Since the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) has been a major source of affordable housing provision for low to middle-income families. Meanwhile, growing concern about potential decrease of property value in neighborhoods has been the main obstacle for most of the affordable housing projects. As a result, LIHTC projects are facing backlash from neighborhoods near the potential affordable housing projects – NIMBYism (Not In My Back Yard). However, during decades, it has been always controversial whether LIHTC is actually affecting neighborhood property value in negative way. This study tests the hypothesis that the LIHTC projects affect negatively on neighborhood single-family home property value in Austin, Texas. Single-family homes within 2000-feet radius from the selected LIHTC projects were analyzed based on the Travis County Appraisal District annual appraisal values between 1993 and 2008. / text

A informatização da administração pública afetou as relações entre fisco e contribuinte e exige a construção de nova interpretação para o direito tributário. O trabalho dedica-se a interpretar, tendo em vista a informatização da administração tributária, as normas que regulam a constituição do crédito tributário e as que impõem os limites ao poder de tributar. Para isso foca a informatização da Receita Federal no Brasil em especial o universo das declarações eletrônicas. Da análise dos princípios constitucionais, do conceito de tributo e dos limites à criação de ficções e presunções, aponta ser imprescindível o controle interno da legalidade pela administração pública no lançamento tributário, entendendo inválida no direito positivo brasileiro a constituição de crédito tributário por confissão de dívida elaborada pelo contribuinte. Perpassa por diversos pontos da relação entre fisco e contribuinte para reforçar a importância de manutenção, mesmo nos sistemas informatizados, de controles que evitem erros de fato e de direito na constituição do crédito tributário e proporcionem a correção destes com o menor sacrifício possível dos direitos e garantias dos contribuintes. As reflexões expostas podem ser também aplicáveis à administração tributária de outros entes federativos e, certamente, terão utilidade como referência na análise de futuras e desejáveis evoluções no controle informatizado da arrecadação tributária, como o que se anuncia com a finalização da implantação do SPED Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital. / The informatics in public administration affects the relations between tax authorities and taxpayers and requires the construction of new interpretation to the tax law. The work is intended to interpret, for the computerization of tax administration, the rules governing the formation of the tax credit and those imposing limits on the power to tax. For this, keep in focus the computerization of Federal Revenue Services in Brazil, in particular the universe of electronic statements. Analysis of constitutional principles, of the concept of tax limits and of the limits to creation of myths and assumptions shows that the internal control of legality by the government is essential in tax assessments. Therefore, it is not permitted in Brazilian Law, the constitution of tax obligations exclusively based on the taxpayer confession. Throughout various parts of the relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities this study reinforces the importance of maintenance, even in the computerized systems, of adequate controls to avoid errors of fact and law in the constitution of the tax credit and provisions for correction of these errors with the least possible sacrifice of rights and guarantees of taxpayers. The above considerations may also be applied to the administration of tax in States jurisdictions, and certainly this work will be useful as reference in the analysis of future and desirable developments in the computerized system to control tax collection, as it is announced with the completion of the SPED Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital (Digital Bookkeeping Public System) program.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-16T14:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Paolo Simei e Silva.pdf: 1464945 bytes, checksum: 8fd5e7b7c4bf0448cc37362c4e192c89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T14:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Paolo Simei e Silva.pdf: 1464945 bytes, checksum: 8fd5e7b7c4bf0448cc37362c4e192c89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / This thesis focus on the generation of pension credits arising from ratified settlements and convictions in Labor Courts, by questioning the influence thereof on the loss of a procedural right and lapse, as well as on the initial term of default interest. Logical-semantic constructivism is the method chosen to approach the subject matter analyzed herein, making use of constitutional wording changed by Amendments No. 20/1998 and 45/2004, in addition to infra-legal changes institutionalizing a new legal paradigm, along with Higher Court decisions. This study shows the progress of concepts through consecutive legislative doctrinal changes resulting from orders. Doctrinal and jurisprudential trend states that although these changes are constitutional, they created an anomalous or sui generis entry, and such peculiarity has given rise to loss of procedural right or lapse times that are noncompliant with constitutional taxation system, so that the parameters of social security contributions would vary according to the organ they come from. Through legal literature and jurisprudential research, especially in courts aiming at the steadiness of the trials, we have the appropriate index to establish a prognosis showing that changes in empirical and normative parameters no longer support known classification models, and we present herein the classification criteria encompassing this new element that seems not to suit current doctrine, i.e. legal tax credit. Such credit is very similar to that given by public administration, and lapse figures as a distinctive point. Therefore, we will discuss the definition of the concept of tax credit in order to assess, from such point, its generation under the scope of Labor Court, also covering the topics of loss of a procedural right and lapse. Prescriptive description of tax credit in CTN [Brazilian Taxation Code] served as conceptual basis to give rise to 1988 Constitution, and an extensive doctrine has been developed based on it; however, it does not support useful legal classification / A questão estudada neste trabalho é a constituição dos créditos previdenciários na Justiça do Trabalho decorrentes de acordos homologados e de sentenças condenatórias, inquirindo a influência de tal forma na decadência e prescrição e sobre o termo inicial dos juros moratórios. Parte-se do construtivismo lógico-semântico como método para aproximação do objeto ora analisado, valendo-se do texto constitucional alterado pelas Emendas nº. 20/1998 e 45/2004, além das alterações infralegais que instrumentalizaram o novo paradigma legal, juntamente com decisões dos tribunais superiores. O estudo demonstra a evolução dos conceitos por meio de sucessivas alterações legislativas e doutrinárias, reverberadas de decisões judiciais. A tendência doutrinária e jurisprudencial afirma que as alterações, embora constitucionais, criaram um lançamento anômalo ou sui generis, tendo tal excentricidade dado azo a prazos de decadência e prescrição destoantes do sistema constitucional tributário, de modo que os parâmetros das contribuições previdenciárias variariam de acordo com o órgão do qual proveem. Por meio de pesquisa doutrinária e jurisprudencial, em especial nos tribunais que visam à estabilidade dos julgamentos, temos o índice necessário para criar um prognóstico que nos mostre que as mudanças dos parâmetros empíricos normativos não sustentam mais os modelos classificatórios conhecidos, apresentando no presente trabalho critérios de classificação para abarcar este novo elemento que parece não se adequar à doutrina hodierna: o crédito tributário judicial. Tal crédito pouco difere daquele constituído pela administração pública, figurando a prescrição como ponto de discrímen. Dessa forma, abordaremos a definição do conceito de crédito tributário para, a partir de tal ponto, perscrutar sua constituição no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho, passando pelos temas da decadência e prescrição. A descrição prescritiva de crédito tributário do CTN serviu de alicerce conceitual para erigir a Constituição de 1988, e sobre o qual se construiu vasta doutrina, porém não sustenta classificação jurídica que se queira útil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Gomes Nardi.pdf: 1986858 bytes, checksum: 253e744e983ebaa32b8fd6beada91a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-22 / This report discusses the formation of the tax credit through the act performed by the taxpayer, which are fully identified, based on the elements related to the tax payment: tax base, tax calculation due and subjects active and passive, following what prescribes the article nº 142 of the Law nº 5.172 / 66. The presence of the tax authorities in the tax credit formalized act implied the existence of administrative act that, after being informed of the tax legal fact authorizes the use of the electronic invoice. This change implied the possibility to express approval of the tax credit document promoted by the taxpayer. The electronic invoice use permit will be the focus of the work, analyzed under the approach of Constructivist epistemology / O presente trabalho aborda a constituição do crédito tributário por meio do ato praticado pelo sujeito passivo, no qual são identificados, plenamente, os elementos do lançamento tributário: matéria tributável, cálculo do tributo devido e sujeitos ativo e passivo, a teor do que prescreve o artigo 142 da Lei n 5.172/66. A presença da Administração Tributária no ato de formalização do crédito tributário implicou na existência de ato administrativo que, após tomar ciência do fato jurídico tributário, autoriza a utilização do documento fiscal eletrônico. Esta alteração implicou na possibilidade de homologação expressa do ato de constituição do crédito tributário promovida pelo sujeito passivo. A autorização de uso do documento fiscal eletrônico será o tema central do trabalho, analisado sob o enfoque do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico

The purpose of this creative project is to offer small non-profit organizations an overview of the legislative requirements of the Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program and an understanding of the complexities involved in creating a syndicate to leverage the tax credits into project equity. Topics covered in this project include: basics of the tax credit, finding and assessing a potential project, creating a project syndicate, mitigating risk with a for-profit subsidiary, and leveraging other related sources of project funding. The intended audience for this guide is the management and board of directors of small non-profit organizations who are considering the rehabilitation of a historic structure, using the Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit as a component of the project funding. / Department of Architecture

This thesis explores the shifting dynamics in low-income housing policy between the federal government and local stakeholders in Los Angeles from the early 1930’s to the end of the 1980’s. In particular, it examines the introduction and implementation of two of the federal government’s largest low-income housing programs: the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit. Many analyses of low-income housing policy in Los Angeles focus mainly on local tensions and power dynamics. This thesis seeks to build on this literature by arguing that shifts at the federal level, such as the introduction of ideologies such as “new federalism,” have played an important role in shaping low-income housing policy in Los Angeles.

nÃo hà / The goods receipt and goods in the State of Cearà is subject to the controls of the Department of Finance through its various units Surveillance of borders, as the Tax Stations, which are to be submitted tax documents to be made the proper recoveries and releases of tax credits under the various tax regimes of the ICMS, which will be collected to the treasury in accordance with the types of income to which they are associated. As such revenue is to determine the revenue performance of the state in interstate operations and import entries, then a quantitative analysis was performed using the fixed effects model constants common for panel data considering the period January 2008 to December, 2011. With respect to releases of tax credits per unit of enforcement was the best response to ICMS revenue - Replacement of Input, while in relation to the payment of tax credits per unit of monitoring ICMS revenues - Other is responding with the significant result. We also conclude that the participation of units inspections working in the operations carried by road load is greater than the inspections of units located within the State of CearÃ. / A entrada de mercadorias e bens no Estado do Cearà està sujeita aos controles da Secretaria da Fazenda atravÃs de suas diversas Unidades de FiscalizaÃÃes de fronteiras, como os Postos Fiscais, onde devem ser apresentados os documentos fiscais para que sejam realizados as devidas cobranÃas e lanÃamentos dos CrÃditos TributÃrios a tÃtulo dos vÃrios regimes de tributaÃÃo do ICMS, que serÃo recolhidos ao erÃrio de acordo com os tipos de Receitas a que estÃo associados. Como tais Receitas à que determinam o desempenho da arrecadaÃÃo do Estado nas operaÃÃes de entradas interestaduais e de importaÃÃo, entÃo foi realizada uma anÃlise quantitativa, atravÃs do modelo de efeitos fixos de constantes comuns para dados em painel considerando o perÃodo de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2011. Com relaÃÃo aos lanÃamentos dos crÃditos tributÃrios por unidade de fiscalizaÃÃo a melhor resposta foi para receita ICMS - SubstituiÃÃo de Entrada, enquanto que em relaÃÃo ao recolhimento dos crÃditos tributÃrios por unidade de fiscalizaÃÃo a receita ICMS - Outros à que responde com o resultado mais expressivo. Conclui-se tambÃm que a participaÃÃo das unidades de fiscalizaÃÃes que atuam nas operaÃÃes transportadas pelo modal rodoviÃrio de carga à maior que a das unidades de fiscalizaÃÃes localizadas no interior do Estado do CearÃ.

A informatização da administração pública afetou as relações entre fisco e contribuinte e exige a construção de nova interpretação para o direito tributário. O trabalho dedica-se a interpretar, tendo em vista a informatização da administração tributária, as normas que regulam a constituição do crédito tributário e as que impõem os limites ao poder de tributar. Para isso foca a informatização da Receita Federal no Brasil em especial o universo das declarações eletrônicas. Da análise dos princípios constitucionais, do conceito de tributo e dos limites à criação de ficções e presunções, aponta ser imprescindível o controle interno da legalidade pela administração pública no lançamento tributário, entendendo inválida no direito positivo brasileiro a constituição de crédito tributário por confissão de dívida elaborada pelo contribuinte. Perpassa por diversos pontos da relação entre fisco e contribuinte para reforçar a importância de manutenção, mesmo nos sistemas informatizados, de controles que evitem erros de fato e de direito na constituição do crédito tributário e proporcionem a correção destes com o menor sacrifício possível dos direitos e garantias dos contribuintes. As reflexões expostas podem ser também aplicáveis à administração tributária de outros entes federativos e, certamente, terão utilidade como referência na análise de futuras e desejáveis evoluções no controle informatizado da arrecadação tributária, como o que se anuncia com a finalização da implantação do SPED Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital. / The informatics in public administration affects the relations between tax authorities and taxpayers and requires the construction of new interpretation to the tax law. The work is intended to interpret, for the computerization of tax administration, the rules governing the formation of the tax credit and those imposing limits on the power to tax. For this, keep in focus the computerization of Federal Revenue Services in Brazil, in particular the universe of electronic statements. Analysis of constitutional principles, of the concept of tax limits and of the limits to creation of myths and assumptions shows that the internal control of legality by the government is essential in tax assessments. Therefore, it is not permitted in Brazilian Law, the constitution of tax obligations exclusively based on the taxpayer confession. Throughout various parts of the relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities this study reinforces the importance of maintenance, even in the computerized systems, of adequate controls to avoid errors of fact and law in the constitution of the tax credit and provisions for correction of these errors with the least possible sacrifice of rights and guarantees of taxpayers. The above considerations may also be applied to the administration of tax in States jurisdictions, and certainly this work will be useful as reference in the analysis of future and desirable developments in the computerized system to control tax collection, as it is announced with the completion of the SPED Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital (Digital Bookkeeping Public System) program.

The child tax credit (CTC) is the largest anti-child poverty policy in the United States, but it gives more benefits to upper-income households than it does to lower-income households. Meanwhile, traditional cash benefit welfare programs like Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) have shrunk over the past two decades. Why have American policymakers approached child poverty with indirect rather than direct spending solutions? This thesis argues that neoliberalism, defined as the reliance of policymakers on market means to achieve public goals, is to blame. Historical case comparisons between TANF and the CTC demonstrate that policymakers utilize neoliberal code words implicitly to divide target populations into deserving and undeserving groups. Additionally, an original survey experiment finds that political actors can increase public support for regressive economic agendas by incorporating indirect social spending into their legislation. Ultimately, neoliberal values challenge our conception of what constitutes good politics and good policy. It is clear that direct spending solutions to child poverty are present and available, but their attainability is falsely shrouded in clouds of skepticism from the neoliberal mindset.

My dissertation consists of three essays on labor supply responses, along the extensive margin (participation into the labor force) and along the intensive margin (intensity of work on the job). The first two essays focus on the labor supply responsiveness of single women with children to taxation and welfare programs. The third essay investigates the effects of marriage, the wage rate, and the associated tax rate on men's labor supply. In the first essay, to avoid bias from the fact that labor supply outcomes are being driven by self-selection, I build a dynamic stochastic discrete choice model to investigate the long run effects of the earned income tax credit and welfare policies on single mothers' labor supply. Simulated method of moments is used to estimate parameters of this dynamic model, based on March CPS data files from 1964 to 2013. I compare the performance of the dynamic stochastic discrete choice model, a static model, and a reduced-form model. My analysis concludes that the dynamic stochastic discrete choice model captures the simultaneous impact of the state variables on the predicted employment decision. My study provides evidence of the long-run positive effect of public policy on low income families in a life-cycle setting. This essay also emphasizes the importance of education in increasing single mothers' labor supply. The second essay is designed to identify factors that help single mothers leave TANF within a short span of time. I find strong evidence for the importance of child support assistance to single mothers' success in exiting TANF with a job. I uncover evidence that work-related activities do not induce TANF participants to leave within a short span of time. My analysis also suggests that health issues significantly limit the ability of single mothers to exit TANF. In the third essay, the main research question is how marital status affects the elasticity of the labor supply of males with respect to wages and taxes, in a life-cycle setting. A dynamic panel data model, which extends the literature on dynamic labor supply, indicates that the elasticity of men's labor supply with respect to wages and taxes is affected by marital status. The empirical results using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data show that men who are continuously married to the same wife have a lower average Frisch elasticity than others. / Ph. D.