Das Wissenschaftsverständnis als Verständnis über die charakteristischen Grundzüge der Erkenntnisgewinnung und die Eigenschaften naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens ist in einem durch Naturwissenschaften und Technik geprägten Alltag unverzichtbar (z. B. NGSS Achieve Inc., 2013). Viele Autoren gehen davon aus, dass Schüler durch das Konstruieren, Testen und Ändern von Modellen ein Modellverständnis als Bestandteil von Wissenschaftsverständnis erlangen (z. B. Lehrer & Schauble, 2006). Doch bisher konnte keine Studie gefunden werden, die diesen Zusammenhang empirisch belegt. Daher wurde auf der theoretischen Basis des Modells der Modellbildung nach Justi und Gilbert (2002) eine standardisierte Hands-On-Aufgabenstruktur entwickelt und evaluiert. Sie regt Schülerinnen und Schüler dazu an, Tätigkeiten der Modellbildung auszuführen, um eigene Hypothesen zu untersuchen. Dabei aktivierte Schülervorstellungen wurden mit einer Methodenkombination aus Lautem Denken, Interview und Videoaufzeichnung erfasst. Zur Beurteilung der Qualität aktivierter Vorstellungen in unterschiedlich elaborierten Ausprägungen wurde das Kompetenzmodell der Modellkompetenz von Upmeier zu Belzen und Krüger (2010) herangezogen. Als grundlegendes Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die meisten Probanden der zehnten Jahrgangsstufe trotz unterstützender und strukturierender Maßnahmen keine Vorstellungen über Modelle als Erkenntnismethoden äußerten. Doch in der Arbeit werden andere erfolgreiche Lernangebote zur Aktivierung epistemologischer Schülervorstellungen beschrieben. Eine weitere Erkenntnis der Studie ist, dass die durch Justi und Gilbert (2002) beschriebenen Schritte zur Modellbildung mit Blick auf zukünftige Interventionen um drei Aspekte erweitert werden können. Außerdem werden mit Blick auf die Anbindung in den Schulkontext Unterschiede zwischen grafischen, gegenständlichen und verbalen Modellbildungsprozessen reflektiert, die mithilfe eines qualitativen, experimentellen Untersuchungsdesigns erfasst wurden. / Various authors claim that students achieve a better understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry through modeling (e.g. Lehrer & Schauble, 2006). In this process, students develop models of a phenomenon, test their ideas with the model, change the models and discuss the results. Whether students do indeed achieve a better understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry through the process of modeling cannot be answered sufficiently by current research. That’s why, in this study the model of modeling by Justi and Gilbert (2002) was transferred into a standardized hands-on tasks. The task forces students to analyze their own questions about a biological phenomenon by building, testing and changing models. In this process, students’ conceptions were captured with a combination of interviews, thinking aloud and videography. The theoretical structure of model competence by Upmeier zu Belzen and Krüger (2010) served to assess the quality of the student statements. A fundamental result of this study is that the participants at the age of sixteen expressed mainly ideas about models as a product of science despite supportive measures. The thesis describes other offers of the hands-on tasks which enable ideas about models as inquiry methods. Another finding of the study is that the modeling steps of Justi and Gilbert (2002) can be extended to three aspects. In addition, and overlooking the school context, differences between graphic, material and verbal modeling processes are described. These were analyzed using a qualitative, experimental study design.

At the moment, there is a low level of students’ knowledge in natural sciences. The problem is particularly acute in the field of tasks solving. This paper offers actual ways to solve a task by developing a universal technology for solving tasks. This technology will become the basis for training courses aimed at filling students' knowledge gaps and improving their ability to solve tasks. The paper also considers the automation of educational activities of the Network Engineering School. As a result of the work, the current level of schoolchildren’s training was determined and the causes of the problem were identified. The existing methods of solving tasks were analyzed and identified their shortcomings. A universal technology for solving problems using the method of tabular analysis has been developed and its mathematical justification has been given. Compiled methodological manual and published in scientific journals. The business processes of the Network Engineering School were also automated: a distance learning system was introduced into the learning process. The obtained results have already been applied in practice: the developed methodology has become the base of mathematics course at the Network Engineering School, in which classes are already being held. Also, the effectiveness of the methodology was evaluated during a study conducted on the basis of the school Olympiad. In addition, an assessment of the effectiveness of the project on the implementation of a distance learning system was made and it was revealed that the project is profitable. / В настоящий момент наблюдается низкий уровень подготовки школьников по естественно-научным направлениям. Особенно остро ощущается проблема в области решения задач. Данная работа предлагает актуальные пути решения проблемы путем разработки универсальной технологии решения задач. Данная технология станет основой для учебных курсов, направленных восполнить пробелы в знаниях учеников и подтянуть их способности решать задачи. Также в работе рассматривается автоматизация учебной деятельности Сетевой инженерно-технической школы. В результате работы был определен текущий уровень подготовки школьников и определены причины возникновения проблемы. Проанализированы существующие методики решения задач и выявлены их недостатки. Разработана универсальная технология решения задач методом табличного анализа и дано ее математическое обоснование. Составлено методическое пособие и опубликовано в научных изданиях. Также были автоматизированы бизнес-процессы Сетевой инженерно-технической школы: в процесс обучения была внедрена система дистанционного обучения. Полученные результаты уже применены на практике: разработанная методика стала основной курса по математике в Сетевой инженерно-технической школе, по которому уже проводятся занятия. Также эффективность методики была оценена во время исследования, проведенного на базе школьной Олимпиады. А также была произведена оценка эффективности проекта по внедрению системы дистанционного обучения и выявлено, что проект является прибыльным.

Background: Research on nursing practice has highlighted a relationship between non-nursing tasks (NNTs), nursing tasks left undone (NTLU), and internationally it was found that these factors have an effect on job satisfaction. Since the last study done on NNTs and NTLU in 1988, much has changed in South Africa`s health system. Current South African studies have revealed that decreased numbers of PNs in South Africa experience satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction on both individual PN level and unit level in South Africa, and contributes to the international debate. Aim: To investigate the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction among professional nurses (PNs) in medical and surgical units in private and public hospitals in South Africa. Method: A cross-sectional survey design was used including 1166 PNs in 60 medical and surgical units in 55 private hospitals and seven national referral hospitals in South Africa who completed the survey. Measures: Relationships between NNTs, NTLU, job satisfaction and aspects of job satisfaction. Results: The three main NNTs performed were filling-in for non-nursing services (d=0.47), cleaning patient’s rooms and equipment (d=0.48) and obtaining supplies and equipment (d=0.64). Nationally more than 50% of PNs reported the following NTLU – comfort/talk with patients (62.2%), educating patients and family (57.9%) and develop or update nursing care plans/pathways (51.6%). PNs in private hospitals are more satisfied with their jobs than PNs in public hospitals. PNs were most dissatisfied with the opportunities for advancement (M = 2.60) and educational opportunities (M=2.64) aspects of job satisfaction. At unit level, NTLU positively correlated with three NNTs, and job satisfaction correlated mostly and negatively with NTLU. Conclusion: South African PNs perform many NNTs. However, the performance of NNTs does not influence their job satisfaction to the extent the NTLU does. Although PNs in this study indicated that NNTs do not have a significant influence on NTLU, it may reveal a greater issue, in that PNs have grown accustomed to performing NNTs as part of their workload. Clarifying professional nurses’ scope of practice and increased use of support services may provide PNs with more time to conduct nursing tasks which should improve job satisfaction. Recommendations for practice, education, policy/orientation programmes and research are made from the findings of this study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Background: Research on nursing practice has highlighted a relationship between non-nursing tasks (NNTs), nursing tasks left undone (NTLU), and internationally it was found that these factors have an effect on job satisfaction. Since the last study done on NNTs and NTLU in 1988, much has changed in South Africa`s health system. Current South African studies have revealed that decreased numbers of PNs in South Africa experience satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction on both individual PN level and unit level in South Africa, and contributes to the international debate. Aim: To investigate the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction among professional nurses (PNs) in medical and surgical units in private and public hospitals in South Africa. Method: A cross-sectional survey design was used including 1166 PNs in 60 medical and surgical units in 55 private hospitals and seven national referral hospitals in South Africa who completed the survey. Measures: Relationships between NNTs, NTLU, job satisfaction and aspects of job satisfaction. Results: The three main NNTs performed were filling-in for non-nursing services (d=0.47), cleaning patient’s rooms and equipment (d=0.48) and obtaining supplies and equipment (d=0.64). Nationally more than 50% of PNs reported the following NTLU – comfort/talk with patients (62.2%), educating patients and family (57.9%) and develop or update nursing care plans/pathways (51.6%). PNs in private hospitals are more satisfied with their jobs than PNs in public hospitals. PNs were most dissatisfied with the opportunities for advancement (M = 2.60) and educational opportunities (M=2.64) aspects of job satisfaction. At unit level, NTLU positively correlated with three NNTs, and job satisfaction correlated mostly and negatively with NTLU. Conclusion: South African PNs perform many NNTs. However, the performance of NNTs does not influence their job satisfaction to the extent the NTLU does. Although PNs in this study indicated that NNTs do not have a significant influence on NTLU, it may reveal a greater issue, in that PNs have grown accustomed to performing NNTs as part of their workload. Clarifying professional nurses’ scope of practice and increased use of support services may provide PNs with more time to conduct nursing tasks which should improve job satisfaction. Recommendations for practice, education, policy/orientation programmes and research are made from the findings of this study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Douglas K. Benson / This thesis answers the questions: How should the terms interaction, individualization, and personalization be applied to Computer Aided Language Learning (CALL) software? What progress has been made in their implementation? How can CALL software developers better incorporate them in the future? For each of the three terms, I explain how it is applicable to the CALL software environment by defining it, describing the pedagogical research supporting it, and then giving general guidelines for incorporating it into a CALL software program. I measure the progress of the implementation of the three terms in CALL software through compiling and analyzing data from reviews of 44 software titles. The publication dates of the software titles are from 1981 to 2008. I propose through description and a proof-of-concept software program ways to improve the incorporation of the terms in question into CALL software. As a result of answering the three questions, this thesis shows that the current accepted definitions and ways of implementing interaction, individualization, and personalization need to be improved in order to comply with pedagogical research and make full use of current technology. The general guidelines given in the explanation of each term relative to CALL and the attributes under each term in the analysis of the compilation data provide examples of areas on which to focus development. Additionally, I specifically comment on pedagogically supported attributes within each term that have a weak representation in the software compilation and therefore need more development. In addition, this thesis is accompanied by “Mis vacaciones”, a proof-of-concept software program, which demonstrates ways to improve the incorporation of interaction, individualization, and personalization into CALL software. In “Mis vacaciones”, the learner takes a virtual trip to Nuevo Leon, Nicaragua. The multimedia sent to the learner by a previous traveler shows Nicaraguan city people and the La Gigatona festival. After visiting, the learner is asked to describe the Nicaraguans that they saw. If the learner needs help, Structured Input activities lead the learner to develop the third person singular imperfect form. Buttons in the software environment provide access to internet sources. The learner is able to draw and take photos to create a visual prop to aid in the description task.

Over 20,000 Swedish lower high school students are currently learning mathematics in English but little research has been conducted in this area. This study looks into the question of how much second language learner training teachers teaching mathematics in English to Swedish speaking students have acquired and how many of those teachers are using effective teaching practices for second language learners. The study confirms earlier findings that report few teachers receive training in second language learning but indicates that some of the teaching practices shown to be effective with second language learners are being used in some Swedish schools / Mer än 20 000 högstadiet elever i Sverige har valt att lära sig matematik på engelska, men det finns väldigt lite forskning inom området. Detta arbete granskar hur mycket utbildning i andraspråksinlärning har lärare som undervisar matematik på engelska till svensktalande elever och hur många av de undervisnings-strategier som tidigare forskning har visat att vara effektiva används numera under matematiklektionerna på engelska? Arbetet bekräftar tidigare forskning, som visar att få lärare som undervisar matematik på engelska till svensktalande elever har fått utbildning i andraspråksinlärning, men den här forskningen visar att några av de effektiva strategierna numera används under matematiklektioner i vissa skolor. / <p>Matematik</p>

This thesis is done during the spring semester 2016 for the Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design programme at Karlstad University. The mission of the thesis was provided by the company 3TEMP AB in Arvika. In order to serve large quantities of coffee at big events, festivals and fairs a powerful coffee machine is required. Due to its size the machine is difficult handle during transport. This project is about finding a solution that makes the transport of the coffee machine and its related equipment safer and easier to handle during transportation between events. The goal of the project was to find a possible solution that makes the transportation of the equipment more efficient and ergonomic. In order to find as many ideas as possible the design process has been used. This includes a research followed by an ideation, concept development and concept evaluation. The project ended with one concept presented in the form of a layout design in CAD together with assembly drawings, sketches and a model. In this project interviews and observations has been done together with the people who transport coffee equipment on a daily basis. The results of the observations were later compared with the recommended lifting weight for manual lifting tasks using NOISH lifting equation. In the event business different types of vehicles are used to transport equipment at the event areas. Everything from ATVs and snowmobiles to tractors and caterpillar vehicles are used. In the project there has been a search for a common denominator between those vehicles. During the project benchmarking of similar products has also been done to find inspiration for new ideas. To further evaluate the concepts an examination of laws and regulations for transportation of equipment in traffic and off-road has been done. The equipment also has to withstand long distance transport by rail, road, sea and air. To meet these requirements interviews were made with the company MariTerm AB who works with educating in cargo securing of goods for worldwide shipment. / Detta examensarbete är utfört under vårterminen 2016 för högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i innovationsteknik och design på Karlstad universitet. Uppdraget tillhandahölls av företaget 3TEMP AB i Arvika. För att kunna servera stora mängder kaffe på stora event, festivaler och mässor krävs kraftfulla kaffemaskiner som är svåra att transportera. Det här projektet handlar om att ta fram ett förslag på en lösning som gör transporten av kaffemaskinen med tillhörande utrustning lättare och mindre påfrestande för brukaren i samband med förflyttning mellan olika event. Målet med projektet har varit att föreslå en lösning på hur transport av kaffemaskin och kringutrustning kan ske effektivt och ergonomiskt. För att hitta så många möjliga lösningar som möjligt användes designprocessen. Detta inkluderade en förstudie, idegenerering, konceptutveckling och konceptutvärdering. Resultatet av arbetet slutade med ett koncept som presenteras i from av en layoutkonstruktion i CAD med tillhörande sammanställningsritningar, skisser och en modell. I det här projektet intervjuaedes och observerades brukaren vid det befintliga arbetet. Resultatet av observationerna jämfördes sedan med den rekommenderade lyftvikten för manuella lyftarbeten genom att använda NOISH lyftekvation. Vid event används olika typer av hjälpmedel för att förflytta olika typer av utrustningen på eventområdena. Det används allt från fyrhjulingar och snöskotrar till traktorer och larvfordon. I projektet söktes en gemensam nämnare mellan dessa fordon. I projektet genomfördes även benchmarking på liknande produkter samt en undersökning av vilka lagar och regler som finns i samband med transport på landsväg och i terräng. Utrustningen skall gå att transportera längre sträckor på räls, landsväg, båt eller flyg. För att lösningen skall uppfylla dessa krav har intervjuer gjorts med Mariterm AB som arbetar med utbildning av lastsäkring av olika gods för transport över hela världen.

An initial review of literature concerned with commercial and industrial office design indicated the need to research and develop a method for the design of the management systems of offices with the purpose of improving the operational effectiveness and alignment to strategy. In particular the literature review indicated that the application of lean methods, in non-manufacturing areas is comparatively rare. A critical review of the literature identified that Value Stream Mapping has been used to map mechanistic task activities, however, a need was identified for a new generation of Value Stream Mapping to map mixed mechanistic and organic task activities. To complement the literature survey and discover if there were significant variables (e.g. task uncertainty, interdependence, task complexity, mechanistic / organic structures, risk, task analysability etc) influencing office design, pilot studies were carried out in a mechanistic and organic office. Several additional variables were identified. From the pilot studies combined with the literature review a conceptual model was formulated which provides guidelines for managers enabling them to design the management systems fully taking all the variables into account. The conceptual model was then tested using a multiple case study design of two small consulting type offices that exhibited mixed mechanistic and organic characteristics. This resulted in an improved version of the model which was then further validated. This validation based upon the opinions of office managers focused mainly on identifying the practical usefulness of the model from an industrial perspective. Following the validation a final form of the model has been proposed in this research. It remains for future researchers to fully test the model by applying it in a wider range of offices. This study makes an explicit contribution to the redesign of offices as well as the utilisation of Value Stream Mapping to the mechanistic and the organic task activities within commercial and industrial offices.

Stories, themes, concepts and references are organized structurally and purposefully in most books. A person reading a book needs to understand themes and concepts within the context. Schank’s Dynamic Memory theory suggested that building on existing memory structures is essential to cognition and learning. Pirolli and Card emphasized the need to provide people with an independent and improved ability to access and understand information in their information seeking activities. Through a review of users’ reading behaviours and of existing e-Book user interfaces, we found that current e-Book browsers provide minimal support for comprehending the content of large and complex books. Readers of an e-Book need user interfaces that present and relate the organizational and narrative structures, and moreover, reveal the thematic structures. This thesis addresses the problem of providing readers with effective scaffolding of multiple structures of an e-Book in the user interface to support reading for comprehension. Recognising a story or topic as the basic unit in a book, we developed novel story segmentation techniques for discovering narrative segments, and adapted story linking techniques for linking narrative threads in semi-structured linear texts of an e-Book. We then designed an e-Book user interface to present the complex structures of the e-Book, as well as to assist the reader to discover these structures. We designed and developed evaluation methodologies to investigate reading and comprehension in e-Books, in order to assess the effectiveness of this user interface. We designed semi-directed reading tasks using a Story-Theme Map, and a set of corresponding measurements for the answers. We conducted user evaluations with book readers. Participants were asked to read stories, to browse and link related stories, and to identify major themes of stories in an e-Book. This thesis reports the experimental design and results in detail. The results confirmed that the e-Book interface helped readers perform reading tasks more effectively. The most important and interesting finding is that the interface proved to be more helpful to novice readers who had little background knowledge of the book. In addition, each component that supported the user interface was evaluated separately in a laboratory setting and, these results too are reported in the thesis.

The aim of the thesis is based on the existing approaches to the assessment of the difficulty of the task of teaching with a focus on ICT and computer science to design a methodology for determining the difficulty of the task and verify it on the model examples for elementary schools. The methodology will be to respond to the theoretical background, which are based, in particular, of the parameters, forms, functions, and the specifics of teaching jobs. Other theoretical basis for the analysis of the teaching jobs are from the known taxonomies, Focus group research method and statistical data processing. The empirical part qualitative research including the multi-round testing pupils Elementary school and the analysis of the data obtained.