The bacterial type six secretion system (T6SS) is an injectisome responsible for the translocation of effector molecules directly into host cells or competing bacteria. The system is widely distributed among proteobacteria and is found in both clinically relevant strains as well as environmental stains and represents an important system for the study of both microbial ecology and virulence. The apparatus itself is believed to have arisen from a combination of genes from bacteria and bacteriophage due to seqeuence and structural identity between T6SS components and structural bacteriophage proteins. The current model of the T6SS apparatus consists essentially of an inverted phage body that is attached to the donor cell membrane complex. The phage-like structure can contract and force a sharp needle point complex along with effector proteins into the target cell. The phage derived components have received a considerable amount of attention and the mode of assembly is relatively well understood. However, little detailed information on the assembly and function of the membrane embedded complex is available. The first major goal of this thesis was to structurally characterize the proteins of the membrane embedded complex of the type six secretion system. The structures of IglE and TssL from Francisella sp. were solved and represent a platform for further characterization of the T6SS assembly and function. The periplasmic domain of a TssL homologue from P. aeruginosa was also solved and this structure represents a subset of evolved TssL proteins that bind peptidoglycan through an unknown mechanism. Biochemical and structural analysis probed this system but came short of a definitive model for peptidoglycan binding. However, the data collected from this study will further the field of peptidoglycan binding modules and help to characterise differences among T6SSs. The translocated proteins of the T6SS are often bactericidal and attack the peptidoglycan, lipid bilayer or DNA of the target cell. However, one secreted substrate, Tse2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is targeted to other neighbouring cells of the same species. This toxin shares no sequence identity with any known protein but has been shown to be toxic to not only bacteria but also yeast and mammalian cells. The structure of the complex between Tse2 and its immunity protein was solved and led to two interrelated discoveries. The first was that the molecular details behind the immunity protein inhibiting Tse2 where it binds directly to the active site. The second was that based on structural identity with ADP-ribosylating toxins, the active site of Tse2 was identified. These results carry the study of this protein forward significantly although the precise function of Tse2 remains unknown. This structure is the first co-structure of a cytotoxic T6SS substrate and has significant implications for the cell in terms of handling the toxin for delivery rather than self intoxication. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianeKSM_TESE.pdf: 2717769 bytes, checksum: dc3d156a1c1b3c1791c93a0e2266556f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living bacillus, Gram-negative commonly found in water and sand of tropical and subtropical regions. One of its main characteristic it's the ability to produce the purple pigment named violacein, that shows countless biological activities. In 2003, the genome of this organism was totally sequenced and revealed important informations about the physiology of this bacteria. However, few post-genomics studies had been accomplished. This work evaluated the protein profile of C. violaceum cultivated in LB medium at 28?C that allowed the identification and characterization of proteins related to a possible secretion system that wasn't identified and characterized yet in C. violaceum, to the quorum sensing system, to regulatory process of transcription and translation, stress adaptation and biotechnological potential. Moreover, the response of the bacteria to UVC radiation was evaluated. The comparison of the protein profile, analyzed through 2-D electrophoresis, of the control group versus the treatment group allowed the identification of 52 proteins that arose after stress induction. The obtained results enable the elaboration of a stress response pathway in C. violaceum generated by the UVC light. This pathway, that seems to be a general stress response, involves the expression of proteins related to cellular division, purine and pirimidine metabolism, heat chock or chaperones, energy supply, regulation of biofilm formation, transport, regulation of lytic cycle of bacteriophages, besides proteins that show undefined function. Despite the response present similarities with the classic SOS response of E. coli, we still cannot assert that C. violaceum shows a SOS-like response, mainly due to the absence of characterization of a LexA-like protein in this organism / Chromobacterium violaceum ? um bacilo de vida-livre, Gram-negativo comumente encontrado no solo e nas ?guas de regi?es tropicais e subtropicais. Uma das principais caracter?sticas deste organismo ? sua capacidade de produzir o pigmento violace?na, o qual apresenta in?meras atividades biol?gicas. Em 2003, o genoma deste organismo foi completamente sequenciado e revelou informa??es importantes sobre a fisiologia desta bact?ria. Por?m, poucos estudos p?s-gen?micos tem sido realizados. Este trabalho avaliou o perfil proteico de C. violaceum cultivada em meio LB a 28?C, o que permitiu a identifica??o de prote?nas relacionadas a um poss?vel sistema de secre??o ainda n?o identificado e caracterizado em C. violaceum, ao sistema quorum sensing, a processos regulat?rios da transcri??o e tradu??o, adapta??o ao estresse e ao potencial biotecnol?gico. Al?m disso, a resposta desta bact?ria ? radia??o UVC foi avaliada. A compara??o do perfil prot?ico, analisado por eletroforese 2-D, do controle versus tratado possibilitou a identifica??o de 52 prote?nas que surgiram ap?s a indu??o do estresse. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a elabora??o de uma via de resposta de C. violaceum ao estresse gerado pela luz UVC. Esta via, que parece ser de resposta geral ao estresse, envolve a express?o de prote?nas relacionada ? divis?o celular, metabolismo de purinas e pirimidinas, choque t?rmico ou chaperonas, fornecimento de energia, regula??o da forma??o de biofilme, transporte, regula??o do ciclo l?tico de bacteri?fagos, al?m de prote?nas que ainda n?o apresentam fun??o caracterizada. Apesar da reposta apresentar similaridades com a SOS cl?ssica de E. coli, ainda n?o podemos afirmar que C. violaceum apresenta uma resposta SOS-like, principalmente devido a aus?ncia da caracteriza??o de um prote?na LexA-like neste organismo

Chez les procaryotes, les protéines sont synthétisées dans le cytoplasme avant d'être transportés vers différentes destinations, intra- ou extra-cellulaires. Les bactéries Gram-négatives ont mis au point une grande collection de mécanismes et systèmes, appelés systèmes de sécrétion bactérienne, pour sécréter des protéines à travers leur paroi cellulaire vers l'extérieur. Le système de sécrétion de type VI, identifié dans les années 2006-2008, est une nano-machine polyvalente répandue chez les bactéries pathogènes. Il y a de nombreuses preuves que T6SS injecte des protéines toxiques (effecteurs) directement dans les cellules eucaryotes et procaryotes pour les tuer. Pour empêcher la destruction cellules provenant de la même espèce, les bactéries possédant un T6SS produisent également des protéines d'immunité qui neutralisent les effets toxiques des effecteurs de leurs congénères. Le T6SS est formé de 13 composants de coeur (nommés TssA-M) en une structure souvent comparée à un "bactériophage inversé". La queue, semblable à celle de phages, a une forme tubulaire (la gaine et le tube interne) et polymérise à partir d'une plaque basale ancrée sur un complexe membranaire trans-périplasmique. La contraction de la gaine fournit l'énergie nécessaire pour propulser le tube intérieur à travers la paroi vers les cellules proies. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je me suis impliqué dans la détermination de la structure et la dynamique de certains composants du T6SS de la d’Escerichia coli enteroaggrégatif (EAEC). Plusieurs structures ont été déterminées et analysées. Quatre articles ont été publiés et deux autres sont en préparation. / In prokaryotes, proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm before being transported to various destinations, intra- or extra-cellular. Gram-negative bacteria have developed a large collection of mechanisms and systems, termed bacterial secretion systems, to secrete proteins through their cell wall to the exterior. The type VI secretion system, identified in years 2006-2008, is a versatile nano-machine prevalent in pathogenic bacteria. There have been many evidences that T6SS delivers toxic proteins directly into both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells to kill them. To prevent killing of sibling cells (cells from the same species), T6SS+ cells produce also immunity proteins that neutralize the toxic effects of their cognate effectors. T6SS contains 13 core-components (TssA-M), assembling a structure often quoted as an “inverted bacteriophage”. A phage-like tubular tail (the sheath and the internal tube) polymerizes from a baseplate-like complex, anchored to the cell internal and outer membranes via a membrane anchored complex spanning the periplasm. Contraction of the sheath provides the necessary energy to propel the internal tube through the wall towards the prey cells. In the framework of my PhD, I became involved in determining the structure and dynamics of some components of the EAEC sci1 T6SS, mostly on the membrane and baseplate subcomplexes. Several structures have been determined and analysed. Four articles have been published and two other are in preparation.

This dissertation summarizes advances made toward understanding of the composition, structure, mechanism, and regulation of the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS is a widely conserved bacterial nanomachine used by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effector proteins into the extracellular environment or into adjacent target cells. Systematic deletion of open reading frames present in the Vibrio cholerae T6SS gene cluster revealed the genes essential for T6SS activity and provided key insights into understanding the mechanism by which this organelle is assembled and its components are recycled. Characterization of one phage-related T6SS component yielded insight into the mechanism by which many effectors associate with the T6SS organelle and are delivered into target cells. This T6SS component serves both to sharpen the tip of the membrane-puncturing T6SS spike complex and as a vehicle for attaching a diverse set of effector proteins. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of GFP-labeled T6SS components revealed key insights into the behavior and regulation of the T6SS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The T6SS in this organism assembled in response to exogenous T6SS attack by adjacent sister cells as well as heterologous T6SS+ species V. cholerae and Acinetobacter baylyi. This retaliatory T6SS counterattack was precisely aimed and caused no collateral damage to neighboring, non-aggressive bacteria. These counterattacks are mediated by phosphorylation cascade that recognizes exogenous attacks and post-translationally activates the T6SS in P. aeruginosa. Deletion of genes in this pathway eliminated the retaliatory response while retaining T6SS functionality. This pathway also induced T6SS counterattacks in response to mating pair formation associated with type IV secretion system (T4SS)-mediated DNA conjugation as well as treatment with membrane-disrupting natural product polymyxin B, suggesting that the signal needed to induce T6SS activity was mechanical perturbation of the P. aeruginosa cell membrane. Interestingly, these T4SS-induced counterattacks were able to confer resistance to the acquisition of horizontally transferred foreign DNA by selectively killing conjugative donor cells. As such, the T6SS of P. aeruginosa may represent a type of general bacterial innate immune system capable of responding to a wide range of exogenous threats.

Escherichia coli patogênicas aviárias (APEC) causam infecções extraintestinais em aves, que podem ser localizadas ou sistêmicas, denominadas colibacilose. O patotipo de APEC não está definido, mas vários genes de virulência são associados a essas cepas, como os genes plasmidiais iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA, propostos, em 2008, como preditores da virulência de APEC. Além dos genes de virulência conhecidos, outros fatores podem estar associados à patogenicidade bacteriana, como as maquinarias de secreção protéica denominadas Sistemas de Secreção. O Sistema de Secreção do Tipo 6 (T6SS), descrito em 2006, tem sido associado à virulência de cepas APEC. Este trabalho divide-se em duas partes: a primeira teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência dos genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA em 401 cepas aviárias de E. coli e sua relação com a patogenicidade in vivo dessas cepas. A segunda parte teve como objetivos verificar a frequência de genes componentes do T6SS (clpV, vgrG, icmF e dotU), em uma coleção de 187 cepas APEC; e, em algumas cepas positivas para os genes, verificar a expressão de um fenótipo relacionado ao sistema, bem como a expressão do efetor vgrG e da ATPase do sistema clpV2, além da secreção de proteínas, no meio de cultura e durante contato com células eucarióticas. Os resultados da primeira parte indicam que cepas com dois ou mais dos genes analisados tem maior probabilidade de serem patogênicas do que cepas com apenas um ou nenhum dos genes. Já os da segunda parte mostram que várias cepas apresentaram duas cópias de pelo menos um dos genes testados, e algumas delas apresentaram resistência à predação por D. discoideum. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a expressão dos genes vgrG (1 e 2) e clpV2 em cultura pura ou em contato com células eucarióticas. Este trabalho apresenta a triagem de genes plasmidiais em uma grande coleção de amostras de Escherichia coli, e a primeira triagem de genes do T6SS em uma coleção de isolados APEC. / Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes extraintestinal infections in birds, which can be localized or systemic, known as colibacillosis. The APEC pathotype is still undefined, but several virulence genes are associated with these strains, as the plasmid-linked genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA, proposed in 2008 as APEC virulence predictors. Besides the known virulence genes, other factors may be associated with bacterial pathogenicity, such as the protein secretion machineries called Secretion Systems. Described in 2006, Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) has been associated with virulence of APEC strains. This work is divided in two parts: the first aimed to evaluate the frequency of iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA genes in 401 avian strains of E. coli and its relationship with in vivo pathogenicity of these strains. The second part aimed to verify the frequency of T6SS genes (clpV, vgrG, icmF and dotU) in a collection of 187 APEC strains; and verify, in some positive strains, the expression of a phenotype related to the system, as well as the gene expression of effector vgrG and ATPase clpV2, besides the secretion of proteins into the culture medium and during contact with eukaryotic cells. The results of the first part of this study indicate that isolates harboring two or more of the genes analyzed were most likely to be pathogenic than strains harboring only one or none of the genes. The results of the second part show that several strains harbored two copies of at least one of the genes tested, and some of them were resistant to predation by D. discoideum. No differences were found between the expression of genes vgrG (1 and 2) and clpV2 in pure culture or in contact with eukaryotic cells. This work presents the screening of plasmidial genes in a large collection of Escherichia coli isolates, and the first screening of T6SS genes in a collection of APEC isolates.

Escherichia coli patogênicas aviárias (APEC) causam infecções extraintestinais em aves, que podem ser localizadas ou sistêmicas, denominadas colibacilose. O patotipo de APEC não está definido, mas vários genes de virulência são associados a essas cepas, como os genes plasmidiais iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA, propostos, em 2008, como preditores da virulência de APEC. Além dos genes de virulência conhecidos, outros fatores podem estar associados à patogenicidade bacteriana, como as maquinarias de secreção protéica denominadas Sistemas de Secreção. O Sistema de Secreção do Tipo 6 (T6SS), descrito em 2006, tem sido associado à virulência de cepas APEC. Este trabalho divide-se em duas partes: a primeira teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência dos genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA em 401 cepas aviárias de E. coli e sua relação com a patogenicidade in vivo dessas cepas. A segunda parte teve como objetivos verificar a frequência de genes componentes do T6SS (clpV, vgrG, icmF e dotU), em uma coleção de 187 cepas APEC; e, em algumas cepas positivas para os genes, verificar a expressão de um fenótipo relacionado ao sistema, bem como a expressão do efetor vgrG e da ATPase do sistema clpV2, além da secreção de proteínas, no meio de cultura e durante contato com células eucarióticas. Os resultados da primeira parte indicam que cepas com dois ou mais dos genes analisados tem maior probabilidade de serem patogênicas do que cepas com apenas um ou nenhum dos genes. Já os da segunda parte mostram que várias cepas apresentaram duas cópias de pelo menos um dos genes testados, e algumas delas apresentaram resistência à predação por D. discoideum. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a expressão dos genes vgrG (1 e 2) e clpV2 em cultura pura ou em contato com células eucarióticas. Este trabalho apresenta a triagem de genes plasmidiais em uma grande coleção de amostras de Escherichia coli, e a primeira triagem de genes do T6SS em uma coleção de isolados APEC. / Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes extraintestinal infections in birds, which can be localized or systemic, known as colibacillosis. The APEC pathotype is still undefined, but several virulence genes are associated with these strains, as the plasmid-linked genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA, proposed in 2008 as APEC virulence predictors. Besides the known virulence genes, other factors may be associated with bacterial pathogenicity, such as the protein secretion machineries called Secretion Systems. Described in 2006, Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) has been associated with virulence of APEC strains. This work is divided in two parts: the first aimed to evaluate the frequency of iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA genes in 401 avian strains of E. coli and its relationship with in vivo pathogenicity of these strains. The second part aimed to verify the frequency of T6SS genes (clpV, vgrG, icmF and dotU) in a collection of 187 APEC strains; and verify, in some positive strains, the expression of a phenotype related to the system, as well as the gene expression of effector vgrG and ATPase clpV2, besides the secretion of proteins into the culture medium and during contact with eukaryotic cells. The results of the first part of this study indicate that isolates harboring two or more of the genes analyzed were most likely to be pathogenic than strains harboring only one or none of the genes. The results of the second part show that several strains harbored two copies of at least one of the genes tested, and some of them were resistant to predation by D. discoideum. No differences were found between the expression of genes vgrG (1 and 2) and clpV2 in pure culture or in contact with eukaryotic cells. This work presents the screening of plasmidial genes in a large collection of Escherichia coli isolates, and the first screening of T6SS genes in a collection of APEC isolates.

Escherichia coli patogênicas aviárias (APEC) causam infecções extraintestinais em aves, que podem ser localizadas ou sistêmicas, denominadas colibacilose. O patotipo de APEC não está definido, mas vários genes de virulência são associados a essas cepas, como os genes plasmidiais iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA, propostos, em 2008, como preditores da virulência de APEC. Além dos genes de virulência conhecidos, outros fatores podem estar associados à patogenicidade bacteriana, como as maquinarias de secreção protéica denominadas Sistemas de Secreção. O Sistema de Secreção do Tipo 6 (T6SS), descrito em 2006, tem sido associado à virulência de cepas APEC. Este trabalho divide-se em duas partes: a primeira teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência dos genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss e iutA em 401 cepas aviárias de E. coli e sua relação com a patogenicidade in vivo dessas cepas. A segunda parte teve como objetivos verificar a frequência de genes componentes do T6SS (clpV, vgrG, icmF e dotU), em uma coleção de 187 cepas APEC; e, em algumas cepas positivas para os genes, verificar a expressão de um fenótipo relacionado ao sistema, bem como a expressão do efetor vgrG e da ATPase do sistema clpV2, além da secreção de proteínas, no meio de cultura e durante contato com células eucarióticas. Os resultados da primeira parte indicam que cepas com dois ou mais dos genes analisados tem maior probabilidade de serem patogênicas do que cepas com apenas um ou nenhum dos genes. Já os da segunda parte mostram que várias cepas apresentaram duas cópias de pelo menos um dos genes testados, e algumas delas apresentaram resistência à predação por D. discoideum. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a expressão dos genes vgrG (1 e 2) e clpV2 em cultura pura ou em contato com células eucarióticas. Este trabalho apresenta a triagem de genes plasmidiais em uma grande coleção de amostras de Escherichia coli, e a primeira triagem de genes do T6SS em uma coleção de isolados APEC. / Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes extraintestinal infections in birds, which can be localized or systemic, known as colibacillosis. The APEC pathotype is still undefined, but several virulence genes are associated with these strains, as the plasmid-linked genes iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA, proposed in 2008 as APEC virulence predictors. Besides the known virulence genes, other factors may be associated with bacterial pathogenicity, such as the protein secretion machineries called Secretion Systems. Described in 2006, Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) has been associated with virulence of APEC strains. This work is divided in two parts: the first aimed to evaluate the frequency of iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss and iutA genes in 401 avian strains of E. coli and its relationship with in vivo pathogenicity of these strains. The second part aimed to verify the frequency of T6SS genes (clpV, vgrG, icmF and dotU) in a collection of 187 APEC strains; and verify, in some positive strains, the expression of a phenotype related to the system, as well as the gene expression of effector vgrG and ATPase clpV2, besides the secretion of proteins into the culture medium and during contact with eukaryotic cells. The results of the first part of this study indicate that isolates harboring two or more of the genes analyzed were most likely to be pathogenic than strains harboring only one or none of the genes. The results of the second part show that several strains harbored two copies of at least one of the genes tested, and some of them were resistant to predation by D. discoideum. No differences were found between the expression of genes vgrG (1 and 2) and clpV2 in pure culture or in contact with eukaryotic cells. This work presents the screening of plasmidial genes in a large collection of Escherichia coli isolates, and the first screening of T6SS genes in a collection of APEC isolates.

No description available.

Abstract  Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, a Gram negative bacterium, found in the oral cavity, causing cerebral abscesses and infective endocarditis, has been shown to be serum resistant in previous studies. Bacterial secretion systems are important for bacteria as they transfer virulence factors into other bacteria or host cells as an attack. A. aphrophilus encodes a type VI secretion system, which is a spike-like membrane protein, mainly consisting of a hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp). In this work, it was tested if Hcp would contribute to serum resistance of A. aphrophilus. Firstly, to assess Hcp contribution to serum resistance, a bacterial serum killing assay-method was used and data was collected from three independent experiments. Two strains of A. aphrophilus were used in the experiments: the laboratory strain HK83 and a HK83 hcp mutant strain. The results showed that Hcp provided no significant effect on serum resistance of A. aphrophilus. Secondly, optical density measurements were made for growth curve analysis, to determine if the HK83 hcp mutant strain had an impact in growth compared to HK83. The results indicated that the HK83 hcp mutant strain had a somewhat reduced growth compared to its parental strain.

Antagonistic interactions between competing species of bacteria are an important driver of bacterial community composition in the human gut microbiota. Of particular significance is the role of the type six secretion system (T6SS), which many species of Gram-negative bacteria use to kill competitor bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. T6SSs are syringe-like nanomachines that function to deliver antibacterial toxins into susceptible competitors. Many bacteria present in the human gut microbiota possess an extremely potent T6SS that is capable of rapidly eradicating nearby bacteria. Remarkably, however, species of beneficial bacteria that coexist in the gut are often resistant to T6SS attack by their neighbours. This resistance is mediated by bacterial immunity proteins that block the activity of the antibacterial toxins delivered by the T6SS. Intriguingly, past studies have shown that the widespread T6SS-mediated competition in the gut has led to the acquisition of repertoires of immunity genes across different bacterial strains. By examining available human gut metagenomes, I identified a putative immunity locus, named I2, in a species of gut bacteria. This locus is located downstream of its cognate T6SS toxin-encoding locus, E2, and I show when co-expressed with E2 in E. coli, it protects against E2 mediated-toxicity. Additionally, I show that four gut-derived I2 homologues bearing sequence identity levels to I2 ranging from 38% to 75% are equally capable of abrogating E2 toxicity. Using quantitative biophysical measurements, I also show that these I2 homologues physically bind E2 equally tightly pointing to the potential molecular mechanism of toxin neutralization. Lastly, through mutagenesis experiments, I found that the E2-I2 interaction is likely mediated by electrostatic forces between a small number of residues found in the interaction interface of the two proteins. Overall, these findings demonstrate that a human gut microbiome encoded type VI secretion system effector can be neutralized by divergent immunity proteins. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)