<p> Detection and estimation of multiple unresolved targets with a monopulse radar is a challenging problem. For ideal single bin processing, it was shown in the literature that at most two unresolved targets can be extracted from the complex matched filter output signal. In this thesis, a new algorithm is developed to jointly detect and track more than two targets from a single detection. This method involves the use of tracking data in the detection process. For this purpose, target states are transformed into the detection parameter space, which involves high nonlinearity. In order to handle this, the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method, which has proven to be effective in nonlinear non-Gaussian estimation problems, is used as the basis of the closed loop system for tracking multiple unresolved targets. In addition to the standard SMC steps, the detection parameters corresponding to the predicted particles are evaluated using the nonlinear monopulse radar beam model. This in turn enables the evaluation of the likelihood of the monopulse signal given tracking data. Hypothesis testing is then used to find the correct detection event. The particles are updated and resampled according to the hypothesis that has the highest likelihood (score). A simulated amplitude comparison monopulse radar is used to generate the data and to validate the extraction and tracking of more than two unresolved targets.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

I samband med ökade förväntningar på hållbart företagande har fler företag valt att fastställa hållbarhetsmål som överensstämmer med vetenskapliga riktlinjer. Detta gäller inte minst inom industrisektorn, vars stora klimatavtryck har väckt debatt i media. Denna studie undersökte två svenska industriföretag tillvägagångssätt och utmaningar i arbetet med att uppnå sina Science Based Targets (SBT). Studien tillämpade en kvalitativ metod, där representanter från SKF och SSAB intervjuades om deras arbete för att nå SBT. Vidare utfördes en dataanalys av sekundärdata för att ge en nyanserad bild av företagens arbete med SBT. Studien utgick från teorin om organisationsförändring som behandlar företags tillvägagångssätt för att förändra verksamheten. För att kategorisera företagens förändringsprocess och utmaningar tillämpade studien Huong Has förändringsmodell.  Studien fann såväl skillnader som likheter i företagens tillvägagångssätt och utmaningar i arbetet med SBT. I synnerhet identifierades den påverkan som intressenters agerande har på förändringsprocessen. Effektiv kommunikation och samarbete mellan organisationer och aktörer framträdde därför som centralt för att minska företagens klimatavtryck.

Yes / Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition that may require the combination of three oral treatments to achieve optimal glycemic management to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications whilst minimizing the risk of acute complications and side effects or adverse reactions to treatments. With the widening availability of treatment options and increasing importance of individualized treatment pathways, including personalized HbA1c targets, this article will explore the mode of action of currently available oral treatments, factors to consider when individualizing HbA1c targets, the relevance of estimated glomerular filtration rate assessment, and the importance of reviewing the clinical impact of all treatment decisions.

Yes / This article responds to a recent contribution to this journal. Procter and Radnor (2014) provide an account of teamworking in the UK Civil Service, specifically Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC), which focuses on the relationship between recently implemented lean work organisation and teams and teamworking. This intervention is prompted by criticism of the present authors’ published research into lean in the same locus (e.g. Carter et al, 2011a; 2011b; 2013a; 2013b). Procter and Radnor claim, without foundation we argue, that our work is ‘one-sided’ and that theirs delivers a ‘more nuanced’ analysis of lean in this government department - and it follows - of the lean phenomenon more generally. Our riposte critiques their article on several grounds. Firstly, it suffers from problems of logic and construction, conceptual confusion and definitional imprecision. Methodological difficulties and inconsistent evidence contribute additionally to analytical weakness. Included in our response are empirical findings on teamworking at HMRC, which challenge Procter and Radnor’s evidential basis and further reveal the shortcomings of their interpretation.

Yes / The traditional Lerner index is limited in its capacity to estimate the level of competition in the economic sector from the perspective that it mainly focuses on the overall level of market power for each individual decision-making unit. Recently, Fukuyama and Tan (J Oper Res Soc, 73:445–453, 2022) estimated the Lerner index by applying the nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate the marginal cost, which is an important component in the estimation of the Lerner index. Our study further extends the study of Fukuyama and Tan (J Oper Res Soc, 73:445–453, 2022) by estimating the marginal cost under the DEA in a multi-product setting. Our proposed methodology benefits from the ability to find positive marginal costs for all the products and specifies all decision-making units are profit maximizers. In order to achieve this, the marginal cost is estimated by referring to the nearest point on the best practice cost-efficient frontier for the profit-maximizing firms. We then apply our innovative method to the Chinese real estate industry. The result shows that the Chinese real estate industry has higher market power in the residential commodity housing market than that in the commodity housing market. This is also the case for different geographical areas in China. Overall, for both of these two different markets, the level of market power experiences a level of volatility.

Since available phosphate (Pi) resources in soil are limited, symbiotic interactions between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a widespread strategy to improve plant phosphate nutrition. The repression of AM symbiosis by a high plant Pi-status indicates a link between Pi homeostasis signalling and AM symbiosis development. This assumption is supported by the systemic induction of several microRNA399 (miR399) primary transcripts in shoots and a simultaneous accumulation of mature miR399 in roots of mycorrhizal plants. However, the physiological role of this miR399 expression pattern is still elusive and offers the question whether other miRNAs are also involved in AM symbiosis. Therefore, a deep sequencing approach was applied to investigate miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation in M. truncatula mycorrhizal roots. Degradome analysis revealed that 185 transcripts were cleaved by miRNAs, of which the majority encoded transcription factors and disease resistance genes, suggesting a tight control of transcriptional reprogramming and a downregulation of defence responses by several miRNAs in mycorrhizal roots. Interestingly, 45 of the miRNA-cleaved transcripts showed a significant differentially regulated between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. In addition, key components of the Pi homeostasis signalling pathway were analyzed concerning their expression during AM symbiosis development. MtPhr1 overexpression and time course expression data suggested a strong interrelation between the components of the PHR1-miR399-PHO2 signalling pathway and AM symbiosis, predominantly during later stages of symbiosis. In situ hybridizations confirmed accumulation of mature miR399 in the phloem and in arbuscule-containing cortex cells of mycorrhizal roots. Moreover, a novel target of the miR399 family, named as MtPt8, was identified by the above mentioned degradome analysis. MtPt8 encodes a Pi-transporter exclusively transcribed in mycorrhizal roots and its promoter activity was restricted to arbuscule-containing cells. At a low Pi-status, MtPt8 transcript abundance inversely correlated with a mature miR399 expression pattern. Increased MtPt8 transcript levels were accompanied by elevated symbiotic Pi-uptake efficiency, indicating its impact on balancing plant and fungal Pi-acquisition. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a direct link of the regulatory mechanisms of plant Pi-homeostasis and AM symbiosis at a cell-specific level. The results of this study, especially the interaction of miR399 and MtPt8 provide a fundamental step for future studies of plant-microbe-interactions with regard to agricultural and ecological aspects. / Phosphat ist ein essentieller Bestandteil der pflanzlichen Ernährung und ein Mangel führt zu schwerwiegenden Folgen für Wachstum, Entwicklung und Reproduktion der Pflanze. Eine der wichtigsten Strategien, um einen Mangel an löslichem Phosphat im Boden auszugleichen, ist die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza, einer Wurzelsymbiose zwischen Pflanzen und im Boden lebenden Mykorrhizapilzen. Die Symbiose dient dem gegenseitigen Nährstoffaustausch, der über bäumchenartige Strukturen in Wurzelzellen, den Arbuskeln, realisiert wird. Über ein weit reichendes Netzwerk im Boden verbessert der Pilz die Phosphatversorgung der Pflanzen, wohingegen die Pflanze photosynthetisch erzeugte Zucker zur Verfügung stellt. Ein erhöhter Phosphatgehalt in der Pflanze führt zur Unterdrückung der Symbiose. Da weitestgehend unbekannt ist, wie genau Pflanzen diese Einschränkung der Symbiose regulieren, kann die Erforschung dieses Zusammenhangs einen wichtigen Beitrag für Agrarwirtschaft und Umweltschutz leisten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte durch die Entdeckung eines neuen, bisher unbekannten Zielgens aufgezeigt werden, dass die für den Ausgleich des pflanzlichen Phosphathaushalts wichtige Mikro-RNA (miR) 399 auch in der Regulation der arbuskulären Mykorrhizasymbiose von besonderer Bedeutung ist. MiRNAs regulieren die Aktivität von Zielgenen indem sie die jeweiligen Transkripte durch Bindung für den Abbau markieren. In kolonisierten Wurzeln, insbesondere in arbuskelhaltigen Wurzelzellen, konnte eine erhöhte Anhäufung der miR399 beobachtet werden. Durch das Verfahren der Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierung des Wurzeldegradoms, bei dem alle abgebauten Transkripte analysiert werden, konnte das neue Zielgen der miR399 Familie, MtPT8, identifiziert werden. Dieses codiert für einen Phosphat-Transporter, der diesen Studien zufolge ausschließlich in mykorrhizierten Wurzeln vorkommt und dessen Transkription auf arbuskelhaltige Zellen beschränkt ist. Mit der Identifizierung dieses neuen Zielgens konnte erstmals der Beweis für die direkte Verbindung der pflanzlichen Phosphathomöostase durch miR399 und der arbuskulären Mykorrhizasymbiose gezeigt werden. Die Untersuchung der physiologischen Funktion dieses mykorrhizaspezifischen Phosphat-Transporters bietet die Möglichkeit, die Zusammenhänge der phosphatabhängigen Regulation der Symbiose aufzuklären und weit reichende Einblicke in die Regulationsmechanismen während der Pflanze-Pilz-Interaktion zu erhalten.

Global uppvärmning och klimatförändringar har enat världens länder och det arbetas hårt för att den globala temperaturökningen ska hållas under 2 °C. I EU har man satt som mål att vara klimatneutrala senast 2050 och i Sverige satte man ett ambitiöst mål på att uppnå nettonollutsläpp redan till 2045. I och med det satte även bygg- och anläggningsbranschen som mål att vara klimatneutrala till år 2045. För att nå målet måste alla aktörer i branschen ta sitt ansvar och hitta nya mer miljövänliga alternativ och lösningar. Syftet med denna studie var att sammanställa totala mängder och utsläppta koldioxidekvivalent för tio nyckelprodukter och material använda i tillbyggnaden i projektet Nya Krav Himmerfjärdsverket som utfördes av Veidekke Entreprenad AB. Dessutom att identifiera möjliga miljövänligare alternativ till dessa produkter för att till sist undersöka möjligheten av poängtagning i hållbarhetscertifieringen CEEQUAL i avsnitt 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.3.1 samt 7.3.2. Mängddata samlades in från upphandlade avtal, aktuella protokoll samt projektets samordningsmodell. GWP-data som användes som underlag för produkternas utsläpp insamlades från produktspecifika EPD:er. Resultaten fastslog att de produkter som var kopplade till störst utsläpp i projektet var betong, Multicem, betongpålar, armeringsjärn och prefabricerade betongelement. Det konstaterades att utsläppen kopplade till betong kunde minskas med upp till 26,7% genom användning av betong med iblandad flygaska. Utförda utsläppsbesparing i projektet beräknades till 2399 ton CO2e och möjliga utsläppsbesparingar för projektet beräknades till 750 ton CO2e. Jämfört med baseline-utsläpp uppnåddes en reducering på 32%. Totalt uppskattades poängtagning för CEEQUAL i avsnitten 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.3.1 samt 7.3.2 till mellan 66–125 poäng. Slutsatser som drogs ur studien var vikten av att redan från starten av bygg- och anläggningsprojekt börja tänka på miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor och däribland produkt- och materialval. / Global warming and climate change have united the world. There is ongoing hard work to keep global temperature rise below 2 ° C. In the EU, the goal has been to be climate neutral by 2050 and, in Sweden, an ambitious goal has been set to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045. Because of this, the construction industry has also set a goal of being climate neutral by 2045. To achieve the goal all players in the industry must take their responsibility and find new, more environmentally friendly alternatives and solutions. The purpose of this study was to compile total amounts and emitted carbon dioxide equivalent for ten key products and materials used in the new extension of the Nya Krav Himmerfjärdsverket project carried out by Veidekke Entreprenad AB. Also, to identify more environmentally friendly alternatives to these products. Finally, the study investigated the possibility of scoring in sustainability certification CEEQUAL in sections 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. Quantity data was collected from procured agreements, current protocols, and the project's coordination model. GWP data was used as the basis for product emissions and were collected from product-specific EPDs.The results stated that the products that were linked to the largest emissions in the project were concrete, Multicem, concrete piles, rebar, and prefabricated concrete elements. It was found that emissions linked to concrete could be reduced by up to 26.7% using concrete with fly ash. Emissions savings that had been made in the project were estimated at 2399 tonnes of CO2e and possible emission savings for the project were estimated at 750 tonnes of CO2e. Compared to the baseline emissions, a total reduction of 32% was achieved. In total, scoring for CEEQUAL in sections 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 was estimated at between 66–125 points. Conclusions drawn from the study were the importance of starting to think about environmental and sustainability issues, including product and material choices, right from the start of construction and infrastructure projects.

Various unmanned missions deploy vehicles such as missiles, torpedoes, ground robots, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Guidance strategies for these vehicles aim to intercept a target point and satisfy additional objectives such as specifications on impact angle and interception time. Certain impact angles are crucial for a greater warhead effectiveness, and minimizing the interception time is important for vehicles with limited endurance time and for reducing the probability of detection. This thesis considers the time-optimal impact angle constrained guidance problem for interception of moving targets. In the first part of the thesis, a Dubins paths–based guidance methodology for minimum-time lateral interception of a moving and non-maneuvering target is designed. The existence and the time-optimality of the paths are established for impact angle constrained interception of moving targets. The capture regions are analyzed and a classification of the initial geometries is developed for deducing the time-optimal path type. The corresponding guidance command for optimal interception can be generated from the information of initial engagement geometry and target’s speed. In the next part of the thesis, the concept of equivalent virtual target is introduced to address the problem of impact along a general direction. An algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal interception point for generalized interception scenarios. A proof of convergence is presented for the proposed algorithm. Achieving different impact angles, the interceptor often takes sharp turns. Following such curved trajectories, the interceptor may fail to keep the target inside the seeker field-of-view. In the next part of the thesis, the field-of-view characteristics of the proposed optimal guidance strategies are analyzed. Closed-form expressions are derived for the interceptor’s look-angle to the target. Satisfying field-of-view condition at endpoints of the path segments that constitute the optimal path is proven to guarantee target motion inside the field-of-view throughout the engagement. The stationary target case is also analyzed as a specific scenario. The last part of the thesis presents a method to extend the proposed guidance strategies to maneuvering target scenarios.

This thesis presents a novel aspect and polarization invariant electromagnetic target recognition technique in resonance region based on use of MUSIC algorithm for the extraction of natural-resonance related target features. In the suggested method, the feature patterns called &ldquo / MUSIC Spectrum Matrices (MSMs)&rdquo / are constructed for each candidate target at each reference aspect angle using targets&rsquo / scattered data at different late-time intervals. These individual MSMs correspond to maps of targets&rsquo / natural-resonance related power distributions. All these patterns are first used to obtain optimal late-time interval for classifier design and a &ldquo / Fused MUSIC Spectrum Matrix (FMSM)&rdquo / is generated over this interval for each target by superposing MSMs. The resulting FMSMs include more complete information for target resonances and are almost insensitive to aspect and polarization. In case of multiple target recognition, the relative locations of a multi-target group and separation distance between targets are also important factors. Therefore, MSM features are computed for each multi-target group at each &ldquo / reference aspect/topology&rdquo / combination to determine the optimum late-time interval. The FMSM feature of a given multi-target group is obtained by the superposition of all these aspect and topology dependent MSMs. In both single and multiple target recognition cases, the resulting FMSM power patterns are main target features of the designed classifier to be used during real-time decisions. At decision phase, the unknown test target is classified either as one of the candidate targets or as an alien target by comparing correlation coefficients computed between MSM of test signal and FMSM of each candidate target.

At present, there are only a few systems in the world, that allow measurement of the dimensional accuracy of hot forgings directly in the manufacturing process. This work deals with the development of the calibration method of the cameras for the developed photogrammetric system, intended for the mentioned purposes. The conditions of measurement are very specific - high temperature and large dimensions of measured semi-finished products, environment of heavy industry. Employed methods are chosen with the emphasis on reliability of the system, taking into account the demanding conditions in the industrial premises. Calibration is designed for a large field of view, utilizing coded reference points in a scene with known spatial coordinates. The result of the work is the calibration software created in the MATLAB environment.