Mainland China and Taiwan successfully joined WTO to be active members in December 2001 and January 2002. They relax economic and trade restrictions from both sides and make the relevant regulations and mechanisms more transparent year by year. Since May 2005, Mainland China implemented preferential policies, such as zero tariff, clearing customs and opening ' the fast roadway ' to many kinds of Taiwan¡¦s fruits, etc.That makes the proportion of Taiwan¡¦s fruits sold in Mainland China improve year by year, and the marketing stronghold expand constantly, too. According to the past documents and experiences, Taiwan fruit is relatively suitable for taking the gift box and up-market route, and aims at the demand of the high consumption group. Because most people in Mainland China consume the goods for freshness or the demands of giving a present, they would not purchase it in usual time. Therefore, we should avoid depending too much on some agricultural products and overly concentrate on the specific country. What we need to do is carrying on the global market survey, opening up the new service stronghold actively in order to improve the competitiveness of agricultural products in our country. In addition, the consumption habits between the South and North of Mainland China are different. We should make variable marketing strategies for different consumption ethnicities and match their demands and preferences. We set up an empirical model by using Time Series Analysis and actual data. The research includes the weight and amount sold to Mainland China, policy of zero tariff, old farmers¡¦ subsidies, areas of fruit trees, transportation and storage, Taiwan¡¦s inflation rate and processed goods of farm production. The main conclusion shows that the effect of zero tariff policy is not good enough to Taiwan¡¦s export sales. The possible reason may be that the cross-strait system is not sound. Finally, we compare the changes in production of Taiwan fruits between Years 2004-2008, and choose three levels of Taiwan fruits. The First one is new stars, like betel nuts, mango, orange, grapefruits and shakya. The second one is keeping it¡¦s level, like jujube, pineapple, guava, papaya, starfruit and wax apple. The third one is lack of competition, like coconut, peach, banana, orange, lemon, plum, persimmon, loquat, etc. The possible reason may be come from outside pressure or not suitable to plant in Taiwan.

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This paper attempts to study the Swedish tariffs during the interwar period in order to asses the level of protectionism in Swedish tariff policy during the period. It is foremost the nominal tariffs that are studied, however an estimate of the effective rate of protection of the tariffs is also calculated for a number of goods. In order to asses the level of protectionism, the Swedish tariffs are also compared with Finnish tariff levels during the interwar period. The sample of Swedish tariffs that have been studied in this paper include the fifteen most important kinds of import goods and the fifteen most important kinds of export goods. The nominal tariff of each kind of goods have been weighted by their share of the total import value. The Swedish specific tariffs did not change much during the interwar period except for a few goods such as petroleum, coffee and automobiles. The fluctuation in nominal tariffs were in most cases the result of the steep fall in prices during the period. Compared to the Finnish tariffs, the Swedish tariffs seem to have been generally lower, especially in agricultural goods in which the Swedish tariffs are surprisingly immobile during the period. This paper finds that the Swedish tariff policy during the interwar period were inactive and relatively free-market oriented.

Išanalizavus pagrindinius Lietuvos valstybinį socialinį draudimą reglamentuojančius įstatymus, nutarimus, kitus normatyvinius aktus bei įvairią su darbo tema susijusią literatūrą ir atitinkamus statistinius duomenis darbe atsakyta į darbo tikslui pasiekti išsikeltus uždavinius bei suformuotą hipotezę. Apžvelgus XIX a. pabaigoje susiformavusias socialinės apsaugos Bismarck’o ir Beveridge tradicijas bei Gosta Espin-Anderssen išskirtus tris socialinės apsaugos modelius (liberalusis, konservatyvusis ir socialdemokratinis) nustatyta, kad Lietuvos socialinio draudimo modelis turi ir konservatyviojo, ir liberaliojo modelio bruožų. Kadangi, Lietuvoje vis plečiama pensijų sistema, kurioje ateityje valstybė suteiks tik minimalią (bazinę) pensiją, o didžiąją dalį pensijos žmogui turės uždirbti naujai į rinką įsilieję dalyviai - pensijų fondai. Darbe pabrėžta, kad teoriniai socialiniai apsaugos modeliai šiandiena nei vienoje valstybėje grynu pavidalu neegzistuoja, todėl būtina išskirti ir papildomą mišrų socialinį modelį, turintį kiekvieno darbe aptartų modelio bruožų. / Having analysed the main laws, decisions and other normative acts regulating the Lithuanian state social insurance as well as various literature and appropriate statistical data related to the topic of the paper, the work contains answers to the suggested hypothesis and the tasks set to achieve the aim of the paper. After covering Bismarck and Beveridge’s social security traditions, formed at the end of the 19th century, and three social security models distinguished by Gosta Espin-Anderssen (the liberal, conservative and social-democratic models), it was established that the Lithuanian state social insurance has some features of both the conservative and the liberal models. As in Lithuania the system of pensions is being developed in which the state will give only a minimum (basic) pension in the future, and the biggest part of the pension for a person will be earned by the participants which came to the market newly, i.e. by pension funds. In the work it is stressed that theoretical social security models do not exist in any state in their pure form nowadays, therefore it is also necessary to distinguish an additional mixed social model, containing some of the features of the discussed models. The model of the Lithuanian state social insurance was started to be formed as early as in 1926 after promulgating the Law of the Chief Social Insurance Board. World Wars I and II, changing German and the czarist Russian government had influence on the formation of the social... [to full text]

The strategic role of the Procurement function in manufacturing firms has received increased attention in the literature over the past two decades. Before the 1970s, the supply environment was seen to be stable for most firms, with no particular strategic opportunities or threats. Procurement was treated as an administrative or service function. The oil crisis in the early 1970s changed the situation, bringing in its wake acute inflation and material shortages. The 1980s saw a revolution in manufacturing with the advent of JIT, increased automation and global operations. Theoretical researchers saw the potential for a proactive and strategic role for the Procurement function. This was, however, not reflected in empirical research, which failed to find consistent evidence of firms considering Procurement as strategic. This thesis addresses the gap between precept and practice evident in the literature. A major criticism of the empirical literature is the treatment of the strategic (value) activities on the supply side and the activities of the Procurement department as synonymous. This thesis questioned that view and made a distinction between the two activities. A theoredcal framework was built up from the literature to identify the contexts in which Supply considerations would be strategic. Propositions were generated which allowed for strategic Supply activities both through the Procurement department as well as outside it. The empirical work looked at 25 UK manufacturing firms through the case study approach. The cases were scrutinised for evidence of strategic activities on the supply side, as well as the strategic importance of the Procurement department. The results confirmed that (1) Supply considerations were strategic for a majority of firms. (2) Strategic consideration of Supply depended on a number of contingent variables.(3) Strategic Supply activities were not necessarily reflected in the strategic importance given to the Procurement department.

在國際貿易日趨活絡的情況下，智慧財產權受侵害之問題，已成為持續關注的問題。本文探討當智慧財產權等無形資產為外國正版商所擁有時，外國政府透過關稅連結下，本國政府將如何制定國內的仿冒查緝率。透過本研究我們發現當外國市場規模較小時，本國政府會將仿冒查緝率定為零；當外國市場規模夠大時，本國政府會將仿冒查緝率定為查緝率上限；而當外國市場規模介於前兩種情形之間時，仿冒查緝率有可能為零或查緝率上限。 / Because of intense international trade, infringement of intellectual property has caught the persistent attentions. This paper analyzes how domestic government decides the optimal enforcement rate through tariff link when the intellectual property is held by a foreign company. We find the domestic government would set the enforcement rate to zero when the foreign market size is small. On the contrary, when the foreign market size is large, the domestic government would raise the enforcement rate to the upper limit. Besides, when the foreign market size is moderate, the enforcement rate would be zero or at the upper limit.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-300). / Microfiche. / xviii, 300 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University. / Bibliography: p. [218]-226.

Thèse--Dijon. / Reprint of the 1907 ed. Bibliography: p. [243]-246.

Thesis (D.C.L.). / Written for the Institute of Comparative Law. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/08/31). Includes bibliographical references.