Neste trabalho são discutidos os procedimentos simplificados para a consideração da não linearidade física (NLF) e da não linearidade geométrica (NLG) na análise de edifícios de concreto armado. Deste modo, pretende-se estabelecer o grau de confiabilidade desses processos. Algumas prescrições para redução na inércia dos elementos estruturais são comparadas com os resultados obtidos através de modelos em elementos finitos, permitindo, assim, a avaliação destas prescrições. Um estudo detalhado do parâmetro &#947z, como majorador dos esforços em primeira ordem para a obtenção dos esforços finais em segunda ordem, é efetuada, de modo que se possa estabelecer, de forma mais clara, as vantagens e as limitações deste parâmetro. / This work shows some simplified procedures to consider physical non-linearity (FNL) and geometrical non-linearity (GNL), for reinforced concrete buildings, and discusses its reliability. For FNL, prescriptions for stiffness reduction of structural elements are compared with the results obtained from finite elements analysis, in order to verify its assessment. For GNL, a detailed study of the accuracy of &#947z parameter to evaluate final second order effects is made. The behavior of the parameter along the height of the building and for each effort considered is shown.

Esta tese de doutorado defende a hipótese de que a arquitetura moderna do Centro de São Paulo estabeleceu novas funções para seus pavimentos térreos e garantiu uma relação intensa entre o edifício e o espaço urbano. A produção analisada - construída entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960 vinculava-se diretamente ao novo traçado urbano e à legislação referente ao Plano de Avenidas. Na primeira metade do século XX, iniciou-se a construção de uma nova estrutura urbana nos lotes urbanos próximos à Praça da República, a partir de investimentos governamentais e particulares. A iniciativa privada foi estimulada a construir a paisagem urbana seguindo uma legislação que vinculava a permissão de maiores alturas ao desenho arquitetônico desejado pelo poder público. Nestes termos e considerando os diversos aspectos de transformação urbana da cidade, entre eles um novo traçado urbano e a verticalização do Centro da cidade, é possível afirmar que a escala das novas intervenções influenciou de modo determinante a relação do edifício com a rua e influenciou o aparecimento de novos partidos arquitetônicos. A pesquisa, então, parte da análise dos novos programas urbanos, da legislação existente, dos aspectos culturais da metrópole e dos projetos arquitetônicos de um período de grande relevância na história da cidade de São Paulo, a fim de constatar a relação dos edifícios estudados com o contexto urbano em que se inseriram. / This dissertation reveals how the modern architecture of downtown São Paulo developed new functions for ground floors, setting up an intense relationship between the building and the urban space. The analyzed structures built between the 1930s and 1960s were linked closely with the implementation of the Avenues Plan, with its specific legal provisions and urban plan. The construction of a new urban landscape took place during the first half of the twentieth century in the lots adjacent to the Republic Square, as a result of both public and private investments. Private enterprise was given incentives to respect the urban plan by linking building permits for taller structures with the intended architectural design. The scale of the resulting urban transformation, including the opening and expansion of new roads and the vertical growth of the downtown, influenced decisively the relationship between the street and the edifice and lead to the emergence of new currents in architecture. This dissertation discusses the urban plan, legal provisions, cultural aspects, and architectural projects associated with a period of great importance in the history of São Paulo in order to reveal the essential relationships between individual structures and the broader urban context in which they appeared.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ana_cecilia_ferreira_leite.pdf: 2039908 bytes, checksum: 6d86ed0d28b48ab3130af3cf03bae779 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The building industry has experienced in recent years a strong growth in demand in general and in the case of reinforced concrete buildings this increase has been more marked. This fact has also contributed to accelerate all stages of the production process of these constructions with more pronounced effects on the methodologies used in the constructive steps that influence directly the structural design of the building. Structures loaded at ever earlier ages, in which the strength and deformation properties of materials are not yet sufficiently mature, it is a variable that needs to be taken into account already in the design phase so that the concrete structure behaves within acceptable level of reliability taking into account design code recommendations for service life. To understand the importance of constructive effects and to assess its magnitude in the execution of reinforced concrete buildings, this paper present result from nonlinear analyses using Finite Element Method adopting an approach commonly referred as staged construction applied to a typical building found in the practice. The effects of creep and shrinkage were considered and the results obtained demonstrate that the strains due to constructive effects can, in certain cases, assume representative values which, if ignored, can lead to important pathologies in the building. / Nos últimos anos, a indústria da construção civil experimentou um forte crescimento na demanda por edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos de concreto armado. Este comportamento do mercado impulsionou construtores a acelerar todas as etapas do processo de construção, a fim de entregar a edificação em um tempo cada vez mais curto. Como decorrência deste fato, as estruturas são carregadas mais precocemente, ocasião em que as suas propriedades de resistência e deformação ainda não se encontram suficientemente maduras para suportar o carregamento construtivo que a solicita. Com a finalidade de compreender quais consequências são provocadas por esse carregamento prematuro da estrutura e analisar a importância dos efeitos construtivos no projeto de edificações de concreto armado, o trabalho traz o resultado de análises não-lineares realizadas com o Método dos Elementos Finitos adotando uma abordagem usualmente referida como staged construction construção em estágios aplicada a uma edificação real, situada na Cidade do Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Nestas análises foram levados em consideração os efeitos da retração, fluência e envelhecimento do concreto. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os deslocamentos verticais nos pilares, decorrentes dos efeitos construtivos, são fortemente alterados quando comparados com os deslocamentos verticais resultantes da análise sem a consideração dos estágios de construção. A não consideração desses efeitos construtivos podem, em alguns casos, conduzir a manifestações patológicas importantes na edificação.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att belysa föreställningen om höga hus i den samtidaarkitektur- och stadsplanediskursen i svensk media. Genom att konkretisera vilka idéer ochvärdering som kommer till uttryck har vi även synliggjort vilka ståndpunkter som ställerdebattörer för eller mot fenomenet. Diskursanalys har använts som teori och metod med enutgångspunkt i socialkonstruktivismen, där diskurser genom visuell och verbal retorik betraktaskonstruera den sociala verkligheten. För detta arbete har 23 utvalda artiklar från dagspress ochfackpress utgjort det empiriska materialet. Resultatet visar på tre parallella diskurser som gåratt urskilja i utsagorna, vilka är Maktposition, Arkitektonisk kvalitet och Staden förändras.Slutsatserna visar på att kritik mot höghusdebatten kan kopplas till tankar om rationellplanering och avsmak mot 1960-talets funktionalistiska planeringsideal. Slutsatserna visaräven på att samtida diskurser blir en riktlinje för vad som bör prioriteras ur ett planerings- ochutvecklingssammanhang. Media har ett stort inflytande över vilka diskurser somuppmärksammas, och följaktligen vilka sakfrågor som är framträdande i samhällsutvecklingen. / The purpose of this study has been to shed light on the notion of tall buildings in thecontemporary architecture and urban planning discourse in the Swedish media. By concretizingwhich ideas and values are expressed, we have also made visible which viewpoints that positiondebaters for or against the phenomenon. Discourse analysis has been used as a theory andmethod based on social constructivism, where discourses through visual and verbal rhetoric areconsidered to construct social reality. For this study, 23 selected articles from the daily pressand the scientific press constituted the empirical material. The results show three paralleldiscourses that can be distinguished in the statements, which are Position of Power,Architectural quality and The city is changing. The conclusions show that criticism of the highrise debate can be linked to ideas about rational planning and distaste for the functionalistplanning ideal of the 1960s. The conclusions also show that contemporary discourses becomea guideline for what should be prioritized from a planning and development context. The mediahas a great deal of influence over which discourses are noticed, and consequently which issuesare prominent in the development of society.

<p>U ovoj disertaciji, izvršena su teorijska i eksperimentalna istraživanja dinamičkog onašanja jezgra visokih zgrada. Model je zasnovan na Vlasovoj teoriji tankozidnih nosača, kao i na metodi prenosnih matrica. Jezgro se tretira kao tankozidni nosač otvorenog poprečnog preseka, koji je na dnu uklješten u temeljnu ploču, dok je na vrhu&nbsp; slobodan.&nbsp; Duž&nbsp; ose&nbsp; smicanja,&nbsp; jezgro&nbsp; je&nbsp; podeljeno&nbsp; na&nbsp; čvorove&nbsp; u&nbsp; nivoima spratova&nbsp; u&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; su&nbsp; redukovane&nbsp; mase.&nbsp; Poseban&nbsp; naglasak&nbsp; je&nbsp; stavljen&nbsp; na&nbsp; analizu uticaja poprečnih greda, međuspratnih ploča, kao i načinu oslanjanja međuspratnih ploča po spoljašnjoj konturi na dinamičke karakteristike jezgra. Razvijeni&nbsp; numerički&nbsp; postupak&nbsp; je&nbsp; primenjen&nbsp; na&nbsp; armiranobetonskom&nbsp; jezgru petnaestospratne zgrade, koja je analizirana ranijeu radovima mnogih autora. U tu svrhu korišćen je računarski program TWBEIG, napisan primenom Visual Fortran programskog jezika. Analize su urađene i MKE, a dobijeni rezultati su upoređeni. Vrednosti sopstvenih frekvencija pokazuju dobro slaganje.<br />Ovaj rad daje detalje i o eksperimentalnoj studiji&nbsp; u kojoj se primenjuje pleksiglas model u cilju pružanja eksperimentalnih podataka zaproveru tačnosti i pouzdanosti numeričkih&nbsp; rezultata.&nbsp; Dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su&nbsp; takođe&nbsp; upoređeni&nbsp; sa&nbsp; rezultatima dobijenim TWBEIG računarskim programom, kao i MKE.<br />Predstavljeni&nbsp; numerički&nbsp; metod&nbsp; nudi&nbsp; solidnu&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; za&nbsp; formiranje&nbsp; jednostavnog modela&nbsp; proračuna,&nbsp; a&nbsp; ipak&nbsp; obezbeđuje&nbsp; odgovarajući&nbsp; nivo&nbsp; preciznosti.&nbsp; Predloženi postupak&nbsp; može&nbsp; biti&nbsp; korišćen&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; fazi&nbsp; prethodne&nbsp; analize&nbsp; zgrade,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; fazi konačnog projektovanja.</p> / <p>In this dissertation, a theoretical and experimental study of the dynamic behaviour<br />of&nbsp; the&nbsp; tall&nbsp; buildings&nbsp; core&nbsp; was&nbsp; carried&nbsp; out.&nbsp; The&nbsp; model&nbsp; is&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; Vlasov&#39;s<br />theory of thin-walled beams and the transfer matrixmethod. The core is treated as<br />a thin&nbsp; wall-walled, open cross section cantilever beam. Along the shear axis the<br />core&nbsp; is&nbsp; divided&nbsp; into&nbsp; nodes,&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; floors,&nbsp; in&nbsp; which&nbsp; the&nbsp; masses&nbsp; are<br />reduced.&nbsp; Special&nbsp; emphasis&nbsp; was&nbsp; given&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysis of&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence,&nbsp; of&nbsp; lintel<br />beams,&nbsp; floor&nbsp; slabs,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; type&nbsp; of&nbsp; restraints&nbsp; along&nbsp; the&nbsp; outer&nbsp; edge&nbsp; of&nbsp; the<br />floor slabs, on the dynamic characteristics of the core.<br />The&nbsp; developed&nbsp; numerical&nbsp; procedure&nbsp; was&nbsp; applied&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; fifteen-storey&nbsp; reinforced<br />concrete core tall building, analyzed previously inthe papers of many authors. For<br />this&nbsp; purpose,&nbsp; the&nbsp; computer&nbsp; program&nbsp; TWBEIG&nbsp; was&nbsp; used, written&nbsp; using&nbsp; Visual<br />Fortran programming language. The analyses were also performed with FEM and<br />subsequently the results were compared. The values&nbsp; of natural frequencies show<br />significant agreement. This&nbsp; paper&nbsp; presents&nbsp; details&nbsp; about&nbsp; the&nbsp; experimental&nbsp; study&nbsp; which&nbsp; applies&nbsp; the plexiglas model in order to provide experimental data to verify the accuracy and reliability of the numerical results. The results are also compared with the results obtained with the TWBEIG computer program, as well&nbsp; as with FEM. The values of frequencies show reasonable agreement.<br />The proposed numerical&nbsp; method offers a solid base&nbsp; for the creation of a&nbsp; simple<br />calculation model, yet provides the appropriate level of precision. It can be either<br />used for preliminary analysis or for the final design.</p>

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In Sweden, buildings are not designed to withstand earthquakes due to the rarity of an earthquake event and its consequential damage. However, the aim of this thesis was to study the seismic performance of some of the highest buildings in Stockholm, called Innovationen and Helix. The purpose of the study was to get an understanding of earthquake engineering for high rise buildings and to compare the behavior of the two towers during seismic action. In order to compare the two buildings and get an understanding of what will affect the seismic performance, Eurocode 8 was used. The Eurocode standard lists several properties that impacts the seismic resistance of buildings. One of the goals was to study how those factors influence the behavior of Innovationen and Helix and finally compare the results to each other in order to draw valid conclusions. The method to perform the analysis was a modal analysis using a finite element analysis program. The program used contains predefined response spectra’s based on Eurocode 8 which is used to define the seismic load acting on the structures. The extracted results are listed below: - Frequencies and mode shapes - Modal masses - Level and total masses - Accelerations - Displacements The conclusion of the study was that Innovationen and Helix have similar properties and some points from Eurocode 8 were better fulfilled by Helix and others by Innovationen: - Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy (Innovationen fulfills the requirements better than Helix) - Bi-directional resistance and stiffness (Innovationen fulfills the requirements better than Helix) - Torsional resistance and stiffness (Helix fulfills the requirements better than Innovationen) - Adequate foundation (Helix fulfills the requirements better than Innovationen) Of the two parameters studied, the height was the one with the most influence on seismic resistance.

The need for tall buildings will increase in the future and new building techniques will emerge to full fill that need. Tyrénshas developed a new structural system called Tube Mega Frame where the major loads are transferred to the ground through big columns located in the perimeter of the building. The new concept has the advantage of eliminating the core inside the heart of the building but furthermore gives countless possibilities and flexibility for a designer. The elimination of the central core, plus the multiformity the Tube Mega Frame, can result new building shapes if combined with new inventions like the Multi elevator Thussenkrupp developed. Multi is a new elevator system with the ability to move in all directions apart from vertically. In this thesis research of the possible combinations between TMF and Multi was conducted. The building shaped resulted is only one of the many possible outcomes which the mix of Multi and TMF can have. The building was constructed in a way so the TMF would be the main structural system, the building would have inclinations so the multi elevator would be the only elevator appropriate for the structure and the height would be significantly large. The pre-study focused on the inclination and its particularities. The inclination played a significant role on how the inner forces were distributed in a structure. Under special circumstances the inclination could be even beneficial although inclination could result in axial forces on the slabs so the horizontal elements should be designed thoroughly not only for bending or shear but also for axial loading. The next phase was experimenting on different simple shaped buildings and combinations of them. The conclusions on the simple buildings formed the idea on how the main building would be. The main building was modeled using four different structural systems and their subcategories with seven models in total. Totally seven systems were compared in load combinations for wind, dead, live, and seismic loads and the global behavior was studied. The model comparison included maximum deformations and modes of vibrations. This way the best structural systems were discovered for the specific building shape and conclusions on inclination into a structure were made. The best structural systems and more reliable in terms of results but also in simplicity of construction were chosen to be designed in ETABS. The 50m belt system, the outside braces system and the diagrid system were designed. The design of the buildings was conducted using the American code ASCE /SEI 7-10. In the design two different mega columns were used to study how a solid or hollow cross section can affect the global behavior. Depending on the structural system the mega column had a major or minor effect on the stiffness of the structure. The design of the cross sections was divided in many groups since the complex geometry had an impact on how and where forces arised in the structure. The outside brace system had the best results in terms of less weight and global stiffness proving that in inclined building and columns with the correct bracing and triangulation of elements could extinguish the negative effects of inclination and even perform better compared to conventional buildings.  The 50-belt system was furthermore studied in buckling since it was one of the best structural systems but with the least bracing, but also the least complex in terms of construction method. The automated buckling through ETABS was conducted and a more conservative approach where the user is defining the buckling length and support factors was used. In addition, a comparison between the user defined factors and global buckling was conducted. / Behovet av höga byggnader kommer att öka i framtiden och ny byggteknik kommer att uppfylla detta behov. Tyréns har utvecklat ett nytt konstruktionssystem som kallas Tube Mega Frame där de stora lasterna överförs till marken genom stora pelare i byggnadens omkrets. Det nya konceptet har fördelen att eliminera kärnan inuti byggnadens hjärta, men ger dessutom otaliga möjligheter och flexibilitet för en konstruktör. Avlägsnandet av den centrala kärnan, plus mångfalden av Tube Mega Frame, kan resultera i nya byggnadsformer i kombination med nya uppfinningar som Multi Lift ThyssenKrupphar utvecklat. Multi är ett nytt hissystem med möjlighet att röra sig i alla riktningar bortsett från vertikalt. I denna uppsats genomfördes forskning om möjliga kombinationer med TMF och Multi. Den formgivna byggnaden är bara ett av de många möjliga resultaten som blandningen av Multi och TMF kan ha. Byggnaden byggdes på ett sätt att TMF skulle vara det huvudsakliga struktursystemet, byggnaden skulle ha lutningar så att Multi skulle vara den enda lösning som är lämplig för konstruktionen och höjden skulle vara betydligt stor. Förstudien fokuserade på lutningen och dess särdrag. Lutningen spelar en viktig roll för hur de inre krafterna fördelas i en struktur. Under speciella förhållanden kan lutningen vara till och med fördelaktig, även om lutning kan resultera i axiella krafter på plattorna så att de horisontella elementen måste utformas noggrant, inte bara för böjning eller skjuvning. Nästa fas var att experimentera på olika enkla lutande bygg former och kombinationer av dem. Slutsatserna från dessa enkla byggnaderna bildade tanken på hur huvudbyggnaden skulle vara. Huvudbyggnaden modellerades med fyra olika strukturella system och deras underkategorier med totalt sju modeller. Hela sju system jämfördes i lastkombinationer med vind last, seismisk last, egenvikt, nyttig last och det globala beteendet studerades. Modellens jämförelse inkluderade maximala deformationer och vibrationer. På detta sätt upptäcktes de bästa strukturella systemen för den specifika byggformen och slutsatser om lutning i en struktur gjordes. De bästa strukturella systemen och mer tillförlitliga vad gäller resultat men också avseende enkel konstruktion valdes att utformas i ETABS. 50 m Bältessystemet, det yttre Bäcksystemet och Diagridsystemet konstruerades. Utformningen av byggnaderna utfördes med användning av den amerikanska normen ASCE / SEI 7–10. I designen användes två olika megapelare för att studera hur en solid eller ihålig tvärsektion kunde påverka det globala beteendet. Beroende på konstruktionssystemet kunde megapelaren ha en större eller mindre effekt på strukturens styvhet. Tvärsnittens konstruktion var uppdelad i många grupper eftersom komplexa geometrin har en inverkan på hur och där krafter uppstår i strukturen. Utvändiga stödsystem hade de bästa resultaten när det gäller mindre vikt och global styvhet, vilket viste att i lutande byggnader och pelare kunde den korrekta förstärkningen och trianguleringen av element skilja de negativa effekterna av lutning och till och med fungera bättre jämfört med konventionella byggnader. 50-bältesystemet studerades vidare förknäckning, eftersom det var ett av de bästa konstruktionssystemen, men med minst fackverk, men också det minst komplexa med avseende på konstruktionsmetod. Den automatiska knäckning analysgenom ETABS genomfördes och ett mer konservativt tillvägagångssätt där användaren definierar knäcklängden och stödfaktorerna. Dessutom genomfördes en jämförelse mellan de användardefinierade faktorerna och global knäckning.

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The Eisenhower Avenue Valley site is unique in the Washington Area for its highrise development potential. It offers access to the Metro line, the beltway and Old Town Alexandria. Its zoning diversity will accommodate light Industrial, commercial and residential construction. The question of whether or not to build a tower in proximity to the temple is an architectural and a political question. The assumption of this project is that the Eisenhower Avenue Valley will have high rise development. This design has recognized the significance of the Eisenhower Avenue Valley site and its zoning. It identifies the specific aspects of the site, such as the proximity of the Metro Line, the beltway, Old Town and the Potomac River. Within this context, the project defines the user of the metro by finding an architectural meaning within the planning issues discussed above. As the grid-lock of the beltway grows and becomes more congested, the Metro Line will flourish. The Metro line, when used to its greatest potential, will soon replace the street grid and city block as an urban organizational element. A city's character is drawn from this urban element. This project responds to this element by defining the individual within such a context. Retail commercial and residential space exist with respect to the Metro Line, not in competition with, or in ignorance of it. A perpendicular axis emerges from the Metro Line. Ordered around this axis are residential, commercial and retail spaces that exploit their specific site advantages. The accomplishment of this project has been in understanding and developing an architectural solution to these planning Issues and questions for the individual who will live, work and shop in this environment. I would like to acknowledge the help of several individuals. Ed Rahame's carpentry expertise and· advice helped me through the oral defense of my thesis. Tim Mount's photographic ability and patience were greatly appreciated. Don Casey provided intimate knowledge of the Eisenhower Avenue Valley and the public policy applied to it. This came from his years in public service as a City Councilman. / Master of Architecture