qui sous-tend les courants disciplinaires, a conduit majoritairement à une vision de l’activité de l’élève en termes d’« adaptation » et de « maîtrise ». Il a été proposé de lui substituer une approche en termes d’« apprivoisement » des conduites en « adoptant » des techniques (matérielles et mnémotechniques) pour former l’attention motrice des élèves. Cette attention se traduit par la formation de conduites motrices symboliques, en se réappropriant le concept élaboré par Pierre Parlebas, tout en prenant en compte les critiques faites à son endroit. Aussi, il a été élaboré une théorie qui cherche à rendre compte de la dynamique de ces conduites à partir de trois composantes articulées : la composante performative de la conduite, sa composante relationnelle, et sa composante métamotrice. L’étude de cas, basée sur la pratique scolaire du badminton avec une classe de quatrième, a cherché à mettre à l’épreuve cette théorie et à documenter les effets d’apprentissage d’une pédagogie fondée sur la formation de conduites motrices symboliques évolutives, envisagées comme des « faire-corps », en montrant les spécificités et les relations qui se sont tissées entre deux des trois composantes de la conduite : la composante performative et la composante métamotrice. / The purpose of this work is to create the conditions of an epistemological encounter between, on the one hand: the matrix of the psychic and collective individuation process, and on the other hand: physical education as a subject of learning and teaching. Gilbert Simondon first developed the philosophical theory of psychic and collective individuation process. Therefrom, Bernard Stiegler made it his own and rebuilt it while putting technics at its core. More precisely, for Stiegler, this theory rests on technics which is the main part of the process. Moreover, he shows that technics is, most of the time, excluded from epistemology. Throughout the concepts forged within this matrix, we can figure out the different patterns human societies went through. Moreover, understanding these patterns leads us to consider clearly their prospects and evolution. This work summarizes the main concepts seen as essential to define this matrix, while some of these concepts were given more attention. The organologic approach studies history and the prospects of body organs, technical tools, and social organizations. This approach brought to light the starting point for the topic concerning the contributions as well as the disputations within the past and present views of physical education (1880-2016). This process shows that the epistemic background mainly leads to consider the student action in terms of adjustment or in terms of mastering. We propose to turn this approach into a new one where the student will ease into new behavior using technics (such as physical ones or mnemonics) so that they can develop the motor attention. This view is based on the idea developed by Pierre Parlebas, seizing his work as well as the critical reviews of it. Therefore, we rely on the notion of forming symbolic motor behavior. This work also presents a theory attempting to report how the formation of these assets includes three major components: the performative component of the behavior, the relational component and the meta motor component. To test this theory, observations were made on a class of eighth graders practicing badminton. This case study points out two essential ideas: revealing the effects of an educational way of teaching based on the formation of a progressive and symbolic motor behavior (seen as "faire corps"), showing how two of the three components are specifically connected: the performative component and the meta motor component.

Cette thèse appréhende des questions scientifiques d'un point de vue de la data science, dans le cadre de l'analyse des séries temporelles issues de la locomotion en fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM). Compression et classification des séries temporelles à l'aide de DTW : l'algorithme Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) est souvent utilisé car il permet d'éviter de petites distorsions entre les séries temporelles au cours de leur alignement. Cependant, DTW produit parfois des alignements pathologiques qui se produisent, lorsque au cours de la comparaison de deux séries temporelles X et Y, un point de données de la série temporelle X est comparé à une grande sous-séquence de Y. Nous démontrons que la compression de séries temporelles à l'aide de l'approximation par morceaux (Piecewise Aggregate Approximation) (PAA) augmente considérablement la qualité de l'alignement avec DTW. Classification non supervisée de séries temporelles basée sur la distance Frobenius : Un shapelet non supervisé (U-shapelet) est une sous-séquence d'une série temporelle utilisée pour segmenter un jeu de données. Notre but est de découvrir des u-shapelets sur des séries temporelles incertaines. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un score de dissimilarité robuste à l'incertitude appelé FOTS dont le calcul est basé sur la décomposition en vecteurs propres et la comparaison des matrices d'autocorrélation de la série temporelle. Ce score est robuste à la présence d'incertitude ; il n'est pas très sensible aux changements transitoires ; il permet de saisir des relations complexes entre des séries temporelles telles que les oscillations et les tendances, et il est également bien adapté à la comparaison de séries temporelles courtes. Le score FOTS a été utilisé avec l'algorithme Scalable Unsupervised Shapelet Discovery pour le clustering de 17 jeux de données, et il a montré une amélioration substantielle de la qualité du clustering par rapport à l'indice Rand. Représentation symbolique de série temporelles cycliques basée sur les propriétés des cycliques : L'analyse des séries temporelles cycliques de la biomécanique est basée sur la comparaison des propriétés de leurs cycles. En général, les algorithmes de fouille de données ignorent cette particularité, nous proposons une représentation symbolique des séries temporelles cycliques basées sur les propriétés de cycles, appelés SAX-P. Les chaînes de caractères résultantes peuvent être comparées en utilisant la distance de distorsion temporelle dynamique (DTW). L'application de SAX-P aux moments propulsifs de trois sujets (S1, S2, S3) se déplaçant en FRM a mis en évidence de caractère asymétrique de leur propulsion. La représentation symbolique SAX-P facilite l'interprétation clinique des résultats de classification. / This thesis addresses scientific issues from a data science perspective as part of the analysis of time series from manual wheelchair locomotion (FRM).Compression and classification with Dynamic Time Warping: Dyna- mic Time Warping (DTW) is a time series alignment algorithm that is often used because it considers that it exits small distortions between time series during their alignment. However, DTW sometimes produces pathological alignments that occur when, during the comparison of two time series X and Y, one data point of the time series X is compared to a large subsequence of data points of Y. In this chapter, we demonstrate that compressing time series using Piecewise Aggregate Approximation (PAA) is a simple strategy that greatly increases the quality of the alignment with DTW. This result is particularly true for synthetic data sets.Frobenius correlation based u-shapelets discovery for time series clustering: An unsupervised shapelet (u-shapelet) is a sub-sequence of a time series used for clustering a time series dataset. The purpose of this chapter is to discover u-shapelets on uncertain time series. To achieve this goal, we propose a dissimilarity score robust to uncertainty called FOTS whose computation is based on the eigen- vector decomposition and the comparison of the autocorrelation matrices of the time series. This score is robust to the presence of uncertainty; it is not very sensitive to transient changes; it allows capturing complex relationships between time series such as oscillations and trends, and it is also well adapted to the comparison of short time series. The FOTS score has been used with the Scalable Unsupervised Shapelet Discovery algorithm for the clustering of 17 datasets, and it has shown a substantial improvement in the quality of clustering with respect to the Rand Index. This work defines a novel framework for clustering of uncertain time series.Symbolic representation of cyclic time series based on properties of cycles: The analysis of cyclic time series from bio-mechanics is based on the comparison of the properties of their cycles. As usual algorithms of time series classification ignore this particularity, we propose a symbolic representation of cyclic time series based on the properties of cycles, named SAX-P. The resulting character strings can be compared using the Dynamic Time Warping distance. The application of SAX-P to propulsive moments of three subjects (S1, S2, S3) moving in Manual Wheelchair highlight the asymmetry of their propulsion. The symbolic representation SAX-P facilitates the reading of the cyclic time series and the clinical interpretation of the classification results.

The thesis investigated the social and symbolic significance of acquiring a 'music education' through the taking of piano tuition and external public music examinations. It aimed to discover why the learning of the piano and the certification of musical attainment are so prevalent and revered among Malaysian music students. Its purpose was to unravel the socio-cultural raison d'etre of this approach to music education through the creation of a metatheoretical schema, which is premised upon the theories of symbolic interactionist, George Herbert Mead, music analyst, Heinrich Schenker and social theorist, George Ritzer. Central to the argument in this instance is the symbolic significance associated with the act of playing the piano. The investigation attempted to determine if this 'act' conveyed a symbolic meaning that is peculiar to a specific cultural vista. It further examined the degree to which this practice represented both a validation and a sense of conformity to social norms in the continuity and stability of an expanding middle class society in Malaysia. The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) is the largest of the five main external public music examination boards that operate in Malaysia. Since 1948, over one million candidates have enrolled for ABRSM examinations in Malaysia and a team of approximately thirty ABRSM examiners visit Malaysia for three months every year. The majority of the candidates are pianists. Given such large numbers of piano candidates, one might expect a healthy development of musical talent in the country with aspiring pianists eager to demonstrate their musical prowess. However, this does not seem to be the case. On the contrary, there appears to be a curious lacuna between the growing number of students who enrol for external public music examinations and the seemingly lack of interest in public music making and the honing of general musicianship skills. The thesis hence examined the symbolic meaning of this socio-rausicological phenomena.

The thesis investigated the social and symbolic significance of acquiring a 'music education' through the taking of piano tuition and external public music examinations. It aimed to discover why the learning of the piano and the certification of musical attainment are so prevalent and revered among Malaysian music students. Its purpose was to unravel the socio-cultural raison d'etre of this approach to music education through the creation of a metatheoretical schema, which is premised upon the theories of symbolic interactionist, George Herbert Mead, music analyst, Heinrich Schenker and social theorist, George Ritzer. Central to the argument in this instance is the symbolic significance associated with the act of playing the piano. The investigation attempted to determine if this 'act' conveyed a symbolic meaning that is peculiar to a specific cultural vista. It further examined the degree to which this practice represented both a validation and a sense of conformity to social norms in the continuity and stability of an expanding middle class society in Malaysia. The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) is the largest of the five main external public music examination boards that operate in Malaysia. Since 1948, over one million candidates have enrolled for ABRSM examinations in Malaysia and a team of approximately thirty ABRSM examiners visit Malaysia for three months every year. The majority of the candidates are pianists. Given such large numbers of piano candidates, one might expect a healthy development of musical talent in the country with aspiring pianists eager to demonstrate their musical prowess. However, this does not seem to be the case. On the contrary, there appears to be a curious lacuna between the growing number of students who enrol for external public music examinations and the seemingly lack of interest in public music making and the honing of general musicianship skills. The thesis hence examined the symbolic meaning of this socio-musicological phenomena.