A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak global warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution. This thesis builds on this work by using a simple climate model to apply the concept of cumulative emissions to emission floors, by comparing cumulative emissions with other types of emissions target, and by extending the work to apply to noncarbon dioxide (CO₂) greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Though peak global warming correlates well with cumulative carbon emissions, the link to emissions over shorter periods or in the years 2020 or 2050 is shown to be weaker. It is also shown that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some warming targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely warming up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak warming in the simple model used, regardless of the type of emissions floor used. The maximum rate of CO2- induced warming is not determined by cumulative emissions but is shown to be limited by the peak rate of CO₂ emissions. A simple model of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases is also developed and used to investigate SLCFs. It is shown that emissions of SLCFs today have little impact on peak warming, and that delaying near-term reductions in SLCFs would not have a significant impact on peak warming. Only once CO₂ emissions are falling do SLCF emissions have a significant impact on peak warming. A global climate policy framework is presented as an example of how the work in this thesis could be used in policy. Future work is also discussed, particularly verification of these results in a more complex model.

Entre 1970 et 2017 le terrorisme a frappé 180 000 fois dans le monde. Il devient l’un des défis sécuritaires majeurs de notre époque. Ce phénomène n’a épargné aucun territoire ni aucune cible, notamment ; le tourisme. L’important essor du tourisme international se confronte chaque jour davantage à l’ascension du terrorisme. À partir de ce constat, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche réside dans l’amélioration de la connaissance du lien de causalité entre le terrorisme et le tourisme. Notre approche théorique repose sur la rationalité de l’acteur terroriste. La première partie est consacrée à la détermination des motivations du terrorisme au sujet du tourisme. La deuxième partie porte sur l’impact du terrorisme sur l’économie du tourisme internationale. En plus de la séparation du tourisme et de ses cibles, l’originalité de notre recherche repose sur l’attention théorique portée à la mécanique terroriste par l’intermédiaire de la doctrine du terrorisme, ses acteurs, son action, et les modes opératoires employés. En termes empiriques, elle relève de la dissociation des cibles touristiques de celles non touristiques, la catégorisation des variables indépendantes du terrorisme et l’interrogation d’autres facteurs d’influences de la demande touristique. Dans une thématique peu abordée par la littérature, cette thèse apporte une vision dynamique des mécanismes de la relation entre le tourisme et le terrorisme. / Within 1970 and 2017, terrorism has hit the world 180,000 times. It has become one of the major security challenges of our time. This phenomenon has spared no territories or targets, among which; tourism. The important growth of international tourism is increasingly confronted with the rise of terrorism. Departing from this observation, the objective of this research work is to improve the knowledge of the causal link between terrorism and tourism. Our theoretical approach is based on the rationality of the terrorist actor. The first part is devoted to determining the motivations of terrorism for tourism. The second part focuses on the impact of terrorism on the international tourism economy. In addition to the separation of tourism and its targets, the originality of our research is focuses on the theoretical attention given to terrorist mechanics through the doctrine of terrorism, its actors, its action, and the operating methods adopted. In empirical terms, it relates to the dissociation of tourist targets from non-tourism targets. Moreover it also relates to the categorization of the independent variables of terrorism and the questioning of other factors which influence tourism demand. In a theme rarely addressed to by literature, this thesis provides a dynamic vision of the mechanisms of the relationship between tourism and terrorism.

ABSTRACT This work applies the concepts of the attainable region for process synthesis in comminution. The attainable region analysis has been successfully applied for process synthesis of reactor networks. The Attainable Region is defined as the set of all possible output states for a constrained or unconstrained system of fundamental processes (Horn, 1964). A basic procedure for constructing the attainable region for the fundamental processes of reaction and mixing has been postulated in reaction engineering (Glasser et al., 1987). This procedure has been followed in this work to construct the candidate attainable region for size reduction processes as found in a size reduction environment. A population balance model has been used to characterise the evolution of particle size distributions from a comminution event. Herbst and Fuerstenau (1973) postulated the dependency of grinding on the specific energy. A specific energy dependent population balance model was used for the theoretical simulations and for the fitting of experimental data. A new method of presenting particle size distributions as points in the Euclidian space was postulated in place of the traditional cumulative distribution. This allows successive product particle size distributions to be connected forming a trajectory over which the objective function can be evaluated. The curve connects products from successive batch grinding stages forming a pseudo-continuous process. Breakage, mixing and classification were identified as the fundamental processes of interest for comminution. Agglomeration was not considered in any of the examples. Mathematical models were used to describe each fundamental process, i.e. breakage, mixing and classification, and an The application of the attainable region analysis in comminution Abstract algorithm developed that could calculate the evolution of product particle size distributions. A convex candidate attainable region was found from which process synthesis and optimisation solutions could be drawn in two dimensional Euclidian space. As required from Attainable Region Theory, the interior of the bounded region is filled by trajectories of higher energy requirements or mixing between two boundary optimal points. Experimental validation of the proposed application of the attainable region analysis results in comminution was performed. Mono-sized feed particles were broken in a laboratory ball mill and the products were successfully fitted using a population balance model. It was shown that the breakage process trajectories were convex and they follow first order grinding kinetics at long grind times. The candidate attainable region was determined for an objective function to maximise the mass fraction in the median size class 2. It was proved that the same specific energy input produces identical products. The kinematic and loading conditions are supposed to be chosen as a subsequent event after the required specific energy is identified. Finally the fundamental process of classification was added to the system of breakage and mixing. The attainable regions analysis affords the opportunity to quantify exactly the reduction in energy consumption due to classification in a comminution circuit, thus giving optimal targets. Classification showed the potential to extend the candidate attainable region for a fixed specific energy input. The boundary of the attainable region is interpreted as pieces of equipment and optimum process conditions. This solves both the original process synthesis and successive optimisation problems.

O Tecnécio-99m (99mTc), gerado a partir do decaimento do Molibdênio-99 (99Mo), é o radionuclídeo mais conveniente para a execução de procedimentos de diagnósticos médicos, devido à sua emissão gama bem característica e de fácil detecção. O método utilizado para produzir 99Mo é através da fissão do 235U incorporado nos chamados alvos de irradiação. Duas rotas estão sendo desenvolvidas para a produção do 99Mo por fissão para o Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB), ambas utilizando urânio de baixo enriquecimento (LEU): 1) A primeira a dissolução básica, que é baseada na tecnologia de alvos de dispersão UAlx-Al. 2) A segunda emprega a dissolução ácida de alvos de folhas finas de urânio metálico. A principal vantagem dos alvos de folha fina de urânio metálico sobre os alvos de dispersão UAlx-Al é a alta densidade do urânio metálico. Com o intuito de compreender e otimizar o processo de fabricação de alvos de folhas finas foi realizado um estudo da fusão do urânio metálico, laminação de folhas finas, caracterização microestrutural e montagem dos alvos, definindo assim, os procedimentos específicos para a produção desse tipo de alvo com as características dos alvos fabricados internacionalmente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o processo de fabricação dos lingotes e de lâminas de urânio metálico por meio de laminação a quente possibilitaram a obtenção de lâminas com espessura entre 250 e 300 μm. O processo de laminação a frio possibilitou a obtenção de folhas finas com espessura de ±125 μm que atende à especificação internacional. O uso de óxido de alumínio como material para prevenir caldeamento do tablete de urânio mostrou-se eficiente, substituindo com vantagens o uso de óxido de ítrio. A microestrutura após o tratamento térmico apresentou grãos equiaxiais pequenos, e a realização de um resfriamento rápido de 5 minutos após o tratamento térmico foi suficiente para se eliminar a textura da folha fina de urânio metálico. O processo de montagem das folhas finas no alvo tubular foi realizado por pré-conformação da folha fina, facilitando a montagem. O processo de consolidação do alvo foi realizado por expansão por tração e a folga após a consolidação (\"gap de ar\") mostrou-satisfatória. As dimensões finais dos alvos tubulares atenderam à especificação internacional. / Technetium-99m (99mTc) is generated from the decay of Molybdenum-99 (99Mo). This element is the most convenient radionuclide for application in medical diagnostic procedures, once that its gamma emission is well known and of easily detected. The method used to produce 99Mo is through fission of the 235U embedded in so-called irradiation targets. Two routes are being developed for the production of 99Mo per fission to the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB), both using low enriched uranium (LEU): 1) The first basic dissolution, which is based on the technology of dispersion targets UAlx-Al. 2) The second employs the acidic dissolution of thin sheet targets of metallic uranium. The main advantage of uranium metal foil targets on the UAlx-Al dispersion targets is the high density of metallic uranium. In order to understand and optimize the process of manufacturing thin sheet targets, about the fusion of metallic uranium, thin sheet lamination, microstructural characterization and assembly of the target was carried out. Therefore the specific procedures for the production of this type of target with the characteristics of the targets manufactured internationally could be defined. The results showed that the process of manufacturing ingots and sheets of metallic uranium by hot rolling allows obtaining sheets with thickness between 250 and 300 μm. The cold rolling process allows obtaining thin sheets with a thickness of ± 125 μm which are in accordance with the international specification. The use of aluminum oxide as a material to prevent uranium tablet firing proved to be efficient, replacing with advantage the use of yttrium oxide. The microstructure after the heat treatment showed small equiaxial grains. A fast cooling of 5 minutes after the heat treatment was enough to eliminate the texture of the thin sheet of metallic uranium. The process of assembling the thin sheets in the tubular target was performed by preforming the thin sheet, facilitating the assembly. The process of consolidating the target was performed by tensile expansion and the clearance after consolidation (\"air gap\") was satisfactory. The final dimensions of the tubular targets have met the international specification.

Meduloblastoma é um câncer do sistema nervoso central, altamente invasivo, de origem embrionária, localizado no cerebelo. É mais comum em crianças e corresponde a aproximadamente 20% de todos os tumores intracranianos pediátricos. Os tratamentos mais utilizados são cirurgia e quimioterapia, sendo que a radioterapia é aplicada somente em crianças com mais de 3 anos devido aos seus efeitos colaterais. Diversos estudos têm mostrado o papel do NF-B na regulação de genes envolvidos com o processo neoplásico. NF-B é um fator de transcrição chave na regulação da resposta imune e no processo de inflamação e está envolvido na regulação da transcrição de um grande número de genes relacionados ao processo de tumorigênese, além de ser constitutivamente ativo em diversos tipos de câncer, sendo um importante potencial alvo terapêutico. O DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) é uma droga que inibe a translocação do NF-B do citoplasma para o núcleo, inibindo assim a sua atuação como ativador transcricional. Vários trabalhos tem mostrado os efeitos antineoplásicos do DHMEQ em inúmeros tipos tumorais, entretanto, não há trabalhos que evidenciem esses efeitos em meduloblastoma. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos dessa droga nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 de meduloblastoma pediátrico através de estudos funcionais e moleculares. Os resultados de proliferação demostraram uma significativa diminuição do crescimento celular nas linhagens de meduloblastoma, inibindo cerca de 80, 70 e 60% nas linhagens UW402, UW473 e ONS-76, respectivamente, na dose de 20 g/mL, e apresentou um IC50 de 10g/mL em 48h para as linhagens UW402 e UW473 e em 72h na linhagem ONS-76. Adicionalmente, elevou o nível de apoptose para 50, 17 e 31% nessas linhagens, respectivamente, inibiu fortemente a capacidade clonogênica, a migração e a invasão celular nas três linhagens e foi sinérgico na combinação com outros quimioterápicos em grande parte dos pontos de combinação, além de radiossensibilizar fortemente as três linhagens. Os resultados são congruentes com o potencial efeito antitumoral de DHMEQ. / Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the central nervous system, highly invasive, of embryonic origin, located in the cerebellum. It is more common among children and accounts for approximately 20% of all pediatric intracranial tumors. The most common treatments are surgery and chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is only to children older than 3 years old due to its side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the role of NF-B in the regulation of genes involved in the neoplastic process. NF-B is a key transcription factor in the regulation of immune response and inflammation process, and it is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes related to the tumorigenesis process, and constitutively active in many types of cancer, being an important potential therapeutic target. DHMEQ (Dehidroximetilepoxiquinomicina) is a drug that inhibits the translocation of NF-B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its activity as a transcriptional activator. Several studies have shown the antineoplastic effects of DHMEQ in numerous tumor types, however, there is no surveys that have tested their effects in medulloblastoma. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug in UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines through functional and molecular studies. The proliferation test results demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell growth in the medulloblastoma cell lines, inhibiting approximately 80, 70 and 60% for UW402, UW473 and ONS-76, respectively, at a dose of 20g/mL, and showed an IC50 of 10g/mL at 48h for UW402 and UW473 and at 72h in ONS-76. Additionally, increased the level of apoptosis to 50, 17 and 31% in these cell lines, respectively, strongly inhibited the clonogenic capacity, the migration and cell invasion in the three lines and it was synergistic in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in most combination points, and radiosensitization strongly the three cell lines. The results are congruent with the potential antitumor effect of DHMEQ.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma forma alternativa de se produzir alvos para irradiação contendo urânio, destinados à produção do par de radionuclídeos 99Mo-99mTc. Estes alvos foram obtidos por metalurgia do pó, utilizando-se pós de níquel e de cobre, servindo o compactado como meio de encapsulamento para um cilindro de urânio a ser irradiado. O desenvolvimento compreendeu as etapas de caracterização química e física dos pós-utilizados. Os alvos foram compactados em prensa uniaxial e em prensa isostática a frio. As amostras foram sinterizadas em três atmosferas diferentes: argônio, hidrogênio e em alto vácuo. Quando do uso conjunto de cobre e níquel, foi feita sinterização por dois corpos, i.e., um compactado de níquel contendo o núcleo para ser irradiado e um compactado de cobre para servir de infiltrante. Isto, visando a eliminação de porosidade interconectada, permitindo o selamento do conteúdo físsil no interior do compactado. Os alvos após sinterização foram caracterizados fisicamente sendo avaliada a massa específica, pelo método geométrico e pelo princípio de Arquimedes. A porosidade foi medida pela técnica de porosimetria de mercúrio. Os alvos prontos foram caracterizados micro estruturalmente por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados indicaram que a densificação do níquel foi diretamente proporcional à pressão de compactação obtendo-se 87% de densidade relativa após prensagem a 800 MPa (limite superior de compactação para ligas metálicas) e sinterização por 4 h a 600 ºC em atmosfera de hidrogênio. A sinterização por dois corpos (níquel com cobre) mostrou-se promissora para o uso como invólucro para núcleos, em termos de integridade estrutural e selamento devido à ausência de porosidade interconectada. / The objective of this work was to develop an alternative way to obtain targets for irradiation, containing uranium, destined for the production of the radionuclide pair 99Mo-99mTc. The targets were obtained using powder metallurgy using nickel and cooper powders, serving the compact as a medium for encapsulation of a uranium cylinder to be radiated. The development started with the chemical and physical characterization of the used powders. The targets were compacted either in uniaxial press and cold press isostatic. The samples were sintered at three different atmospheres: argon, hydrogen and high vacuum. In the case of use of nickel and copper, it was used the two bodies technique for sintering, i.e., a nickel compact containing a core to be irradiated and the cooper used as infiltrant. This was aiming at the elimination of interconnected porosity, allowing the sealing of any fissile content in the interior of the compact. The targets were physically characterized after sintering the density being evaluated by geometrical method and the Archimedes principle. The porosity was measured by the technique of mercury porosimetry. The targets were microstructurally characterized using optical and scanning electronic microscopy. The results indicated that the nickel densification was directly proportional to the compaction pressure yielding 87% relative density after pressing at 800 MPa (upper limit for alloys compaction) and sintering for 4 h at 600 °C in hydrogen atmosphere. Sintering of two bodies (nickel and copper) has shown some feasibility for use as core casing in terms of structural integrity and sealing due to the absence of interconnected porosity.

No Brasil, leishmanioses são causadas por 7 espécies de Leishmania. Assim, um diagnóstico diferencial se torna relevante. Este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar condições de armazenamento de amostras, métodos de extração de DNA e desenvolver protocolos de diagnóstico de leishmanioses. O tratamento de amostras com tampão NET produziu os melhores resultados e os métodos de extração não influenciaram a qualidade dos testes. Com os alvos testados por PCR, os melhores resultados foram alcançados com a utilização do 18S e o emprego da técnica de nested PCR com esse alvo aumentou a sensibilidade de detecção. A utilização de PCR multiplex com alvos 18S e g6pd foi capaz de detectar parasitas e discriminar seu subgênero. A aplicação da técnica HRM sobre mutações do 18S foi precisa na discriminação de L. chagasi e mutações no gene g6pd permitiram a discriminação de L. amazonenses, L. braziliensis e subgênero L. (Viannia). Este trabalho propõe protocolos de conservação de amostras, extração de DNA e ensaios de identificação de Leishmania, testados em amostras padronizadas. / In Brazil, leishmaniasis is caused by 7 Leishmania species. Thus, a differential diagnosis becomes relevant. This work aims are to evaluate samples storage conditions, methods of DNA extraction and develop diagnostic protocols for leishmaniasis. Treatment of samples with NET buffer produced the best results and extraction methods did not affect the quality of PCR tests. Regarding PCR targets tested, the best results were achieved using 18S gene and the use of nested PCR increased detection sensitivity. The use of multiplex PCR targeting 18S and g6pd genes enabled Leishmania detection and subgenus discrimination. The implementation of HRM technique on 18S mutations was accurate to discriminate L. chagasi and mutations in the g6pd allowed discrimination of L. amazonenses, L. braziliensis and L. (Viannia) subgenus. This work proposes sample conservation and DNA extraction protocols for Leishmania detection, tested on standard sampling protocols, and identification using HRM technique.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilene de Araujo Martins Queiroz.pdf: 183345 bytes, checksum: e58c2cd3316f0e66db67de0c2d5f337f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-20 / Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that is associated with a variety of symptoms and subjective complaints, related to worsening and maintenance of pain. This complexity is not taken into account in an integrated way in the treatment models for chronic pain. Generally the interventions target an isolated aspect of pain, like the interpersonal function, a related cognitive distortion or the role of fear. The present study aims to construct a set of treatment goals for an integrative psychological intervention with Fibromyalgia. This endeavor was based on the real-life context of five patients with Fibromyalgia, though the reports and the experiences in a psychotherapy group. The participants were women between 45 and 52 years of age. The data were collected through semi-structured open interviews and recordings of the 12 sessions of psychotherapy. The interventions were based on the experiences that appeared in the group, guided by current trends in behavioral therapy. The data were submitted to inductive analysis, following the directives of grounded theory. The treatment goals that emerged from this work were then organized in five themes, namely: Interpersonal Experiences, Interpersonal Coping Strategies, Subjective Meanings, Negative Emotions, and Positive Emotions. / A Fibromialgia é uma síndrome dolorosa crônica que vem associada a uma variedade de sintomas e queixas subjetivas relacionadas à exacerbação e manutenção da dor. Esta complexidade não é levada em conta, de forma integrada, nos modelos de tratamento para dor crônica. Geralmente as intervenções tomam como alvo um aspecto isolado da dor, como a função interpessoal, a distorção cognitiva envolvida ou o papel do medo. Este estudo teve como objetivo construir um conjunto de alvos para um tratamento psicológico integrativo da Fibromialgia. Baseou-se para isso no contexto de vida de cinco portadoras de Fibromialgia, a partir dos relatos e das vivências das participantes durante uma psicoterapia de grupo. As participantes eram do sexo feminino com idade entre 45 e 52 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas abertas semi-estruturadas e gravações das 12 sessões de psicoterapia. As intervenções foram baseadas nas vivências que surgiram no grupo e norteadas pelas tendências atuais da terapia comportamental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise indutiva seguindo os preceitos da Grounded Theory. Os alvos terapêuticos que emergiram deste trabalho foram agrupados em cinco temas, são eles: Vivências Interpessoais, Estratégias de Enfrentamento Interpessoal, Vivências Subjetivas, Emoções Negativas e Emoções Positivas.

Esta pesquisa procura entender a ação sindical brasileira diante dos impactos do regime de acumulação flexível sobre o país. O setor escolhido foi o bancário, justamente porque ele está no centro do capitalismo financeiro. Nos bancos brasileiros, inúmeras mudanças aconteceram na gestão do trabalho, mas a principal foi a transformação do bancário em um vendedor de produtos. Com isso se desenvolveram técnicas de controle do trabalho como o sistema de metas de produtividade. Este, por sua vez, gerou uma pressão demasiada sobre os trabalhadores e instrumentalizou o assédio moral como instrumento de gestão. Tal fato provocou o adoecimento da classe trabalhadora constituindo um novo elo entre os dirigentes sindicais e os trabalhadores. Os sindicatos, que em 1990 atravessaram uma profunda crise no país, agora, devido ao sofrimento dos trabalhadores com a pressão para o cumprimento de metas, conseguiram se reaproximar de sua base de representação. O sindicalismo não chegou ao fim, nem mesmo saiu do espaço político de lutas. Por meio das políticas de denúncia ao assédio moral nos locais de trabalho e de combate às metas abusivas, restabeleceu seu papel de movimento, tornando-se novamente atuante na contraposição às empresas e na defesa dos trabalhadores. / This research aims to understand the trade union setion facing the impacts of the flexible accumulation regime on the country. The hanking sector was exactly chosen because it is in the center of the finacial capitalism. In Brazilian banks several changes happened in work management but the main change was the transformation of the bank clerk into a salesman. Consequently, the techniques of work control were develp, such as the system or productivity targets. In turn, this system caused excessive pressure on workers and exploited the moral siege as a management instrument. Such fact caused diseases in workers. Trade unions that had suffered a deep crisis in 1990 in Brazil because of the work class sufferings caused by the pressure to meet targets have succeded in reconneting to their basis of representation. The trade unionism did not come to an end and did not even leave the political struggle scene. Through the denunciation policy of psychological harassment at work and the fight against abusive targets, trade unions restored their identity as a movementle of movement acting again in a counterpoint to companies and in the defense of the working class.

Esta pesquisa procura entender a ação sindical brasileira diante dos impactos do regime de acumulação flexível sobre o país. O setor escolhido foi o bancário, justamente porque ele está no centro do capitalismo financeiro. Nos bancos brasileiros, inúmeras mudanças aconteceram na gestão do trabalho, mas a principal foi a transformação do bancário em um vendedor de produtos. Com isso se desenvolveram técnicas de controle do trabalho como o sistema de metas de produtividade. Este, por sua vez, gerou uma pressão demasiada sobre os trabalhadores e instrumentalizou o assédio moral como instrumento de gestão. Tal fato provocou o adoecimento da classe trabalhadora constituindo um novo elo entre os dirigentes sindicais e os trabalhadores. Os sindicatos, que em 1990 atravessaram uma profunda crise no país, agora, devido ao sofrimento dos trabalhadores com a pressão para o cumprimento de metas, conseguiram se reaproximar de sua base de representação. O sindicalismo não chegou ao fim, nem mesmo saiu do espaço político de lutas. Por meio das políticas de denúncia ao assédio moral nos locais de trabalho e de combate às metas abusivas, restabeleceu seu papel de movimento, tornando-se novamente atuante na contraposição às empresas e na defesa dos trabalhadores. / This research aims to understand the trade union setion facing the impacts of the flexible accumulation regime on the country. The hanking sector was exactly chosen because it is in the center of the finacial capitalism. In Brazilian banks several changes happened in work management but the main change was the transformation of the bank clerk into a salesman. Consequently, the techniques of work control were develp, such as the system or productivity targets. In turn, this system caused excessive pressure on workers and exploited the moral siege as a management instrument. Such fact caused diseases in workers. Trade unions that had suffered a deep crisis in 1990 in Brazil because of the work class sufferings caused by the pressure to meet targets have succeded in reconneting to their basis of representation. The trade unionism did not come to an end and did not even leave the political struggle scene. Through the denunciation policy of psychological harassment at work and the fight against abusive targets, trade unions restored their identity as a movementle of movement acting again in a counterpoint to companies and in the defense of the working class.