Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Münster, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-206).

In the thesis a general method of cost calculation as a means of determining the price has been used in a selected company. The influence of the method of cost calculation on company management has been analyzed. The thesis is focused on the water treatment company Slovácké vodárny a kanalizace a.s. I researched the most suitable method of calculating fresh water and waste water tariff for the company. I came to the conclusion that using the two-component form should bring the company higher profits than using the single-component form and these could be used to cover running and maintenance cost. I recommend using the two-component form.

This master thesis evaluates the incentives of a newly implemented market controlled network tariff by analyzing consumption data and constructing a time-differentiated debiting model. The tariff was implemented by Sandviken Energi Elnät AB and the thesis evaluates its customers consumption data compared to data provided by Sundsvall Elnät AB. The differences in data is evaluated by statistical tests of Students t-test, Bayesian t-test and χ2-test with the result that no statistically significant change in user pattern can be found and thus an elucidation of the incentives must be made in the form of a hourly time-differentiated debating model. The thesis also evaluates the cost incentives of the model compared to spot prices where it is shown that the tariff model can benefit much from the spot prices hourly incentives in its hourly time-differentiated model. Five time-differentiated models were constructed and presented where three uses a color coding scheme. The conclusion is that a color coded time-differentiated tariff should give the costumers clear and cost-effective incentives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RidalvoMAO.pdf: 983858 bytes, checksum: 9d7af440fc2e650709bb958e39fbb63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-10-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work verifies the impact caused by the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy (energy-rationing program) in the results of the concessionary private companies of the public service of electric energy distribution localized in the Northeast Area. As the rationing invigorated from June 2001 to February 2002, its effects are diluted in the results presented by these companies in the second semester of 2001 and first quarter of 2002, with prominence for the last quarter of 2001, when the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore was instituted by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), consequence of the so-called General Agreement of the Electric Sector made between the federal government and the companies of the electric sector. The structure of a generic electric sector and a historical review of the Brazilian electric sector from the time it was controlled by the private enterprises, including the State control period, about 1960, and returning to the control of the private enterprises in 1990, under a new regulation structure are presented. An explanation of the models of economic regulation that Brazil used for the electric sector is made, with prominence for the price cap that is the actual effective model. The process of tariff revision foreseen in the concession contracts signed by the federal government and the concessionary companies is presented, highlighting its two stages: the tariff rebalancing that defines the new price cap and the calculation of the factor X that establishes the efficiency goals for the companies. There is made a presentation of the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy and of the consequent General Agreement of the Electric Sector, which created the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore. A conceptual revision on reviews is presented, regarding to concepts, accomplishment and recognition. A brief review of the six companies that made part of the worked sample is also presented. Analyzing the quarters historical review and of amount of sold energy, it was possible to conclude that the energy-rationing altered the results of the studied companies significantly and that alteration was masked by the accounting process of the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore / Este trabalho verifica o impacto provocado pelo Programa Emergencial de Redu??o de Consumo de Energia El?trica (racionamento) nos resultados das empresas privadas concession?rias do servi?o p?blico de distribui??o de energia el?trica situadas na Regi?o Nordeste. Como o racionamento vigorou de junho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, os seus efeitos est?o dilu?dos nos resultados apresentados pelas empresas no segundo semestre de 2001 e primeiro trimestre de 2002, com destaque para o ?ltimo trimestre de 2001, quando foi institu?da pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica (ANEEL) a receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria, fruto do chamado Acordo Geral do Setor El?trico pactuado entre o governo federal e as empresas do setor el?trico. Apresenta a estrutura de um setor el?trico gen?rico e uma revis?o hist?rica do setor el?trico brasileiro abrangendo desde a ?poca em que era controlado por empresas privadas, passando pelo per?odo de estatiza??o, por volta de 1960, e retornando ao controle da iniciativa privada em meados de 1990, sob uma nova estrutura de regula??o. ? feita uma explana??o sobre os modelos de regula??o econ?mica que o Brasil utilizou para o setor el?trico, com destaque para o price cap, que ? o modelo vigente atualmente. Apresenta o processo de revis?o tarif?ria prevista nos contratos de concess?o assinados pelo governo federal e pelas empresas concession?rias, destacando suas duas etapas: o reposicionamento tarif?rio, que define o novo pre?o-teto, e o c?lculo do fator X , que estabelece as metas de efici?ncia para as empresas. ? feita uma apresenta??o do Programa Emergencial de Redu??o de Consumo de Energia El?trica e do conseq?ente Acordo Geral do Setor El?trico, que deu origem ? receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria. Apresenta uma revis?o conceitual sobre receitas, no que tange a conceitos, realiza??o e reconhecimento. Apresenta um breve hist?rico das seis empresas que fizeram parte da amostra trabalhada. Analisando os hist?ricos trimestrais de receita e de volume de energia vendida, foi poss?vel concluir que o racionamento de energia alterou significativamente os resultados das empresas estudadas e que essa altera??o foi mascarada pela medida cont?bil da receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria

The availability and management of water resources is a global issue, this is particularly true in countries with limited water resources, such as Palestine, which falls under the Water Stress Line (1000 m3/person/year)1. Palestine has operated under an -unstable political, economic and social conditions for more than six decades. This uncertainty has resulted in mismanagement, inefficient institutions and the over-xploitation of water resources. The main aim of this study was to produce socioeconomic indicators based on the water tariff structure in order to be pro-poor and to enable water utilities to cope with uncertainties. The study s recommendation is for a flexible, pro-poor and socially acceptable tariff structure have been based on empirical work and socio-economic data which has been collected by rigorous research and reinforced with case studies. Initial results based on a pilot survey showed that there was a 33% increase in the revenue of the water supplier equivalent to 13% of the total water costs and an increase in the number of beneficiaries that paid their bills ranging from 10.5% to 38.6%. If applied at national level, the model application based on current socioeconomic data would have a wide positive socio-economic impact in reducing poverty, financial equality, social security and reduction of the effect of uncertainties. The reform of the existing legal and institution framework are a prerequisite for the application of this kind of model. Institutional and legal reforms coupled with the application of this model, would produce a dynamic water pricing policy as part of the efforts to have an integrated water management and would serve as a tool for the national goal of poverty alleviation and food security.

La siguiente investigación consistió en realizar un análisis cualitativo a fin de detectar los factores determinantes en la evolución de la exportación de Pota congelada, con partida arancelaria 0307490000, en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) Perú - China en el periodo 2009 – 2017, tiempo en el cual la partida mencionada ha tenido una desgravación gradual, llegando a 0% al inicio del 2019. La exportación de pota congelada ha tenido un crecimiento significativo en el periodo 2017, respecto al 2016 al incrementarse en 24.2%, pasando de US $ 315.2 a 391.5 millones durante el 2017, consolidándose como el producto pesquero más importante con un 42.2% de participación. Se realizó un análisis de campo utilizando fuentes primarias como entrevistas a empresas y entidades del estado, principales actores influyentes en la exportación de Pota congelada, además de expertos académicos. Se condujo una investigación de tipo descriptiva debido a que asocia conceptos o variables, teniendo como finalidad conocer la relación de los factores y sus categorías determinantes en la exportación de la partida arancelaria antes mencionada, hacia el mercado de la República popular de China, en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio. Se concluyó que el factor más importante de la exportación de Pota congelada en el marco antes descrito, es el mercado y la demanda China, la cual determina el crecimiento o caída en las variaciones porcentuales de los índices de exportación; teniendo como segundo factor externo a la flota internacional y la competitividad como factor interno más relevante. / Tesis

by Mak Chai-ming. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 58-59. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- THE POWER INDUSTRY AND ITS PRODUCT --- p.3 / The Characteristics of Electricity --- p.3 / Power Industry of Hong Kong --- p.4 / The Product Profile of Electricity --- p.5 / Load Factor --- p.6 / Load Factor and Cost --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- BUSINESS CHALLENGES IN THE POST WAR DECADES --- p.12 / The Critical Problems - The First Challenge --- p.13 / The Scheme of Control Agreement --- p.14 / Goals and Objectives of CLP --- p.15 / Coal as Input - The Second Challenge --- p.16 / Chapter IV. --- COST OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS PRICING --- p.18 / The Tariff Structures --- p.18 / The Tariff of the Past --- p.19 / The Present Tariff --- p.19 / Cost of Service Study Model --- p.20 / Cost Identification --- p.21 / Cost Functionalisation --- p.21 / Costing Period Determination --- p.22 / Cost Allocation --- p.27 / Results and Interpretation --- p.28 / Rate of Return Determination --- p.28 / Unit Cost Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- REVIEW OF THE PRESENT TARIFF STRUCTURE --- p.35 / Objectives of the Present Tariff --- p.35 / Performance of the Tariff --- p.36 / Performance of the Company --- p.37 / Load Factor Improvement --- p.40 / Chapter VI --- THE NEW CHALLENGES AND THE STRATEGIES --- p.42 / The New Challenges --- p.42 / Changes in The External Market --- p.42 / The 1997 Issue of Hong Kong --- p.43 / Fuel Advantages Exhausted --- p.44 / The Company's Strategies Facing the New Challenges --- p.44 / Deferring Capital Investment --- p.45 / Supply Side Management --- p.45 / Diversification --- p.46 / Chapter VII. --- PROJECTED PERFORMANCE OF THE TARIFF --- p.49 / Maximum Demand Forecast and Generating Capacity Requirement --- p.49 / Projected Expenditure and Revenue Requirement --- p.50 / The New Objectives of the Tariff --- p.50 / Least Cost Planning --- p.50 / Energy Conservation --- p.50 / Factors to Consider for the Detailed Design of the Tariff --- p.50 / Price Elasticity --- p.52 / Scheme of Control --- p.52 / Load Factor Improvement --- p.52 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.53 / APPENDIX --- p.54 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.58

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-20T12:11:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Biavati Rizzotto_.pdf: 607786 bytes, checksum: 247982c50aac28576169ac58e8aeb265 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T12:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Biavati Rizzotto_.pdf: 607786 bytes, checksum: 247982c50aac28576169ac58e8aeb265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) entrou em funcionamento no dia 1º de janeiro de 1995, com a finalidade de administrar o sistema multilateral do comércio. A Rodada Doha foi a primeira rodada de negociações da OMC, que iniciou em 2001 e se estende até os dias atuais. Inúmeros impasses no contexto multilateral afloraram das mesas de negociação na OMC, principalmente na área agrícola, de especial interesse para o Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo da dissertação é simular reduções de barreiras tarifárias e não tarifárias, no âmbito multilateral, e verificar quais seriam os benefícios para o Brasil, com ênfase sobre o setor primário. Para tanto, foi estimado um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, por meio do software GTAP, e quatro cenários que incorporaram reduções de barreiras tarifárias e não tarifárias foram realizados. Os resultados mostram que, especificamente para o Brasil, nos cenários em que só são incorporadas reduções de tarifas, o setor primário e de agroindústria seriam os mais beneficiados. Já a redução multilateral das BNTs favoreceria, especialmente, os setores industriais, de maior conteúdo tecnológico. Quando simulados ambos, reduções de BNT combinados com reduções tarifárias, todos os setores aumentariam as exportações, principalmente a pecuária, agroindústria e manufaturas de alta intensidade tecnológica. Em relação ao bem-estar, os cenários que incorporam redução de BNTs ou reduções combinadas de BNTs e tarifas são os mais benéficos para todas as regiões incluídas no estudo, com ganhos mundiais que podem alcançar mais de US$ 1 trilhão. / The World Trade Organization (WTO) officially commenced on January 1, 1995, for the purpose of administering the multilateral trading system. Doha Round was the first round of WTO negotiations, which began in 2001 and extends to the present day. Numerous impasses in the multilateral context have emerged from the negotiating tables in the WTO, especially in the agricultural area, of special interest to Brazil. Thus, the objective of the dissertation is to simulate reductions in tariff and non-tariff barriers at the multilateral level, and to verify the benefits to Brazil, with emphasis on the primary sector. For that, a computable general equilibrium model was estimated using the GTAP software, and four scenarios that incorporated reductions of tariff and non-tariff barriers were performed. The results show that, specifically for Brazil, in the scenarios in which only tariff reductions are incorporated, the primary and agroindustry sectors would be the most benefited. The multilateral reduction of BNTs would favor, especially, the industrial sectors, with greater technological content. When both, BNT reductions combined with tariff reductions were simulated, all sectors would increase exports, especially livestock, agro-industry, and high-tech manufactures. Concerning well-being, scenarios incorporating reductions in BNTs or combined reductions in BNTs and tariffs are the most beneficial for all regions included in the study, with global gains that can reach over $ 1 trillion.

Tendecies to protectionism appeared in all crisis so far. The current one is no exception. Used protecting tools are the characteristics what differentiate them. The most used tools are non-tarrif measures, especially technical. Governments also applied stimulus packages which often included buy-national type of activities. The thesis concetrates on the roots of the changed pattern in the global economy. It investigates the influence of WTO, which liberalizes the world trade on the multilateral basis. On the other hand, the thesis focuses on regionalism and regional integrations, that liberalize trade only among few involved countries. The thesis also reflects the division of the world to developing and developed countries and describes differences in used measures. The case study investigates the North American Free Trade Agreement, which includes one developing and two developed countries. It also includes the world's biggest economy, whose behaviour heavily impacts the development of the global economy as a whole. This example illustrates differences in the measures used by governments of developing and developed coutries. It analyses influence of a regional integration to these measures and compares it to the influence of WTO. The possibilities of further enlargement of the free trade area and of involving the member countries to other integrations are reflected as well.

With continuously increasing urbanization, consumer demands and expansion of water supply systems, determination of efficient pump schedules became a more difficult task. Pumping energy costs constitute a significant part of the operational cost of the water distribution networks. This study aims to provide an effective daily pump schedule by minimizing the energy costs for constant and also for multi tariff of electricity (3 Kademeli Elektrik Tarifesi) in water distribution network. A case study has been performed in an area covering N8.3 and N7 pressure zones which are parts of Ankara water distribution network. Both pressure zones consists of 3 multiple pumps in pump station and one tank having 5000 m3 storage volume each. By using genetic algorithm based software (WaterCAD Darwin Scheduler) least-cost pump scheduling and operation policy for each pump station has been determined while satisfying target hydraulic performance requirements such as minimum and maximum service pressures, final water level of storage tank and maximum velocity in pipeline. 32 different alternative scenarios have been created which include multi tariff energy prices, constant tariff energy price, insulated system condition, uninsulated system condition and different pump combinations. The existing base scenario and alternative scenarios which were prepared by using optimal pump schedules have been compared and the achievements of optimizing pump operation have been analyzed. At the end of the study, a satisfying result has been observed that by using determined optimal pump schedule, minimum % 14 of total energy cost can be saved in existing water supply system.