Thesis (M. Applied Science)(Environmental Technology)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Amebas de vida livre (AVL) do gênero Acanthamoeba estão amplamente distribuídas no ambiente e podem tornar-se amebas patogênicas ao homem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar em de água de torneira amebas de vida livre do gênero Acanthamoeba, identificá-las e classificá-las. Um total de 132 amostras de água de torneira foi coletado de escolas estaduais e municipais entre os meses de março a novembro de 2009. As amostras passaram pelo processo de filtração e as membranas foram semeadas em ágar não-nutriente 1,5% coberto por uma suspensão de E. coli inativadas pelo calor. Todas as amostras positivas para AVL foram submetidas à clonagem celular e identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba, através da morfologia dos cistos e trofozoitos e pela PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos gênero-específicos que amplificam a região ASA.S1 do gene 18S rDNA. Ensaios fisiológicos de termo e osmotolerância foram utilizados para avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados. Vinte sete isolados foram positivos para AVL e 10 foram identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba tanto pelas características morfológicas quanto pela análise molecular. Destes, nove isolados apresentaram características do grupo II e um do grupo III, segundo Pussard e Pons (1977). A análise do sequenciamento através da comparação das sequências dispostas no GenBank, demonstrou a distribuição no grupo genotípicos T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) e T4 (10%). Nos ensaios de termotolerância e osmotolerância 50% dos isolados obtiveram um baixo potencial patogênico. Os resultados indicaram a presença do gênero Acanthamoeba em água tratada no estado do RS, revelando sua importância epidemiológica e a necessidade de mais estudos para determinar sua distribuição no ambiente e seu potencial patogênico. / Free-living amoebae (FLA) of Acanthamoeba genus are widely distributed in the environment and can become human pathogenic amoebae. The aim of this study was to isolate from tap water in free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba, identify them and then classify them. A total of 132 samples of tap water was collected from state and municipal schools between march and november 2009. The samples passed through the filtration process and the membranes were seeded in non-nutrient 1.5% covered by a suspension of E. coli heatinactivated. All samples of AVL were cloned and identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba by the morphology of cysts and trophozoites by PCR using primers and genus-specific primers that amplify the ASA.S1 region of 18S rDNA gene. Tests of physiological thermotolerance and osmotolerance were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolates. Twenty seven isolates of AVL and 10 were identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba through the morphological and molecular analysis. Nine of the isolates showed characteristics of group II and one isolate showed characteristics of group III, according Pussard and Pons (1977). The sequencing analysis by comparing the sequences submitted to GenBank, showed that genotype distribution in group T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) and T4 (10%). In tests of thermotolerance and osmotolerance 50% of isolates had a low pathogenic potential. The results indicated the presence of Acanthamoeba in tap water in the RS, revealing its importance and the need for more epidemiological studies to determine their distribution in the environment and its pathogenic potential.

Amebas de vida livre (AVL) do gênero Acanthamoeba estão amplamente distribuídas no ambiente e podem tornar-se amebas patogênicas ao homem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar em de água de torneira amebas de vida livre do gênero Acanthamoeba, identificá-las e classificá-las. Um total de 132 amostras de água de torneira foi coletado de escolas estaduais e municipais entre os meses de março a novembro de 2009. As amostras passaram pelo processo de filtração e as membranas foram semeadas em ágar não-nutriente 1,5% coberto por uma suspensão de E. coli inativadas pelo calor. Todas as amostras positivas para AVL foram submetidas à clonagem celular e identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba, através da morfologia dos cistos e trofozoitos e pela PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos gênero-específicos que amplificam a região ASA.S1 do gene 18S rDNA. Ensaios fisiológicos de termo e osmotolerância foram utilizados para avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados. Vinte sete isolados foram positivos para AVL e 10 foram identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba tanto pelas características morfológicas quanto pela análise molecular. Destes, nove isolados apresentaram características do grupo II e um do grupo III, segundo Pussard e Pons (1977). A análise do sequenciamento através da comparação das sequências dispostas no GenBank, demonstrou a distribuição no grupo genotípicos T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) e T4 (10%). Nos ensaios de termotolerância e osmotolerância 50% dos isolados obtiveram um baixo potencial patogênico. Os resultados indicaram a presença do gênero Acanthamoeba em água tratada no estado do RS, revelando sua importância epidemiológica e a necessidade de mais estudos para determinar sua distribuição no ambiente e seu potencial patogênico. / Free-living amoebae (FLA) of Acanthamoeba genus are widely distributed in the environment and can become human pathogenic amoebae. The aim of this study was to isolate from tap water in free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba, identify them and then classify them. A total of 132 samples of tap water was collected from state and municipal schools between march and november 2009. The samples passed through the filtration process and the membranes were seeded in non-nutrient 1.5% covered by a suspension of E. coli heatinactivated. All samples of AVL were cloned and identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba by the morphology of cysts and trophozoites by PCR using primers and genus-specific primers that amplify the ASA.S1 region of 18S rDNA gene. Tests of physiological thermotolerance and osmotolerance were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolates. Twenty seven isolates of AVL and 10 were identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba through the morphological and molecular analysis. Nine of the isolates showed characteristics of group II and one isolate showed characteristics of group III, according Pussard and Pons (1977). The sequencing analysis by comparing the sequences submitted to GenBank, showed that genotype distribution in group T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) and T4 (10%). In tests of thermotolerance and osmotolerance 50% of isolates had a low pathogenic potential. The results indicated the presence of Acanthamoeba in tap water in the RS, revealing its importance and the need for more epidemiological studies to determine their distribution in the environment and its pathogenic potential.

Amebas de vida livre (AVL) do gênero Acanthamoeba estão amplamente distribuídas no ambiente e podem tornar-se amebas patogênicas ao homem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar em de água de torneira amebas de vida livre do gênero Acanthamoeba, identificá-las e classificá-las. Um total de 132 amostras de água de torneira foi coletado de escolas estaduais e municipais entre os meses de março a novembro de 2009. As amostras passaram pelo processo de filtração e as membranas foram semeadas em ágar não-nutriente 1,5% coberto por uma suspensão de E. coli inativadas pelo calor. Todas as amostras positivas para AVL foram submetidas à clonagem celular e identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba, através da morfologia dos cistos e trofozoitos e pela PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos gênero-específicos que amplificam a região ASA.S1 do gene 18S rDNA. Ensaios fisiológicos de termo e osmotolerância foram utilizados para avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados. Vinte sete isolados foram positivos para AVL e 10 foram identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Acanthamoeba tanto pelas características morfológicas quanto pela análise molecular. Destes, nove isolados apresentaram características do grupo II e um do grupo III, segundo Pussard e Pons (1977). A análise do sequenciamento através da comparação das sequências dispostas no GenBank, demonstrou a distribuição no grupo genotípicos T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) e T4 (10%). Nos ensaios de termotolerância e osmotolerância 50% dos isolados obtiveram um baixo potencial patogênico. Os resultados indicaram a presença do gênero Acanthamoeba em água tratada no estado do RS, revelando sua importância epidemiológica e a necessidade de mais estudos para determinar sua distribuição no ambiente e seu potencial patogênico. / Free-living amoebae (FLA) of Acanthamoeba genus are widely distributed in the environment and can become human pathogenic amoebae. The aim of this study was to isolate from tap water in free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba, identify them and then classify them. A total of 132 samples of tap water was collected from state and municipal schools between march and november 2009. The samples passed through the filtration process and the membranes were seeded in non-nutrient 1.5% covered by a suspension of E. coli heatinactivated. All samples of AVL were cloned and identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba by the morphology of cysts and trophozoites by PCR using primers and genus-specific primers that amplify the ASA.S1 region of 18S rDNA gene. Tests of physiological thermotolerance and osmotolerance were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolates. Twenty seven isolates of AVL and 10 were identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba through the morphological and molecular analysis. Nine of the isolates showed characteristics of group II and one isolate showed characteristics of group III, according Pussard and Pons (1977). The sequencing analysis by comparing the sequences submitted to GenBank, showed that genotype distribution in group T2 (40%), T2/T6 (40%), T6 (10%) and T4 (10%). In tests of thermotolerance and osmotolerance 50% of isolates had a low pathogenic potential. The results indicated the presence of Acanthamoeba in tap water in the RS, revealing its importance and the need for more epidemiological studies to determine their distribution in the environment and its pathogenic potential.

A comprehensive survey of the presence of trihalomethane (THM) compounds, as chlorination by-products, in drinking water in Kuwait have been performed. The survey covers the whole drinking water treatment cycle, starting with sea water and ending with the consumer tap. The data generated by the survey was all derived from actual water treatment plants, operating under normal conditions. All four trihalomethane compounds, namely; chloroform (CHCI3), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCI2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2CI) and bromoform (CHBr3) were covered. The study clearly showed that, although considerable amounts of THM compounds did form as a result of chlorination of sea water entering the multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation plants, these plants were highly efficient in removing these compounds. The average removal efficiency, based on THM compounds mass load in the sea water feed, was around 95%. Factors which were found to have an influence on the degree of formation of these compounds, include, chlorination practice (continuous vs. shock), sea water temperature, level of organic precursors and contact time. Of much more important consequence, as far as the presence of these compounds in drinking water is concerned, was the degree of THM compounds formation as a result of the chlorination of drinking water before it is pumped to the consumer. Here, not only all the compounds formed remain in the water but there is a definite tendency for continuous formation well after the actual chlorination process has taken place. Factors which were found affecting this formation include water temperature, contact time and chlorination dosage. Although, all samples collected showed that the presence of THM compounds was always below the United States Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 100 ~g/L, a need exists for the optimization of all chlorination processes with particular emphasis on the chlorination of drinking water. In almost all kinds of water encountered in this study, bromoform was found to be by far the most dominant compound.

Les mécanismes de dissolution sélective des alliages de Cu dans l'eau du robinet et la solution de transpiration ont été étudiés. La spectroélectrochimie d'émission atomique a été utilisée. La première partie de la thèse portait sur le mécanisme de dissolution de Cu. La plupart des espèces de Cu (II) sont solubles et sont libérées dans l'eau, laissant derrière eux un film de Cu2O. Une analyse cinétique suggère que le mécanisme de dissolution implique la dissolution simultanée du Cu et la formation du film. La deuxième partie a étudié la dissolution de Cu-42Zn et Cu-21Zn-3Si-P. Un processus de dissolution en deux étapes a été proposé: une première étape d'une croissance rapide de la couche dézincitée et une deuxième étape où la croissance de la couche dézincitée était plus lente. La troisième partie s'est concentrée sur l'effet du contenu de Zn sur la dissolution des alliages de Cu-Zn. Le mécanisme de dissolution a été clarifié. Pour la phase ?: une étape initiale dans laquelle Cu et Zn sont oxydés de manière congruente, mais seulement Zn2+ a été libéré dans l'eau, Cu formant un film Cu2O et une deuxième étape où le Cu2+ a été libéré dans l'eau. Pour la phase ?', la deuxième étape est identique à la phase initiale. L'augmentation de la teneur en Zn entraîne une extension temporelle du stade initial et retardent la libération de Cu2+. La partie finale a porté sur l'effet de la libération de Sn on Cu provenant des alliages Cu-Sn. L'effet amélioré de la libération de Sn sur Cu a été identifié. Cependant, l'augmentation de la teneur en Sn n'a pas augmenté monotoniquement l'efficacité de libération de Cu des alliages de Cu-Sn, ce qui était dû à la passivité de Sn. / The selective dissolution mechanisms of Cu alloys in tap water and perspiration solution were investigated. Atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (AESEC) was used to obtain the elemental dissolution kinetics. The first part of the thesis focused on the dissolution mechanism of Cu. Most Cu(II) species are soluble and are released into tap water, leaving behind a Cu2O film on the surface. A kinetic analysis suggests that the dissolution mechanism involves simultaneous Cu dissolution and film formation. The second part investigated the dissolution behavior of Cu-42Zn and Cu-21Zn-3Si-P. A two-stage dissolution process of dezincification was proposed: a first stage of a rapid growth of the dezincified layer and a second stage where the growth of dezincified layer was much slower. The third part concentrated on the effect of Zn content on the dissolution of Cu-Zn alloys, by investigating the dissolution behavior of alloys with various Zn content (0-45 wt%). The two-stage dissolution mechanism was further clarified. For α phase: an initial stage in which Cu and Zn are oxidized congruently, but only Zn2+ was released into water, Cu forming a Cu2O film, and a second stage where Cu was released into water in the form of Cu2+. For β' phase, the second stage is the same to the initial stage. The increase of Zn content in the alloy results in a time extension of the initial stage and retard Cu2+ release. The final part focused on the effect of Sn on Cu release from Cu-Sn alloys. The enhanced effect of Sn on Cu release was identified. However, the increase of Sn content didn’t monotonically increase the Cu release efficacy of Cu-Sn alloys, which was due to the passivity of Sn.

PFCs are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications for more than 50 years. Among variation of PFCs, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (CF3(CF2)7SO3-) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (CF3(CF2)6COO-) are the most dominant PFCs. In May 2009, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) are designated as new Persistent Organic Compounds (POPs) which are resistant, bio-accumulating, and having potential of causing adverse effects to humans and environment (IISD, 2009). However, products containing PFCs are still being manufactured and used, which could be the main reason why they are still observed in the environment and biota (Berger et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2003; Sinclair et al., 2004). The study is focused on the PFCs contamination in water and industrial wastewater around the Central and Eastern Thailand, where is one of the major industrialized areas in the country. The samplings were conducted in major rivers, Chao Phraya, Bangpakong and Tachin River. PFCs were contaminated in all rivers. The average total PFCs were 15.10 ng/L, 18.29 ng/L and 7.40 ng/L in Chao Phraya, Bangpakong and Tachin River, respectively. PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs in all samples. The total of 118.6 g/d PFOS and 323.6 g/d PFOA were released from the three rivers to the Gulf of Thailand. The survey was also conducted in small rivers, reservoirs, and coastal water around Eastern Thailand, where many industrial zones (IZ) are located. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of each PFC was ranged from 2.3 to 107.7 ng/L in small rivers, 2.2 to 212.2 ng/L in reservoirs, and 0.8 to 41.1 ng/L in coastal water samples. The higher PFCs contaminations were detected in the surface water around the industrial zones, where might be the sources of these compounds. Field surveys were also conducted in ten industrial zones (IZ1 – IZ10) to identify the occurrences of PFCs from in industries. The recovery rates of PFCs in the samples indicated that the matrix interference or enhancement was an important problem in PFCs analysis. The elevated concentrations were detected in electronics, textile, chemicals and glass making industries. Total PFCs concentrations in the influent of WWTP were ranged from 39.6 to 3, 344.1 ng/L. Ten industrial zones released 188.41 g/d of PFCs. All of the treatment processes inside industrial zones were biological processes, which were reported that they were not effective to remove PFCs. The influence of industrial discharges was affected not only the rivers and reservoirs but also in the coastal water. The PFCs in rivers and reservoirs were discharged to the Gulf of Thailand, which is the important food source for Thai people and exports. Due to the problems in industrial wastewater analysis, several optimizing options were applied in PFCs analytical method especially in Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) procedure. The combination of PresepC-Agri and Oasis®HLB was the better option for analyzing PFCs in water samples. The optimum flow rate for loading the samples was 5 mL/min. Methanol (2 mL) plus Acetronitrile (2 mL) was the effective way to elute PFCs from the cartridges. The specific solvent percentages to elute each PFCs were identified for both water and industrial wastewater samples. The matrix removal methods by using Envi-Carb and Ultrafilter were effective for different types of industrial wastewater samples. PFCs were detected in surface waters, which are the sources of tap and drinking water for the people in Central and Eastern Thailand. The surveys were conducted in Bangkok city. Samples were collected from water treatment plants (WTPs), tap water, and drinking water. PFCs were detected in all tap water and drinking water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations in raw water of WTP were found 4.29 ng/L and 16.54 ng/L, respectively. The average PFOS and PFOA concentrations in tap water were detected 0.17 and 3.58 ng/L, respectively. The tap water results also showed that PFOS and PFOA concentrations were not similarly detected in all area in the city. PFOA were detected higher in the western area, while PFOS concentration was quite similar in all areas. Overall, it can be concluded that the current treatment processes were not completely remove PFCs. Nevertheless, PFCs in particulate phase were effectively removed by the primary sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. Elevated PFCs were found in the industrial zones (IZ2 and IZ5). To understand the distribution and fate of PFCs during industrial wastewater process, PFCs mass flows were studied. Higher PFCs in adsorbed phase were detected only in activated sludge and some influent samples. In IZ2, PFOA loading in the dissolved phase increased after activated sludge process by 5%. There was no degradation of PFOA inside the polishing pond. The highest loading to the treatment plant was PFOS with the loading of 2, 382 mg/d and 1, 529 mg/d in dissolved and adsorbed phase, respectively. Unlike PFCAs that showed no removal in the treatment process, PFOS were decreased during the treatment processes with 36% in the activated sludge process and 36% in the polishing pond. The predominant in this IZ5 was PFOS. The increasing of PFOS was also found in this treatment plant dissimilar to IZ2. PFOS was increasing by 45% in dissolved phase and 47% in adsorbed phase. All of PFCs in this industrial zone were detected higher in the effluent, indicated that PFCs’ precursors should be the major effects of this contamination. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14930号 / 工博第3157号 / 新制||工||1473(附属図書館) / 27368 / UT51-2009-M844 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

This thesis paper explores how various actors gathered around bottled water when a ban was put into place in Concord, Massachusetts. The objective has been to answer the following questions: How does an apolitical commodity become a political one? Specifically, how does bottled water move from being an apolitical commodity to become a highly political one? What does this mean for environmental politics? I situate my theoretical approach within Martha Kaplan’s research with fountains and coolers. I use Bruno Latour to show in which ways this ban became a matter of concern, as well as how the ban and the plastic bottle are actors. I conducted fieldwork in Concord and I interviewed participants. My findings reveal that the ban brought meanings to the surface and challenged them or supported them in various ways. The discussions turned from the impact of bottled water on our environment to the political impact of bottled water companies and large corporations on local Concord issues.

環境資本中的水資源是自然生態必備要素，隨著經濟發展，水資源即漸成經濟財，早期重視農業的結果，如今與二、商及民生用水一起競用有限水資源，加上新的環境生態問題，均使水資源面臨短缺之危機；而台灣地處亞熱帶，雨量雖丰，但因其地形特殊（如南部地區），七八成地表逕流量迅速流入海中，因此河流枯水期長，流量小，如不經適當開發即面臨缺水的危機；水資源之管理有如多頭馬車，如中央有水利司、水資會、工業局、環保署，地方有水利局、水庫管理局等，導致每遇缺水時，即發生各單位協調困難，使問題無法有效解決。以上因素使未來水資源問題，不僅只為水源之開發，水源之維護與分配亦需獲得應有的重視，因此本文嘗試由效率面，就水源的管理及自來水供應予以探討，並提出較合理的方式以解決水資源問題。 　　對於民生用水方面，一般推估其用水量多是以每年人口成長數推算，本文則以實証方式找出除人口外之可能影響水的因素，以供未來決定國內民生用水需水量之參考。 　　本研究以水資源之功能分成水管理與自來水使用，水管理部份現行制度下己產生不少問題，本研究建議採水利區為一個管理單元，除可解決現今事權不統一主窘境外，尚可配合各河川水文特性，建立符合當地自然景觀之特色，於環境保育日漸興起之際，採集水區管理局經營實為當務之急。 　　自來水使用現今分成二個供水單位一台北自來水事業處及台灣省自來水公司，二者均為公用事業，過去政府從事各項水利建設，在眾多重大工程一起競用有限資金下，唯有採行之統一管理、分區經營才可解決，但此種經營方式形成水費需經民意機關監督，造成低水費政策，在原水成本不斷上升，己無法彌補公司之營運成本之際，本研究建議引入俱樂部財模型以配合水利區管理局分區成立民營水公司以解決目前難題。 　　實証部份，限於樣本不足，如能採月資料將更可使模型結果完滿，以本模型而言，所得仍為影響各縣市需水量最重要因素，且彈性皆小於一，足証水仍為民生必需品；其次為平均成本，只有四個縣市顯著：台中市及台南價格彈性小於一，表示必需品，高雄市及北縣基隆大於一，富有彈性，表示價格上升時，需求量減少很大；雨量部份計有臺北縣基隆市、高雄縣、澎湖、雲林四個區域顯著，且彈性為正表雨量上升，用量亦增加；溫度方面，只有台南顯著，一般而言應為正相關，有可能是溫度上升使水質差不願使用，此由歷年降雨量較其他縣市為少下，使水體無法有效溶解使水質變差可茲証明。需水量之估計不僅要考慮人口，尚應加上所得、價格、雨量、溫度甚或各用水設備（如馬桶個數）等，將可使實証結果更加完備。 　　本文主題一水屬環境資本之一支，它是否為再生系統，端視二種力量而定：一為水污染，嚴重的水污染將破壞水體，非但人類無法取用，水中生物及仰賴水而活之動植物亦無法悻免，如淡水河即是一例；二為新技術開發或原有技術改良以提高水的資本存量及生產力，如英國泰晤士河流域即是整治成功之最佳例証；如後者力量大於前者，水就是再生系統，反之其命運如礦產一般只有耗竭一途，而現今的水資源問題除應改供給導向之水資源政策為需求導向外，積極開發水源節水及循環用水、改進現行組織系統均為解決目前水資源難題之途。

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-08-31T13:38:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8739373 bytes, checksum: d6818f3641a41a432901226e81fb5946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-08-31T15:53:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8739373 bytes, checksum: d6818f3641a41a432901226e81fb5946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-08-31T15:53:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8739373 bytes, checksum: d6818f3641a41a432901226e81fb5946 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T15:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8739373 bytes, checksum: d6818f3641a41a432901226e81fb5946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / This thesis is aimed at studying the marketing system of water which is meant to be drunk, represented mainly by the modalities of tap water and bottled water. The main point of our thesis is that the aforementioned system is unbalanced and that bottled water consumption provokes social issues, both economic and environmental. In order to develop such proposition, we structured four objectives and carried out two empirical researches (qualitative and quantitative research). The first objective was to present how the Water Marketing System (SMA) works with water that is meant to be drunk. To achieve that, we described all the elements that form the SMA: entrances, agents, flows, activities, exits, context and other systems. We propose that the State is an agent with a special role and that Marketing is an academic field which can contribute to enhance the results in the system. Furthermore, we presented special elements that are central to harmonize the situations caused by unbalance: efficiency, stakeholder theory, distributive justice and sustainability. Moreover, we intended to understand the variables that influence in the consumer predisposition to replace bottled water for tap water (straight out of the tap or filtered). We developed a questionnaire for consumers all over Brazil, which was applied both face to face and online, out of which we have used a sample of 798 valid questionnaires. To manage statistical data, we applied multivariate regression techniques, Theil-Sen and quantile. That way, we found the following variables: “organoleptic characteristics”, “health risk” and “attitude towards tap water” influence in the likeability of replacement of tap water straight from the tap and “organoleptic characteristics”, “health risk”, “context indicators”, “attitude” and even “trust in government” influence when the intention is to replace and use treated water. In addition, we applied the analysis of variance and figured that, depending on the income of the consumer, there is variation in the predisposition to replace bottled water for tap water. Besides, we intend to present practices of incentive for the consumption of tap water developed by agents of SMA. We carried out the data collection through a documented research and interviews. We found that at least three different SMA agents (companies, NGO and State) encourage the consumption of tap water, developing actions that fit three theoretical frames: social marketing, consumer’s education and market regulation. Still, we note that the interviewed agents consider: that SMA is unbalanced, that information is key in the education process, that the bottled water companies intensify communication actions in order to promote bottled water as the best option for ingestion, amongst other findings. As a result of such steps, we conclude that there is a situation of unbalance in the SMA and that bottled water consumption generates a few problems. To sum up, we point to targets in support of the balance to be conducted by State and Marketing through the results we found, which led to a proposition of actions and target ideas for these two agents. / A presente tese estuda o sistema de marketing de água com a finalidade de beber, representado em sua maioria pela modalidade de água da torneira e água engarrafada. Assumimos como argumentos de tese que este sistema está desequilibrado e que o consumo de água engarrafada acarreta problemas sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Para o desenvolvimento desta proposta, elaboramos quatro objetivos e conduzimos duas pesquisas empíricas (quantitativa e qualitativa). O primeiro objetivo foi o de apresentar a configuração do Sistema de Marketing da Água (SMA) para finalidade de beber. Por tanto, fizemos a descrição de todos os elementos que formam o SMA: entradas, agentes, fluxos, atividades, saídas, contexto e outros sistemas. Propusemos que o Estado é um agente com papel especial e que o Marketing é uma área acadêmica que pode contribuir para aprimorar os resultados do sistema. Prosseguimos apresentando os elementos centrais para harmonizar as situações decorrentes de desequilíbrios: eficiência, teoria do stakeholder, justiça distributiva e sustentabilidade. Em seguida, designamos compreender as variáveis que influenciam a predisposição do consumidor a substituir água engarrafada por água da torneira (direto ou filtrada). Desenvolvemos um questionário que foi aplicado de forma presencial e on-line com consumidores de todo o Brasil. No total, conseguimos uma amostra de 798 questionários válidos. Para as análises estatísticas, realizamos Regressão Multivariada, Theil-Sen e Quantílica. Desta forma, encontramos que as variáveis ‘características organolépticas’, ‘risco para saúde’ e ‘atitude em relação à água da torneira’ influenciam a propensão de substituição para água direto da torneira; e ‘características organolépticas’, ‘risco para saúde’, ‘indicadores contextuais’, ‘atitude’ e, ainda, ‘confiança no governo’ influenciam quando a intenção é pela substituição por água tratada. Em adição, aplicamos a análise de variância e constatamos que, a depender da renda do consumidor, existe variação na predisposição a substituir água engarrafada por água direto da torneira. Depois, tencionamos apresentar práticas de incentivo para o consumo de água da torneira desenvolvidas por agentes do SMA. Realizamos coleta de dados através de uma pesquisa documental e da realização de entrevistas. Encontramos que pelo menos três agentes diferentes do SMA (companhias, ONG e Estado) encorajam o consumo de água da torneira, desenvolvendo ações que se encaixam em três recortes teóricos: marketing social, educação do consumidor e regulação de mercado. Ainda, constatamos que os agentes entrevistados consideram que: o SMA está desequilibrado, que a informação é chave do processo de educação, e que as empresas de água engarrafada intensificaram ações de comunicação para promovê-la como melhor opção para ingestão, entre outras verificações. Em decorrência destas etapas realizadas, concluímos que existe uma situação de desequilíbrio no SMA e que o consumo de água engarrafada gera alguns problemas. Por fim, visamos apontar direcionamentos em prol do equilíbrio a serem conduzidos pelo Estado e pelo Marketing a partir dos resultados encontrados, o que resultou na proposição de um conjunto de ações e direcionamentos para esses dois agentes.